Iot-enabled solar-powered atmospheric water generator system for arid, hilly, and water-scarce regions

Abstract

The present invention relates to an loT -enabled, solar-powered Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) designed to provide potable water in arid, hilly, and water-scarce regions. The system further comprises closed-loop regulation of compressor operation based on calculated dew point derived from sensed ambient temperature and humidity, and independent fan control using a variable frequency drive (VFD) to optimize condensation efficiency. The system integrates UV sterilization, ozone dosing, and loT-based multi¬ parameter monitoring to ensure water quality and system performance. With zero water waste and no reliance on groundwater, this eco-friendly solution offers a sustainable alternative for water-scarce regions, providing clean, mineral -enriched drinking water that meets BIS standards. The AWG is particularly suited for drought-prone areas, coastal zones, and military applications.

Description

[0001] PJN105463

[0002] loT-enabled Solar-Powered Atmospheric Water Generator System for Arid, Hilly, and Water-scarce Regions

[0003] FIELD OF INVENTION

[0004] The present invention relates to the field of loT based solar-powered atmospheric water generator system for arid, hilly, and water-scarce regions. In particular, the present invention relates to an energy -optimized, solar-powered atmospheric water generator incorporating closed-loop environmental control and loT -based monitoring. The instant invention integrates an loT -enabled system for real-time monitoring and remote maintenance to enhance operational efficiency and reliability. Additionally, the generator employs hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes, which provide a large surface area for filtering water in a compact design. This allows for the effective removal of suspended particles, bacteria, and other contaminants, while ensuring clean and safe drinking water. The developed system is ideal for deployment in arid, hilly, and water-scarce regions where traditional water sources are limited The invention shall help attain the 6thsustainable development goal of clean water and sanitation.

[0005] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0006] A vital component of life, clean water, remains inaccessible to large populations worldwide, with significant portions of the global population experiencing seasonal or chronic water scarcity. Water may be scarce in arid areas, and even if water is present, it may be difficult to clean it such that it is fit for human use without a lot of water treatment equipment.

[0007] Fresh water shortage is mostly observed in arid and hilly locations around the world. Moreover, the available water in the arid areas is not in the form of drinking water levels and it may be difficult to clean it such that it is fit for human use without a lot of water treatment equipment. Furthermore, a few additional elements, such as the composition of the bedrock and seawater intrusion, exacerbate the issue. In some hilly regions, people also follow some of the water management techniques like the Khadin system, watershed management, water harvesting by tanks and check dams. However, these methods and little available ground water are not meeting the huge requirement, which leads to a major problem in the near future. Thus, there is a necessity of finding an alternative source or methodology for producing potable water.

[0008] Reference may be made to Kim et al. 2019. Science 356, 430-434 (2017). DOI: 10.1126 / science.aam8743 which discloses a water harvesting system, including vapor adsorption by a porous metal-organic framework followed by a condenser separated with sufficient space for the vapor adsorption-desorption cycle. However, the major drawback of using MOFs leads to either low water uptake or high energy consumption.PJN105463

[0009] Reference may be made to US 4, 146,372, wherein adsorbing agent, silica gel was used for recovering water from the atmosphere. However, the drawbacks associated with this document are that the silica gel uptakes less moisture and has a limited absorption capacity due to its limited pore volume, and can become saturated and ineffective over time. Additionally, they require energy-intensive regeneration. Silica gel works well but faces challenges when used for large-scale water generation. In contrast, the present method follows the inverse Carnot cycle principle that utilizes the natural process of water evaporation to lower air temperature and increase relative humidity along with high adsorption capacity, which is particularly effective in dry or semi-arid climates. This system offers improved energy efficiency, scalability, and continuous water production and optimizes water recovery and cooling efficiency by dynamically adjusting to ambient humidity and temperature variations.

[0010] Reference may be made to US 9,561 ,451 , wherein an atmospheric water generator is designed with network communication involving user authentication and control system for monitoring water production and collecting data. However, the drawbacks associated with this document are that it does not focus on water quality like minerals. Unlike conventional systems that rely on stable, reliable network connections, this present invention encompasses loT based monitoring which leverages flexible communication protocols, enabling greater autonomy and resilience to network disruptions. loT systems are also more secure, incorporating built-in cybersecurity features like encryption, authentication, and over-the-air updates to mitigate unauthorized access and interference. In terms of maintenance, it enables real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and remote troubleshooting, reducing the complexity and dependency on network systems. Additionally, it is more energy-efficient, utilizing low -power communication protocols and energy harvesting techniques, in contrast to the higher power demands of traditional network -based systems, it minimizes latency, ensuring faster, real-time decision-making and cost-efficiency is evident through the use of low-cost sensors, mesh networks, and the ability to leverage existing infrastructure, reducing the high costs associated with traditional network infrastructure.

[0011] Reference may be made to US 2018 / 0209123 Al, wherein a hybrid atmospheric water generator comprising of preconditioning unit is designed to enhance the production rate of water at a lower cost. The sorption bed comprising of a desiccant material within the preconditioning unit absorbs a large amount of moisture from air due to increase in relative humidity (RH). However, the drawbacks associated with this document are that desiccant sorption beds in atmospheric water generators (AWGs) have several drawbacks. They have a limited moisture absorption capacity, becoming saturated quickly and requiring frequent regeneration. The regeneration process is energy-intensive, as it involves heating or other methods to release absorbed moisture, increasing energy consumption. Additionally, some desiccant materials are costly, raising the overall expense of the system. These systems also demand more maintenance due to thePJN105463

[0012] need for regular replacement or regeneration of the desiccant, and their performance can be affected by environmental factors like temperature and humidity, limiting their effectiveness in varying climates. The preconditioning unit in atmospheric water generators (AWGs) also has certain disadvantages. It increases energy consumption, leading to higher operational costs, and can result in maintenance challenges due to the system's complexity. If the unit fails to maintain optimal temperature and humidity levels, moisture capture efficiency may decrease, reducing water production. Furthermore, the initial investment cost is often high, which may not be justifiable in low-humidity environments where the system's benefits are limited.

[0013] Reference may be made to US 8,118,912 B2, wherein the atmospheric water generator uses two separate air chambers, one for capturing moisture from the ambient air and another for converting the captured moisture from hygroscopic material into water. However, the drawbacks associated with this document are that the two-chamber design in atmospheric water generators (AWGs) introduces several operational drawbacks, including increased design complexity, higher manufacturing and maintenance costs, and a larger physical footprint. This configuration can also lead to reduced energy efficiency relative to singlechamber systems and may complicate the condensation process, potentially impacting water purity and yield. Furthermore, the dual-chamber system presents scalability challenges, a narrower operational window, and less efficient utilization of solar energy. In terms of filtration, zeolite filters are limited in their ability to effectively remove pathogens, including bacteria and viruses, and require frequent maintenance due to clogging and ion exchange saturation. Similarly, carbon filters impregnated with silver exhibit limitations, such as saturation over time, reduced efficiency, higher operational costs, and limited effectiveness against airborne allergens. On the contrary, the single-chamber AWG system offers a more efficient and cost-effective alternative, reducing system complexity, improving energy efficiency, and ensuring consistent water production with a smaller physical footprint. The simpler design also enhances scalability, reduces maintenance requirements, and improves overall water purity. Additionally, micron-pleated air filters outperform carbon filters by capturing a broader range of particulate matter, including sub-micron particles such as viruses and bacteria. The increased surface area of pleated filters not only enhances filtration capacity but also extends their operational lifespan, reducing maintenance frequency and ensuring more reliable and efficient air filtration.

[0014] Reference may be made to US 2013 / 0340458, wherein the disclosed data centre water generator runs on renewable energy to produce potable water. However, the drawbacks associated with this document are that the heated air from data centre is directed towards the water generator thereby enabling greater amount of water condensation. However, the large consumption of electrical power by computing devices in data centre increase the cost of the water production. Thus, obtaining such electrical power is the cost hindrancePJN105463

[0015] factor in the patent. In contrast, the present invention with solar panels provides the necessary energy to power the AWGs, ensuring a renewable and sustainable energy source. loT systems help manage this energy efficiently.

[0016] Reference may be made to US 2014 / 0083120, wherein solar energy is used to raise the temperature of air in the condensing chamber while cooling of air is facilitated by the use of wind energy. The system may be used off the energy grid to produce potable water for large scale applications. However, the drawbacks associated with this document are that atmospheric Water Generators (AWGs) that integrate wind energy face several challenges despite their potential benefits. Wind availability is often unpredictable, leading to variability in the continuous operation of the AWG, and the initial installation costs for smaller wind energy systems, while generally lower than large-scale turbines, can still be significant, making them less desirable in certain locations. Additionally, these systems require regular maintenance to ensure efficient operation, and for optimal performance, the wind energy cooling surfaces in the AWG must be strategically designed and positioned to maximize water collection and enhance overall system efficiency. In contrast, evaporative cooling offers a more cost-effective and energy-efficient alternative. It is generally cheaper to install and operate than wind turbines and uses significantly less energy than conventional air conditioning systems, reducing operational costs. Environmentally, evaporative cooling is a sustainable solution, as it does not rely on harmful refrigerants and has a smaller carbon footprint. Furthermore, it is highly effective in dry climates, providing immediate and efficient cooling, making it particularly suitable for regions with hot, arid conditions.

[0017] A thorough analysis of the prior art, reveals that some of the prior art documents disclose portable water generation system / devices to generate water from atmosphere and incorporates similar techniques / processes such as dehumidification and water vapor condensation; some documents recite methods for monitoring properties of relative humidity for the atmospheric water generator system and the dew point for the preparation methods of the atmospheric water generator system; while some disclose regions, advantages, and applications for the atmospheric water generator system. However, none of the reported systems disclose an loT based portable water generation system / device to generate water from atmosphere, which produces potable water with apt balance of Total Dissolved Solids [TDS] that is suitable for deployment in remote or border areas where water access is vital.

[0018] Accordingly, keeping in view with drawbacks of the hitherto reported prior art, the inventors of the present invention realized that there exists a dire need to provide an loT based atmospheric water generator that has a combination of Solar Power and Atmospheric Water Generation which integrates renewable solar energy with advanced atmospheric water extraction and purification techniques, wherein the loT IntegrationPJN105463

[0019] provides remote monitoring and maintenance capabilities, which are unique in AWG systems; exhibits enhanced filtration by employing hydrophilized polyvinylidene hollow fiber ultrafiltration [PVDF] membrane; employs novel remineralization approach using a mineral salt mixture to maintain appropriate TDS balance in the generated water; such that the salt mixture and the use of mineral cartridges enhance the water's mineral content to meet drinking water standards resulting in the creation of self-sustaining, environmentally friendly solution for regions with limited water resources.

[0020] OBJECTIVES OF THE INVENTION

[0021] The main objective of the present invention is therefore to provide a system and method for generating safe, remineralized drinking water through a solar-powered atmospheric water generator incorporating loT-enabled monitoring and adaptive control mechanisms suitable for deployment in water-scarce regions. Another objective of the present invention is to incorporate solar energy as the primary energy source for the AWG system to enable off-grid or hybrid-grid operation.

[0022] Still another objective of the present invention is to enhance the operational efficiency of the AWG system by adapting it to work efficiently in various environmental conditions, including arid, hilly zones and cold climates, through adaptive airflow management, dew-point-based compressor control, and variable frequency drive (VFD)-based fan regulation..

[0023] Yet another objective of the present invention is to ensure the production of mineral -enriched drinking water, through integrated filtration, ultrafiltration, UV treatment, ozonation, and controlled reminera lization mechanisms. Still another objective of the invention is to enhance the total dissolved solids (TDS) level of water generated by the AWG system from less than 10 ppm to a range of 150-350 ppm, thereby ensuring that the water is both potable and mineral -enriched.

[0024] Yet another objective is to integrate of loT technology into the AWG units to continuously monitor and report key operational parameters such as air temperature, humidity, and water output, ensuring optimal performance and timely maintenance.

[0025] A still further objective of the present invention is to provide an eco-friendly alternative to traditional water treatment processes, that minimizes environmental impact by generating zero wastewater and eliminating the need for external pipeline infrastructure.

[0026] Finally, the invention aims to reduce dependency on freshwater sources and alleviate strain on groundwater reserves, while also avoiding the use of methods that release greenhouse gases, such as charcoal or firewood-based purification systems.PJN105463

[0027] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0028] The present invention relates to an advanced solar -powered atmospheric water generation (AWG) system integrated with loT capabilities for producing potable water in arid, hilly, and water-scarce regions. The system provides a system configured to generate mineral -enriched drinking water by capturing atmospheric moisture. The invention offers an energy efficiency, eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to conventional water sources without relying on groundwater or surface water, addressing issues of water scarcity, pollution, and high costs of desalination.

[0029] In an embodiment, the present invention provides an loT -enabled solar-powered atmospheric water generator system for arid, hilly, and water-scarce regions comprising:

[0030] (i) a housing enclosing a condensation chamber;

[0031] (ii) an evaporator coil (4) configured to condense atmospheric moisture;

[0032] (iii) a condenser coil (5) thermally coupled to the evaporator coil through a refrigeration cycle including a compressor and an expansion device;

[0033] (iv) a first fan associated with the evaporator coil and a second fan associated with the condenser coil, the first fan and the second fan being independently operable;

[0034] (v) a variable frequency drive (VFD) operatively connected to at least one of the first fan and the second fan and configured to regulate rotational speed thereof;

[0035] (vi) a sensor module configured to continuously measure ambient temperature and relative humidity; (vii) a control unit operatively connected to the compressor (13), the sensor module, and the variable frequency drive (VFD), the control unit being configured to calculate a dew point based on the measured ambient temperature and relative humidity and automatically regulate operation of the compressor in a closed-loop manner based on the calculated dew point, including application of a predefined hysteresis margin;

[0036] (viii)a hot gas bypass arrangement configured to facilitate defrosting of the evaporator coil (4);

[0037] (ix) an airflow redirection pathway configured to direct cold exit air from the evaporator coil (4) toward the condenser coil (5) to reduce compressor load;

[0038] (x) a water treatment module comprising filtration and disinfection units further comprising sequential ozonation and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection stages;

[0039] (xi) a remineralization module configured to increase total dissolved solids (TDS) of condensed water to a potable range; and

[0040] (xii) a solar power subsystem operatively coupled to the AWG system to provide primary or hybrid energy supply.PJN105463

[0041] wherein the system is configured to optimize energy consumption while producing potable mineral-balanced water.

[0042] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the water treatment module comprises a prefilter assembly, an ultrafiltration membrane, UV disinfection, and ozonation.

[0043] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the hot gas bypass arrangement is activated upon detection of frost accumulation on the evaporator coil.

[0044] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the remineralization module comprises a dosing solution tank containing a mineral salt mixture

[0045] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the airflow redirection pathway comprises a duct configured to channel cold discharge air toward the condenser coil.

[0046] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the ultrafiltration membrane is a hollow fiber membrane selected from hydrophilized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane.

[0047] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the solar power subsystem includes photovoltaic panels and a battery storage unit.

[0048] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein further comprising an loT communication module configured for remote monitoring of system performance parameters.

[0049] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the variable frequency drive enables adaptive fan speed control to permit operation under low relative humidity conditions.

[0050] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the control unit is configured to suspend compressor operation when ambient humidity falls below a predefined threshold.

[0051] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the condenser fan speed is selectively reduced to increase refrigerant head pressure and mitigate ice formation under low ambient temperature conditions.

[0052] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the airflow from the hot air bypass arrangement is redirected toward the evaporator coil to reduce frost accumulation.PJN105463

[0053] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, that is configured for potable water production capacities ranging between 150 liters per day and 500 liters per day.

[0054] In yet another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the compressor operation is suspended when ambient humidity falls below the predefined minimum threshold.

[0055] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the rotational speeds of the evaporator-associated fan and the condenser-associated fan are dynamically varied according to humidity threshold levels.

[0056] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, further comprising a remote monitoring interface accessible through a mobile communication device for real-time monitoring of system parameters.

[0057] In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a system, wherein the control unit further adjusts rotational speed of the first fan and the second fan based on real-time humidity variation.

[0058] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method for the generation of potable water from atmospheric moisture using the developed atmospheric water generator, wherein the said method comprising the following steps:

[0059] (a) drawing ambient air towards an evaporator coil to condense atmospheric moisture;

[0060] (b) thermally coupling the evaporator coil with a condenser coil through a refrigeration cycle including a compressor;

[0061] (c) continuously sensing ambient temperature and relative humidity;

[0062] (d) calculating a dew point based on the sensed ambient temperature and relative humidity; (e) regulating operation of the compressor in a closed-loop manner based on the calculated dew point, including applying a predefined hysteresis margin;

[0063] (f) independently modulating rotational speeds of an evaporator-associated fan and a condenser- associated fan using a variable frequency drive (VFD) to optimize condensation efficiency; (g) redirecting cold exit air towards the condenser coil to reduce compressor load;

[0064] (h) defrosting the evaporator coil through a hot gas bypass arrangement when required;

[0065] (i) collecting condensed water in a storage tank;

[0066] (j) subjecting the collected water to filtration and disinfection stages; and

[0067] (k) remineralizing the treated water to increase total dissolved solids (TDS) to a potable range. In an embodiment, the AWG system operates by drawing moist air from the atmosphere using a cold evaporative coil system. The moist air passes through micron pleated air filters and is condensed on a coldPJN105463

[0068] surface, where water vapor is collected and stored. A Hot air bypass provision from the compressor is provided for melting ice on evaporator and the exit cold air utilized to further enhance condensation efficiency. Separate fans are provided for the condenser, and evaporator, resulting in improved energy efficiency and enhanced water yield.

[0069] In yet another embodiment, the condensed water is remineralized through a proprietary salt mixture or a mineral-rich cartridge, ensuring that final water product is enriched with essential minerals. The water is then subjected to filtration and sterilization using a series of micron filters, PVDF ultrafiltration membrane modules, UV LEDs, and an ozone generator to ensure the removal of turbidity, bacteria, and suspended solids.

[0070] In still another embodiment, the invention integrates loT -based sensors that monitor essential parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, water level, and total dissolved solids (TDS). The system is equipped with automatic water level controls and provides real-time data monitoring to ensure efficient operation. User authentication and water quality tracking mechanisms are embedded within the system to enable reliable performance and user safety.

[0071] The system is capable of producing between 115 to 440 liters of water per day, depending on the atmospheric conditions. The mineral -enriched water produced has a final pH of 7 -8 and TDS levels between 60 to 200 ppm, making it safe and healthy for consumption.

[0072] In a further embodiment, the AWG system is field-tested in various installations across India, deployable in border areas, coastal regions, and drought-affected zones. The system’s loT-enabled monitoring ensures continuous, accurate water quality data collection, facilitating remote management and efficient maintenance. The AWG system’s compact and portable design makes it suitable for remote areas where access to clean drinking water is limited.

[0073] The system saves energy, reduces the carbon footprint, and offers a decentralized solution to meet drinking water needs, particularly for military personnel, coastal communities, and areas with limited infrastructure.

[0074] With its robust sensors and cutting-edge features, the multi-parameter monitoring system makes it simple to obtain consistently accurate data on water quality throughout its operation.

[0075] The systems involve user authentication, recording, and tracking of water quality data for smooth functioning of the machine.

[0076] • Aids in the production of drinking water without depleting any ground or surface water sources.

[0077] • Crucial for drought-affected regions, arid and coastal areas, border regions, the Indian Army, Navy,PJN105463

[0078] Coastguard, and North Eastern states.

[0079] • The standout feature of this technology is that it generates low-TDS water (5-10 ppm) from air, which is then re-mineralized into healthy drinking water with a pH range of 6.5 - 8.5.

[0080] • Eco-friendly design requiring minimal operation and maintenance.

[0081] • Produces mineral-enriched, healthy water through an automated process using proprietary mineral salt mixtures.

[0082] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

[0083] In the drawings accompanying the specification;

[0084] Figure 1 illustrates the schematic representation of the AWG with the overall process flow diagram (PFD) with remineralization technology (in green box) and filtration mechanism (in pink box)

[0085]

[0086] Figure 2 illustrates the solar panels installed on Adilabad school roof top for 150 L / day AWG machine.

[0087] Figure 3 illustrates the loT enabled AWG for dew point cut off and preventive maintenance at the Machilipatnam AWG system.

[0088] Figure 4 illustrates the loT Sensors and Programmers tested at CSIR-IICT for the prototype 1000 L / day AWG unit and timer for ozonator (top, left).

[0089] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0090] Atmospheric Water Generator (AWG) is a device that draws water from the humidity in the air. The AWG process harvests a fraction of abundant moisture present in the atmosphere through dehumidification and condensation techniques based on the relative humidity in the air at ambient temperature.PJN105463

[0091] In the current invention, ambient air is drawn into the AWG after passing through micron pleated air filters followed by contact with a cold surface of evaporative coils maintained below dew point temperature to facilitate the condensation of water vapor. Cold air is combined with ambient air to facilitate better condensation of the refrigerant vapor in the condenser coil. The condensed water is collected in a tray to be filled into a storage tank where the water is treated by UV.. Post-treatment stages including filtration, ultrafiltration, ozonation, and controlled mineral dosing are provided to ensure potable water quality. AWGs can be successfully deployed in arid and hill stations area where relative humidity (RH) is > 90 % and semi-arid zones wherein the RH, is >25 %.

[0092] In the present invention, a compressor is used to achieve enhanced vapor condensation rates. The system operates on an inverse Carnot refrigeration cycle mechanism. Independent fans associated with the evaporator and condenser enable improved heat exchange efficiency and enhanced condensation performance. Apart from that, the water generated from these systems can be used in areas requiring a lower level. But the present proposed invention works on the inverse Carnot cycle mechanism with independent fans for the evaporator and condenser that increase the condensation rate and its efficiency.

[0093] A distinguishing feature of the invention is the integration, within a single unit, of atmospheric water generation with hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane treatment and controlled mineral dosing to produce potable water. The equipment's lower cost, energy efficiency, and simplicity make it economical to install and maintain with user-friendly features compared to the prior art.

[0094] The automated control system within the AWG enables regular monitoring of water usage and its quality with provision for the trip-off when relative humidity goes below 25 %. Incorporating the solar unit into the AWG system will minimize the usage of overall energy consumption. The present indigenously designed AWG device is highly efficient for the production of potable water from atmospheric moisture. The technology is energy efficient compared to the commercially available units.

[0095] This alternate technique that has been suggested would assist in resolving the drought issue in rural areas where there is sporadic access to electrical power, particularly in the humid regions of states like Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Andhra Pradesh. In the recent past, hilly regions such as Shimla have had schools shut down for a week due to drinking water scarcity, whereas Latur in Maharashtra and Jaipur in Rajasthan perennially suffer from water scarcity. AWGs can also be successfully deployed in both hill stations area as well as semi-arid zones wherein the RH is sufficient.PJN105463

[0096] The present invention provides the following process steps for the preparation and design of a solar-powered atmospheric water generator:

[0097]

[0098] (a) Water generated by the atmospheric water generator typically exhibits very low TDS, generally below 5 ppm making it unfit for drinking. To utilize the atmosphere-generated water, a proprietary mixture of salts is added to the water which contains essential minerals that include Na, Ca, Mg, K, HCO3, and other important ions. The unique formulation based on a mixture of food grade salts is developed by IICT and is usually not observed in other commercial AWGs. The remineralization technology developed by IICT fortifies the water from larger capacity AWGs of 500 L / day and above, and making it suitable for drinking and meeting all standard specifications of packaged drinking water as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (IS:14543).

[0099] Preparation of the dosing solution along with the formulation, dosing rate and analysis report was provided in previous communication. This component is enclosed within a green box in the process flow schematic provided in Figure 1.

[0100] Application: This minerals dosing process is ongoing at 500 L / day systems at Wadji, Maharashtra, Darjeeling, West Bengal and Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh sites of the FTC project

[0101] Prepared dosing solution concentration (ppm): 3500 ppm

[0102] The dosing rate in strokes per min: 2.42 L / h {“30 stokes / min” gives 1.14 L / h, therefore 64 strokes should be maintained to get 200 ppm TDS of final water} .

[0103] Known AWG water TDS: 7 ppm; A known flow rate of an AWG storage tank: 41.4 LPH

[0104] Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) achieved: 200 ppm

[0105] Along with remineralization, the AWG water also needs filtration and sterilization to remove contaminants in the form of suspended solids, turbidity, microbial bacteria and dissolved components. Filtration is performed by a series of micron filter cartridges of 5 pm pore size, hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane, and an activated carbon filter for enhanced taste. The UF membrane is optional and can be replaced with 0.2 pm polypropylene cartridge filter. Sterilization to prevent any microbial contamination is achieved by placing UV LED’s while an ozone generator is connected to the water storage tank as shown within the pink enclosure in the schematic process flow in Figure 1. The ozonator is switched on for 15 min and then goes off for 75 min as per the timer (Appendix 1), while the UV light is on throughout.

[0106]

[0107] filter based on ceramic balls for lower AWG

[0108]

[0109] The ceramic beads (figure 2(a)) are mixed in specific weight ratios of 1: 1: 0.5 of Maifan ceramic balls toPJN105463

[0110] alkaline balls to tourmaline beads and loaded in a cartridge through which the AWG water passes and gets remineralized as shown in figure 2(b). The beads are replaced every 6 months after the mineral content gets leached out.

[0111] Application: A total of 1.125 kg of media containing 150 g Maifan ceramic balls + 150 g alkaline beads + 75 g tourmaline balls + 750 g activated carbon as medium, for packing in a filter cartridge in 150 L / day AWG system at Adilabad, Telangana site and 1.875 kg loading at Latur, Maharashtra for 250 L / day unit. Detailed water analysis was attached in our previous mail etc.

[0112] Table 2 (a) and (b). Remineralization process and salt mixture composition

[0113] • A novel salt mixture constituting essential minerals that include Na, Ca, Mg, K, HCO3 and other important ions is formulated for water fortification with standard specifications of packaged drinking water as per the Bureau of Indian Standards (IS: 14543(2016)), (IS: 10500(2012)).

[0114]

[0115]

[0116] Prepared dosing solution ppm: 3500 ppm

[0117] Dosing rate in strokes per min: 2.42 L / h {“30 stokes / min” gives 1.14 L / h, therefore 64 stokes should be maintained to get 200 ppmTDS of final water} Known AWG water TDS: 7 ppm

[0118] Known flow rate of an AWG storage tank: 41.4 LPH

[0119] Resultant Total Dissolved Solids: 200 ppm. Elaborate post treatment of water to achieve BIS and FSSAIPJN105463

[0120] certifications for potable quality.

[0121] Post treatment of AWG water

[0122] To obtain potable water, the condensed water from the AWG unit is collected in a collection tank and pumped into the storage tank. Further, the pretreated water is passed through a mineral -rich cartridge to obtain the desired TDS of drinking water, and finally, the post-treatment with ultraviolet (UV) kills the bacteria and germs present in the water. Most of the locations mainly depend on water sources which were highly contaminated by bacteria, in particular, it was found to be contaminated with E. coli bacteria. However, the AWG machine helps to eradicate the bacteria and turbidity and was able to produce safe drinking water.

[0123] Table 3. Innovation in Water Quality with Different Grades of Water Produced (Potable, Alkaline, and Medical grade water)

[0124]

[0125] Table 4. Difference from other AWGs:

[0126] • Integrated remineralization and filtration process.

[0127] • Customized coil design based on climate such as increased coil size in higher temperature regions, and reduced condenser area and fan speed at lower temperature conditions.

[0128] • Controllable fan speed.

[0129] • Solar power integration.PJN105463

[0130] • Hot gas bypass.

[0131] • Adjustable dew point cut-off for extreme climate operations.

[0132]

[0133] Note: Frequent testing by IICT’s NABL certified lab ensures prescribed water quality standards of AWG at different sites of installation

[0134] Table 5. Water Parameters analyzed by neutral agency (Lucid Labs, Hyderabad)

[0135]

[0136] PJN105463

[0137]

[0138] PJN105463

[0139]

[0140] PJN105463

[0141]

[0142] Customized coil design based on climate and Controllable Fan Speed

[0143] Customized coil design based on climate with increased epoxy (hydrophobic) coated coil surface area in higher temperature regions and reduced condenser area and fan speed at lower temperature conditions. Application: A larger condenser fan with high speed and refrigerant condenser coil in relation to the evaporator fan and refrigerant evaporator coil in the ratio of 1.5: 1 is incorporated in a high temperature zone like Adilabad’s 150 L / day AWG site. The evaporator copper coil’s effective surface area is 0.16 m2while that of the condenser is 0.24 m2at Adilabad. The fan speed of evaporator fan is 500 CFM while that of the condenser is 750 CFM at Adilabad.

[0144] In contrast, at a low temperature zone like Darjeeling (500 L / day AWG), ice starts forming on the evaporator coil even in July- August. To handle this situation, we increased head pressure and temperature by reducing the condenser fan speed to 50% capacity and coil size to 75%. The ratio of condenser coil size to the evaporator coil size will be 0.75:1 which comes to 0.375 m2: 0.5 m2

[0145] Improvements in Solar Power Integration (Ongoing at Adilabad, India)

[0146] Master hybrid control box consisting of power and control circuits for grid-tied PV Smart synchronization panel for solar power integration along with smart monitoring for seamless switching of power sources between grid and solar. Enhanced energy efficiency with brushless DC electric motor (BLDC); the advantage of a hermitically sealed BLDC compressor is that it works at 10 Volts to 48 Volts in any weather condition and reduce Capex. The BLDC compressor possesses a wider range of speed regulation. To suit solar irradiation, the panels’ tilt angle will be adjusted based on the location and season at the site of installation to attain maximum energy efficiency to reduce Opex and possibly automated.

[0147] Application: IICT has integrated AWG with solar power at Adilabad, Latur and Machlipatnam for green atmospheric water generation making it accessible to remote locations with limited or no grid power supplyPJN105463

[0148] as shown in Figure 3. Power consumption is one of the key aspects that account for more than 70% of the opex in the AWG units. Every kW of solar panel generates 4 units of electricity, therefore the 4 kW panel at Adilabad would generate 4 * 4 = 16 units of electricity which would operate the 150 LPD for 8 hrs (2 kW * 8 hrs = 16). By introducing solar power -based operations we will be able to reduce the energy requirement to make the process economical. The Opex per Lit of water generated is determined to be Rs 1.2 at Machilipatnam (500 L / day), Rs 1.4 at Latur (250 L / day) and Rs 1.6 / L and at Adilabad’s 150 L / day AWG.

[0149] Dew point cut-off for extreme climate operations

[0150] Dew point is the exit air temperature from the coil, and is generally set at 8 -10 °C, below which very little moisture is present in the air. Evaporator temperature is 5 °C, the heat for which is provided by the air. The dew point sensor is incorporated for auto-cut-off in low -temperature zones. The formula Td=T-((100-RH) / 5) will be incorporated into the sensor code and the dew point for a specific location based on the temperature and Relative humidity (Rff) will be calculated (Td is the dew point temperature and T is the ambient temperature). Master smart sensing circuits detect temperature, humidity (RH), load conditions, water flow rate, compressor and evaporator fan speed based on the input parameters system and adjust the values in a closed loop system for optimum water output. Dewpoint@cloud: Dewpoint calculation was done for Machilipatnam weather conditions. The results were taken in Cloud and UPW-IoT App is shown in Fig 4 and 5.

[0151] Application: The developed loT incorporation is ongoing at Machlipatnam AWG

[0152] • Low -cost, indigenously developed Wi-Fi loT Design with temperature and humidity sensor DHT 22.

[0153] • Mobile app design for monitoring (open source) water parameters.

[0154] • In-house customization and maintenance using a self -developed code on the ARDUINO Open Platform.

[0155] • Tested the prototype loT design on AWG at the IICT location.

[0156] • When dew point is reached, the sensor will trigger the relay to switch off the compressor at every 15 min time gap to allow the ice on the evaporator to melt after which the next 15 min the timer will enable switching on of the AWG.

[0157] EXAMPLES

[0158] The following examples are given by way of illustration only and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention in any manner.PJN105463

[0159] Experimental trials to study the effect of variation in ‘% relative humidity’ for production of water from ‘atmospheric water generator’ are reported. As the relative humidity increases, the water output flow increases due to elevated levels of available moisture in the atmosphere. Atmospheric water generators have been installed for the very first time in Arid Zones (Latur, Adilabad and Wadji) and in a Hilly Terrain (Darjeeling) and are successfully operating since 2 months. No one has attempted AWG in such areas till date. The collected water from AWG after prefiltration is passed through a mineral-rich cartridge to obtain the desired TDS of drinking water, and finally, the post -treatment with hydrophilized PVDF hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane, ozone and ultraviolet (UV) light treatment to kill the bacteria and germs present in the water. The post-water quality of installed 5 nos. of AWG units in different schools, and ZP offices were reported in Table 1. Most of these locations mainly depend on groundwater source, which was highly contaminated by bacteria, in particular, it was found to be contaminated with E. coli bacteria in the bore / tap water source. However, the AWG machine helps to eradicate the bacteria and turbidity and was able to produce safe drinking water.

[0160] Table 1: Operating conditions of AWG systems at different locations

[0161]

[0162] Apart from the overall concept, and process flow, detailed information on IICT component is given as follows:PJN105463

[0163] ADVANTAGES OF THE INVENTION

[0164] • The invention provides the following technical advantages: The loT-enabled, solar-powered AWG system enables capture of atmospheric moisture and produce drinking water followed by controlled remineralization to achieve potable mineral balance. Sustainable Source: Integration of a solar power subsystem enables primary or hybrid operation, reducing dependence on conventional grid supply..

[0165] • Real-Time Monitoring and Control: loT sensors allow for real-time optimizations by continuously monitoring system performance and ambient conditions.

[0166] • Energy Efficiency: Modifies processes according to temperature and humidity data, optimizing water extraction in ideal circumstances and reducing energy consumption in unfavorable ones. Provides 20% energy savings through variable frequency driven fans based on %RH, hot gas bypass for defrostation and cold exit air redirection.

[0167] • Cost-Effective: Optimized energy consumption and hybrid solar operation reduce overall operational expenditure. Remote Accessibility: loT technology makes it easier to manage systems in remote or difficult-to-reach locations by enabling remote system monitoring and control.

[0168] • Scalability: These systems offer versatile applications by being able to be scaled up or down in response to environmental factors and water demand. Environmental Impact: By reducing carbon emissions and optimizing energy use via loT, solar-power helps to promote environmental sustainability.

[0169] Quality control / Compliance with BIS Standards: Multi-stage purification and controlled remineralization enable production of potable water meeting applicable drinking water standards that meets the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water quality.

Claims

PJN105463We Claim:

1. An loT -enabled solar-powered atmospheric water generator system for arid, hilly, and water- scarce regions comprising:(i) a housing enclosing a condensation chamber;(ii) an evaporator coil (4) configured to condense atmospheric moisture;(iii) a condenser coil (5) thermally coupled to the evaporator coil through a refrigeration cycle including a compressor and an expansion device;(iv) a first fan associated with the evaporator coil and a second fan associated with the condenser coil, the first fan and the second fan being independently operable;( v) a variable frequency drive (VFD) operatively connected to at least one of the first fan and the second fan and configured to regulate rotational speed thereof;(vi) a sensor module configured to continuously measure ambient temperature and relative humidity;(vii) a control unit operatively connected to the compressor (13), the sensor module, and the variable frequency drive (VFD), the control unit being configured to calculate a dew point based on the measured ambient temperature and relative humidity and automatically regulate operation of the compressor in a closed-loop manner based on the calculated dew point, including application of a predefined hysteresis margin;(viii) a hot gas bypass arrangement configured to facilitate defrosting of the evaporator coil (4); (ix) an airflow redirection pathway configured to direct cold exit air from the evaporator coil (4) toward the condenser coil (5) to reduce compressor load;(x) a water treatment module comprising filtration and disinfection units further comprising sequential ozonation and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection stages;(xi) a remineralization module configured to increase total dissolved solids (TDS) of condensed water to a potable range; and(xii) a solar power subsystem operatively coupled to the AWG system to provide primary or hybrid energy supply.wherein the system is configured to optimize energy consumption while producing potable mineral -balanced water.PJN1054632. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the water treatment module comprises a prefilter assembly, an ultrafiltration membrane, UV disinfection, and ozonation.

3. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the hot gas bypass arrangement is activated upon detection of frost accumulation on the evaporator coil.

4. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the remineralization module comprises a dosing solution tank containing a mineral salt mixture5. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the airflow redirection pathway comprises a duct configured to channel cold discharge air toward the condenser coil.

6. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ultrafiltration membrane is a hollow fiber membrane selected from hydrophilized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane.

7. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the solar power subsystem includes photovoltaic panels and a battery storage unit.

8. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein further comprising an loT communication module configured for remote monitoring of system performance parameters.

9. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the variable frequency drive enables adaptive fan speed control to permit operation under low relative humidity conditions.

10. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to suspend compressor operation when ambient humidity falls below a predefined threshold.

11. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the condenser fan speed is selectively reduced to increase refrigerant head pressure and mitigate ice formation under low ambient temperature conditions.

12. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the airflow from the hot air bypass arrangement is redirected toward the evaporator coil to reduce frost accumulation.

13. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system is configured for potable water production capacities ranging between 150 liters per day and 500 liters per day.

14. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compressor operation is suspended when ambient humidity falls below the predefined minimum threshold.PJN10546315. The system as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the rotational speeds of the evaporator-associated fan and the condenser-associated fan are dynamically varied according to humidity threshold levels.

16. The system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a remote monitoring interface accessible through a mobile communication device for real-time monitoring of system parameters.

17. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the control unit further adjusts rotational speed of the first fan and the second fan based on real-time humidity variation.

18. A method for the generation of potable water from atmospheric moisture using the atmospheric water generator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the said method comprising the following steps:(a) drawing ambient air towards an evaporator coil to condense atmospheric moisture;(b) thermally coupling the evaporator coil with a condenser coil through a refrigeration cycle including a compressor;(c) continuously sensing ambient temperature and relative humidity;(d) calculating a dew point based on the sensed ambient temperature and relative humidity; (e) regulating operation of the compressor in a closed-loop manner based on the calculated dew point, including applying a predefined hysteresis margin;(f) independently modulating rotational speeds of an evaporator-associated fan and a condenser- associated fan using a variable frequency drive (VFD) to optimize condensation efficiency; (g) redirecting cold exit air towards the condenser coil to reduce compressor load;(h) defrosting the evaporator coil through a hot gas bypass arrangement when required;(i) collecting condensed water in a storage tank;(j) subjecting the collected water to filtration and disinfection stages; and(k) remineralizing the treated water to increase total dissolved solids (TDS) to a potable range.

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