Mixed hydrogen carrier production method and production system

Abstract

A mixed hydrogen carrier production method comprising: a step for receiving instruction information from a consumer; and a step for outputting information regarding a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of source hydrogen carriers, on the basis of the instruction information and information regarding the plurality of source hydrogen carriers.

Description

Method and system for producing mixed hydrogen carrier

[0001] The present invention relates to a method and a system for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier.

[0002] In recent years, the use of hydrogen energy has attracted global attention toward the realization of carbon neutrality and a decarbonized society. While hydrogen is regarded as a promising energy carrier that does not emit carbon dioxide (CO2) when used, greenhouse gases (hereinafter also referred to as "GHG") may be emitted during processes such as production, transportation and conversion. For this reason, the calculation and management of GHG emissions throughout the entire hydrogen supply chain has become important.

[0003] As means for transporting and storing hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, ammonia, liquid organic hydrogen carriers (hereinafter collectively simply referred to as "hydrogen carriers") have been widely studied, and GHG emissions vary depending on respective production processes, adjustment / conversion processes, and transportation processes. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses an operation management system capable of efficiently delivering raw materials from a raw material production base to a plurality of dehydrogenation bases.

[0004] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2021-157750

[0005] With the popularization of hydrogen supply chains, it is assumed that in the transportation process, hydrogen carriers adjusted and converted from different hydrogen sources will be mixed and supplied according to the requirements of consumers. For such a "mixed hydrogen carrier" obtained by mixing a plurality of hydrogen carriers, it is also necessary to calculate GHG emissions with certain accuracy and reliability and provide them to consumers.

[0006] The present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a production method and a production system for obtaining greenhouse gas emissions associated with a mixed hydrogen carrier in a method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier by mixing hydrogen carriers.

[0007] The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to this disclosure includes the steps of receiving instruction information from a consumer and outputting information about a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of the original hydrogen carriers based on the instruction information and information about a plurality of original hydrogen carriers.

[0008] The processing apparatus of this disclosure includes a receiving unit that receives instruction information from a customer, and an output unit that provides information on a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers based on the instruction information and information on a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers.

[0009] The program of this disclosure causes the processing device to perform the steps of receiving instruction information from a consumer, and outputting information about a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers based on the instruction information and information about a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers.

[0010] According to this disclosure, a method and system for producing mixed hydrogen carriers by mixing hydrogen carriers can be provided, which can also be used to obtain greenhouse gas emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carriers.

[0011] This is a schematic diagram of a hydrogen supply chain. This is a schematic diagram of a hydrogen supply chain via a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (MCH / TL system). This is a schematic diagram showing one aspect of the system of the present disclosure. This is a schematic diagram showing one aspect of the configuration of the apparatus 300 in Figure 2A. This is a functional block diagram showing an example of the software configuration of the processing apparatus of the present disclosure. This is a schematic diagram showing an example of hydrogen carrier data. This is a schematic diagram showing an example of mixed hydrogen carrier data. This is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of the processing apparatus of the present disclosure. This is a schematic diagram showing another aspect of the system of the present disclosure. This is a flowchart showing an example of a method for producing the mixed hydrogen carrier of the present disclosure.

[0012] The present invention will be described in detail below, but is not limited thereto, and various modifications are possible without departing from its essence.

[0013] A. Definitions of Terms The following are definitions of the main terms used in this disclosure.

[0014] A "hydrogen carrier" refers to a medium capable of storing and transporting hydrogen, and includes ammonia, liquid hydrogen, and liquid organic hydrogen carriers (LOHCs). Among these, ammonia has a high hydrogen density, can utilize existing infrastructure for transportation and storage, and can also be used directly as fuel. Liquid hydrogen is hydrogen liquefied at extremely low temperatures and can be maintained in a highly pure state. Liquid organic hydrogen carriers can stably store hydrogen in the form of organic compounds and have the advantage of utilizing existing petroleum-based infrastructure for transportation and storage. In addition, hydrogen can also be used as a hydrogen carrier by reacting CO2 with hydrogen to produce methane or methanol, or by using hydrogen storage alloys that reversibly react with hydrogen to produce metal hydrides.

[0015] Note that "first hydrogen carrier," "second hydrogen carrier," "third hydrogen carrier," etc., are designations used to distinguish hydrogen carriers that may have different origins or types from each other, and each has associated GHG emission information.

[0016] A "mixed hydrogen carrier" refers to a hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a primary hydrogen carrier and a secondary hydrogen carrier. This also includes cases where a third hydrogen carrier is further mixed in.

[0017] A "liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC)" is a general term for organic compounds that can reversibly retain hydrogen. In this specification, examples include combinations of methylcyclohexane (MCH) and toluene (TL), and combinations of octahydrodibenzyltoluene (H18-DBT) and dibenzyltoluene (DBT). When there is no particular distinction between the hydrogenated state, such as MCH, and the dehydrogenated state, such as TL, the term "liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC)" is used, and when a distinction is made between the hydrogenated and dehydrogenated states, this should be clearly stated.

[0018] "Instructional information" includes information provided by consumers and other systems regarding GHG emission targets, cost targets, mixing ratios, hydrogen purity and applications, and the origin of raw materials. While there are no particular restrictions on what constitutes a consumer, examples include the transportation industry (buses, trucks, etc.) that transports people and goods, the steel industry and other industrial processes that utilize hydrogen, the energy industry that uses hydrogen for power generation and fuel cells, and other applications such as the aerospace industry.

[0019] "Compositional analysis" refers to the act of analyzing the composition of hydrogen carriers in tanks and piping to confirm whether they meet the required purity and characteristics.

[0020] Furthermore, the definitions of other terms used in this disclosure are given below. Many of these terms and definitions conform to relevant standards published by international standardization organizations such as ISO and IEC (e.g., ISO 14040, ISO 14067, ISO 14083, ISO 14025). For definitions of terms, you may refer to the ISO Online browsing platform (https: / / www.iso.org / obp) or IEC Electropedia (https: / / www.electropedia.org / ) as needed.

[0021] Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are naturally occurring and anthropogenic atmospheric gaseous components that absorb and emit specific wavelengths within the infrared radiation spectrum emitted from the Earth's surface, atmosphere, and clouds. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions) refer to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

[0022] "Greenhouse gas emissions" (hereinafter also referred to as "GHG emissions") refer to the amount of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, etc.) emitted during processes such as hydrogen production, conversion, and transportation. Greenhouse gas emissions can be expressed in carbon dioxide equivalent. Typically, greenhouse gas emissions for a given activity can be calculated using the following formula: Emissions (kg - CO2) = Activity amount × Emission factor

[0023] An "emission factor" may be calculated by measuring the CO2 generated by a specific activity or the combustion of a fuel and using the ratio to the activity level. Standard values ​​calculated by international or governmental organizations can be used. (Emission factors based on energy consumption) Example: kg-CO2 / kWh (CO2 emissions per 1 kWh of electricity) Example: kg-CO2 / L (CO2 emissions per 1 liter of fuel) (Emission factors based on activity level) Example: kg-CO2 / t (CO2 emissions per ton of raw materials used) Example: kg-CO2 / km (CO2 emissions when a trailer travels 1 km)

[0024] "Activity level" refers to data that indicates the amount of activity that forms the basis for calculating greenhouse gas emissions and other emissions. Examples include fuel consumption (e.g., gasoline consumption (L), coal burned (tons)), electricity consumption (kWh), distance traveled (e.g., tanker transport distance (km)), and raw material consumption (tons).

[0025] "Greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen carriers" refers to the sum of greenhouse gas emissions calculated in the hydrogen production process, the hydrogen carrier adjustment or conversion process, and the hydrogen carrier transport process, i.e., the carbon footprint.

[0026] On the other hand, "greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen production" refers to greenhouse gas emissions calculated in the hydrogen production process. Similarly, "greenhouse gas emissions associated with adjustment or conversion to hydrogen carriers" refers to greenhouse gas emissions calculated in the adjustment or conversion process from hydrogen to hydrogen carriers. "Greenhouse gas emissions associated with transportation" refers to greenhouse gas emissions calculated in the transportation process of hydrogen carriers to the point immediately preceding the mixing process in this disclosure. Furthermore, "greenhouse gas emissions associated with conversion from hydrogen carriers to hydrogen" refers to greenhouse gas emissions calculated in the adjustment or conversion process from hydrogen carriers to hydrogen.

[0027] "Carbon footprint (CFP)" refers to the sum of greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas removals in a product system, expressed in CO2 equivalent, and is evaluated based on a life cycle assessment using a single impact category: climate change.

[0028] Furthermore, "partial CFP" refers to the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions and greenhouse gas removals in one or more specific processes included in a product system, expressed in CO2 equivalent, and is based on a selected stage or process in the life cycle.

[0029] "Conditioning" refers to changing the physical conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) of a substance. Examples include changing the pressure of hydrogen gas, converting hydrogen gas into liquid hydrogen, and converting liquid hydrogen back into hydrogen gas.

[0030] "Conversion" refers to changing the chemical state of a substance, and in this disclosure, examples include hydrogenation processes that convert hydrogen to ammonia or LOHC, or dehydrogenation processes that convert ammonia or LOHC to hydrogen.

[0031] A "process" is a series of interconnected or interacting activities that convert input into output. "Input" refers to the product, material, or energy flow entering a single process, while "output" refers to the product, material, or energy flow leaving a single process.

[0032] A "co-product" refers to two or more products that are produced from the same unit process or product system. An example is oxygen, which is produced along with hydrogen in a hydrogen production process.

[0033] A "system boundary" refers to a boundary based on a set of criteria that define a single process included in the system under consideration.

[0034] The term "allocation" refers to the partitioning of an input flow or output flow in a process or product system between the product system under consideration and one or more other product systems.

[0035] The term "system expansion" refers to the concept of expanding a product system to include additional functions related to by-products. For example, when hydrogen is produced by electrolysis of water, oxygen is generated as a by-product. This oxygen can be used for medical and industrial purposes, and may compete with existing oxygen supplies on the market. In the system expansion method, the reduction from this substitution (the CO₂ emission reduction of the air separation unit) is subtracted from the environmental load of hydrogen production, and as a result, the CFP (carbon footprint) of hydrogen is reduced.

[0036] The economic value allocation method is a method of allocating GHG emissions according to the economic value of each product. Although not particularly limited, for example, when the price of hydrogen is 500 yen per kg and the price of the by-product oxygen is 50 yen per kg, the method refers to allocating total GHG emissions by considering economic value, such as allocating based on the ratio "hydrogen : oxygen = 500 : 50 = 10 : 1".

[0037] The term "transport" refers to the act of moving cargo from one place to another, which is carried out by a transport mode.

[0038] The term "means of transport" refers to a transport mode used for transporting cargo, such as inland waterways, pipelines, railways and roads.

[0039] The term "route" refers to the path (or the journey thereof) traveled when moving from one point to another.

[0040] The term "delivery gate" refers to the location where the management right of a product is transferred between a buyer and a supplier based on a contractual agreement.

[0041] The term "consumption gate" refers to the point where the product is finally delivered in the entire product supply chain.

[0042] The term "transport chain" refers to a series of cargo-related elements that collectively constitute the movement of cargo from a place of departure to a place of destination. The term "transport chain element (TCE)" refers to a section within the transport chain where cargo is carried by a single vehicle or passes through a single hub.

[0043] The term "hub" refers to a location where cargo is transshipped from one vehicle to another.

[0044] B. Overall Structure B1. Calculation Framework for Greenhouse Gases FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of a hydrogen supply chain. The greenhouse gas calculation of the present disclosure targets a well-to-consumption gate system boundary, and includes direct emissions and indirect emissions. The system boundary may be divided into three categories for consideration: hydrogen production processes, conditioning or conversion processes, and transportation processes.

[0045] The term "greenhouse gas emission (GHG emission)" refers to the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Direct emissions may include GHG emissions directly released into the atmosphere by equipment or apparatuses used in a process. Indirect emissions may include GHG emissions related to electric power or heat used in a process, or to the production or acquisition of raw materials.

[0046] Greenhouse gas emissions may be expressed as an amount of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂e) relative to a functional unit. A functional unit refers to the quantitative performance of a product system expressed as a reference unit. For a functional unit in a supply chain such as hydrogen production processes, conditioning or conversion processes, and transportation processes, 1 kg of hydrogen or 1 kg of hydrogen carrier having properties corresponding to the requirements of subsequent stages is recommended.

[0047] "CO2e (CO2e)" is a unit used to compare the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas with that of carbon dioxide, and can be calculated using the following formula. Examples of greenhouse gases considered include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). [CO2e] = [CO2] + 28 × [CH4] + 265 × [N2O]

[0048] Examples of hydrogen production processes shown in Figure 1A include hydrogen production by water electrolysis, hydrogen production by steam reforming of natural gas with CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage), hydrogen as a by-product in industrial applications, hydrogen production by coal gasification with CCS, hydrogen production from biomass, and hydrogen production by automated thermal reforming of natural gas with CCS.

[0049] Examples of hydrogen preparation or conversion processes shown in Figure 1A include ammonia production and conversion by dehydrogenation, preparation of liquid hydrogen, and conversion of liquid organic hydrogen carriers by hydrogenation or dehydrogenation. The downstream boundary of the hydrogen production process may correspond to the upstream boundary of the preparation or conversion process.

[0050] GHG emissions from electricity used for hydrogen production, adjustment, and conversion may be limited to direct emissions and some indirect emissions. Indirect emissions exclude emissions associated with the manufacture of power generation equipment. Such GHG emissions may include primary energy extraction and transport, conversion, generation, and losses in the power grid. GHG emissions from renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, and geothermal power are considered zero.

[0051] The GHG emissions in the hydrogen carrier transport process shown in Figure 1A may be calculated by summing the GHG emissions calculated separately for each transport chain element (TCE). The calculation of GHG emissions in the transport chain (TC) may include transport operations and hub operations.

[0052] Here, a transport operation refers to the transportation of goods using means of transport, and may include, for example, fuel consumption for propulsion and onboard activities. A hub operation refers to the movement and transshipment of goods via a hub, and may include, for example, pre- and post-transport hub operations and intermediate storage that complement and connect transport operations. Means of transport include modes of transport used to transport cargo, such as inland waterways, pipelines, railways, and roads.

[0053] Furthermore, in calculating greenhouse gas emissions, emissions that meet a predetermined cutoff criterion may be excluded. Also, emissions from the construction, manufacture, and disposal of capital goods (e.g., hydrogen production equipment), travel, employee commuting, and upstream leased assets are not considered at the well-to-consumption gate system boundary. On the other hand, emissions from capital goods ("CAPEX emissions") may be reported.

[0054] B2. As an example of a hydrogen supply chain, Figure 1B shows a schematic diagram of a hydrogen supply chain via a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (MCH / TL system). Note that Figure 1B is just an example, and the liquid organic hydrogen carrier is not limited to the MCH / TL system. A hydrogen supply chain utilizing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier typically includes a hydrogen production process, a conversion process from hydrogen to a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (MCH), a transport process for the liquid organic hydrogen carrier (MCH), a dehydrogenation process from the liquid organic hydrogen carrier (MCH) to hydrogen, and a hydrogen utilization process. Furthermore, in a hydrogen supply chain utilizing a liquid organic hydrogen carrier, the dehydrogenated liquid organic hydrogen carrier (TL) is reused and rehydrogenated. Therefore, the transport process may include a transport process for transporting the dehydrogenated liquid organic hydrogen carrier (TL).

[0055] In the transport process for the reuse of liquid organic hydrogen carriers (TLs) after dehydrogenation, the addition of new dehydrogenated carriers (TLs) may be included to compensate for the amount of dehydrogenated carriers (TLs) reduced by the dehydrogenation process, etc. Dehydrogenated carriers equivalent to the loss are also called "makeup LOHCs." GHG emissions corresponding to makeup LOHCs may be included in the GHG emissions of the conversion process.

[0056] Alternatively, instead of the hydrogen production process and the hydrogen-to-liquid organic hydrogen carrier (MCH) conversion process described above, a conversion process that directly hydrogenates the dehydrogenation carrier by electrochemical reaction and converts it to a liquid organic hydrogen carrier may be used. A typical example of such a conversion process is the Direct MCH process, which uses electricity from renewable energy sources to directly convert toluene to methylcyclohexane (MCH). This conversion process is expected to simplify the process, and furthermore, because hydrogen can be stored and transported as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier without first extracting it as a gas, the need for hydrogen leakage and high-pressure management is reduced, and safety is improved.

[0057] Liquid hydrogen (LH ２ A hydrogen supply chain using this method includes a hydrogen production process, a liquid hydrogen conversion process, a liquid hydrogen transport process, and a hydrogen utilization process, and may also include a conversion process that vaporizes the liquid hydrogen before the hydrogen utilization process. The vaporization process allows hydrogen to be supplied in a form suitable for fuel cells and industrial applications, instead of directly using liquid hydrogen.

[0058] A hydrogen supply chain via ammonia may include a hydrogen production process, a hydrogen-to-ammonia conversion process, an ammonia transport process, an ammonia-to-hydrogen dehydrogenation process, and a hydrogen utilization process. Alternatively, ammonia may be used by directly burning it at the consumption gate without going through the ammonia-to-hydrogen dehydrogenation process.

[0059] C. In the hydrogen supply chain of the System Disclosure, for example, green hydrogen produced from renewable energy and blue hydrogen produced from fossil fuels such as oil and natural gas are distributed. In this case, consumers have two choices for hydrogen available from the supply chain: green hydrogen, which has low GHG emissions and is expensive, or blue hydrogen, which has high GHG emissions and is inexpensive. However, it is quite conceivable that consumers would require more flexible options than these limited choices, such as hydrogen with GHG emissions between green and blue hydrogen while keeping costs down. In addition to these consumer needs, it is also important for the sustainability of the hydrogen supply chain to prepare and supply hydrogen of a more optimized grade according to the application and the purity of hydrogen required for that application, rather than only being able to provide excessively high-grade and expensive hydrogen.

[0060] However, the hydrogen supply chain has not yet thoroughly considered methods for systematically mixing multiple hydrogen carriers depending on the demands and costs of consumers, as well as the purity and application of the hydrogen or hydrogen carrier.

[0061] In this regard, the present disclosure provides a method for producing mixed hydrogen carriers in response to instruction information received from end-users. Specifically, it provides a production system for achieving the production of mixed hydrogen carriers using the transportation processes of the hydrogen supply chain, and an apparatus for operating the said system.

[0062] In other words, in the hydrogen supply chain, as shown in Figure 1B, hydrogen carriers that have gone through different transport routes and manufacturing processes are stored in the same storage facility installed at a hub, and it is possible to mix the hydrogen carriers within the storage facility, and also to mix hydrogen carriers that have gone through different transport routes and manufacturing processes in transport means such as pipelines, tankers, and tank trucks, and this disclosure takes advantage of this. The manufacturing system and processing device may acquire and manage information on multiple raw hydrogen carriers present in the hydrogen supply chain, and output information on mixed hydrogen carriers obtained by mixing multiple raw hydrogen carriers, thereby realizing a method for systematically mixing multiple hydrogen carriers according to the demands and costs of the end-user, and the purity and application of the hydrogen or hydrogen carrier.

[0063] Furthermore, this disclosure is not limited to systems or processing devices that span the entire hydrogen supply chain as described above, but may also refer to systems or processing devices that focus on a single process in the hydrogen supply chain where hydrogen carrier mixing occurs. For example, a hub or a means of transport may be assumed as a location where hydrogen carrier mixing occurs. By acquiring and managing information on multiple raw hydrogen carriers stored in multiple storage devices of such a hub or means of transport, and outputting information on a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing multiple raw hydrogen carriers, a method may be realized to systematically mix multiple hydrogen carriers according to the demands and costs of the end-user, as well as the purity and application of the hydrogen or hydrogen carrier.

[0064] C1. Figure 2A of the first embodiment shows one embodiment of the system of the present disclosure that focuses on a process in which hydrogen carrier mixing occurs in the hydrogen supply chain. The mixed hydrogen carrier production system 1 of the present disclosure shown in Figure 2A may have a processing device 100, a customer terminal 200, and a device 300. Figure 2B shows one embodiment of the configuration of the device 300. The device 300 shown in Figure 2B shows a configuration in which a first hydrogen carrier and a second hydrogen carrier are mixed as a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers, but is not limited thereto, and the device 300 may be configured to be able to mix three or more types of raw hydrogen carriers.

[0065] The processing unit 100 (hereinafter also referred to as "server 100") acquires and manages information regarding hydrogen carriers in the device 300. Upon receiving instruction information from the customer terminal 200 via the network N, it outputs information regarding mixed hydrogen carriers obtained by mixing multiple raw hydrogen carriers based on the information regarding hydrogen carriers in the device 300. The processing unit 100 is a general-purpose computer and may consist of a single computer or multiple computers on the network N. The software and hardware configuration of the processing unit 100 will be described later.

[0066] The customer terminal 200 is not particularly limited as long as it transmits instruction information to the processing unit 100 via the network N and receives output from the processing unit 100, and may be, for example, a desktop computer, laptop computer, or other computer.

[0067] As shown in Figure 2B, the apparatus 300 may include supply devices 310 and 320, a mixing device 330, and a control device 340. The supply devices 310 and 320, the mixing device 330, and the control device 340, as well as the analytical devices 313, 323, 333 and flow rate control devices 314, 324, 334 attached thereto, may be connected via a wired or wireless network (not shown). This allows the first hydrogen carrier supplied from the supply device 310 and the second hydrogen carrier supplied from the supply device 320 to be mixed in control within the mixing device 330.

[0068] The supply devices 310 and 320 may have upstream lines 311 and 321 and downstream lines 312 and 322. The supply devices 310 and 320 are not particularly limited as long as they are capable of storing a first hydrogen carrier and a second hydrogen carrier, respectively, and are configured to control the amount and / or supply ratio of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier supplied to the mixing device 330. The upstream lines 311 and 321 are channels through which the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier are supplied to the supply devices 310 and 320 from the outside, and the downstream lines 312 and 322 are channels through which the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier are supplied from the supply devices 310 and 320 to the mixing device 330.

[0069] Here, the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier supplied by the supply devices 310 and 320 to the mixing device 330 may have traveled through different transport routes or manufacturing processes, or may have different compositions.

[0070] Hydrogen carriers that have gone through different transport routes or manufacturing processes are not particularly limited, but examples include hydrogen carriers obtained by adjusting or converting hydrogen produced through different hydrogen production processes such as water electrolysis or fossil fuel reforming; and hydrogen carriers obtained by adjusting or converting hydrogen produced using power sources with different GHG emissions (green hydrogen, blue hydrogen, etc.). Hydrogen carriers that have gone through different transport routes or manufacturing processes can also be said to be hydrogen carriers with different GHG emissions (CFP).

[0071] Furthermore, while there are no particular limitations on hydrogen carriers having different compositions, examples include LOHCs with different compound species, such as methylcyclohexane and perhydrobenzyltoluene (H18-DBT); and LOHCs with different compositional ratios, such as a hydrogen carrier with a composition ratio of 90 mol% methylcyclohexane / 10 mol% toluene and a hydrogen carrier with a composition ratio of 95 mol% methylcyclohexane / 5 mol% toluene.

[0072] The supply devices 310 and 320 may also have analyzers 313 and 323. The installation locations of the analyzers 313 and 323 are not particularly limited, but for example, they may be located in the upstream lines 311 and 321, the supply devices 310 and 320, and the downstream lines 312 and 322. The analyzers 313 and 323 can be used to obtain the composition and / or purity of the first and second hydrogen carriers supplied to the supply devices 310 and 320, the first and second hydrogen carriers within the supply devices 310 and 320, and the first and second hydrogen carriers supplied from the supply devices 310 and 320.

[0073] Here, the composition includes the types and ratios of the components constituting the hydrogen carrier. For example, in the case of LOHC, a composition example would be methylcyclohexane 95 mol% / toluene 5 mol%. Furthermore, purity may include not only the purity of the hydrogenation carrier such as liquid hydrogen, ammonia, and MCH, but also the amount of impurities. The analytical instruments 313 and 323 are not particularly limited, but examples include gas chromatography (GC), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), mass spectrometry (MS) such as GC-MS, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and gas chromatography-flame ionization analyzer (GC-FID).

[0074] The analyzers 313 and 323 may be able to send and receive data with other devices such as the control device 340 or the processing device 100 via a network. This allows the control device 340 or the processing device 100 to receive measurement data from the analyzers 313 and 323 and record it in their respective storage devices.

[0075] The supply devices 310 and 320 may also have flow rate control devices 314 and 324. In addition to controlling the supply of the first and second hydrogen carriers by opening and closing the flow path, the flow rate control devices 314 and 324 may also measure the flow rate of the first and second hydrogen carriers that have passed through. This makes it possible to control and monitor the amount and / or mixing ratio of the first and second hydrogen carriers mixed in the mixing device 330.

[0076] The flow rate control devices 314 and 324 may be capable of sending and receiving data with other devices such as the control device 340 or the processing device 100 via a network. This allows the control device 340 to control the opening and closing of the flow path by the flow rate control devices 314 and 324. In addition, the control device 340 or the processing device 100 can receive flow rate data from the flow rate control devices 314 and 324 and record it in their respective storage devices.

[0077] The mixing device 330 is connected to the downstream lines 312 and 322 and receives hydrogen carriers from the supply devices 310 and 320 to produce mixed hydrogen carriers. The mixing device 330 may have a storage section for storing the supplied hydrogen carriers and mix the hydrogen carriers in the storage section, or it may have a mixing channel through which the supplied hydrogen carriers flow and mix the hydrogen carriers in the mixing channel.

[0078] Furthermore, in the system of this disclosure, although not shown in the figures, the first hydrogen carrier may be supplied to the second hydrogen carrier in the mixing device for mixing. One such embodiment is in which the first hydrogen carrier is supplied to the second hydrogen carrier in the mixing device in a manner in which different lots of first hydrogen carriers obtained from various distribution routes are added to it. In this case, the second hydrogen carrier may already be in the state of a mixed hydrogen carrier, which is a mixture of multiple hydrogen carriers.

[0079] The mixed hydrogen carrier is supplied to the outside via the downstream line 332. The mixing device 330 may have a flow rate control device 334. In addition to controlling the supply of the mixed hydrogen carrier by opening and closing the flow path, the flow rate control device 334 may also measure the flow rate of the mixed hydrogen carrier that has passed through. This makes it possible to control and monitor the amount of mixed hydrogen carrier in the mixing device 330.

[0080] The mixing device 330 may include an analyzer 333. The analyzer 333 can obtain the composition and / or purity of the mixed hydrogen carriers in the mixing device 330. The analyzer 333 may be able to send and receive data with other devices such as a control device 340 or processing device 100 via a network. This allows the control device 340 or processing device 100 to receive measurement data from the analyzer 333 and record it in their respective storage devices.

[0081] In this disclosure, "mixing" refers to the mixing of substances that are of the same type as hydrogen carriers, such as a mixture of liquid hydrogen and liquid hydrogen, a mixture of ammonia and ammonia, or a mixture of LOHC and LOHC. Therefore, it does not refer to the mixing of substances that are different types as hydrogen carriers, such as a mixture of liquid hydrogen and ammonia.

[0082] The control device 340 is not particularly limited as long as it is configured to perform supply control of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, and the associated mixing control of the mixed hydrogen carrier, via the control of the flow rate control devices 314, 324, and 334 in response to instructions from the processing device 100. It may also be capable of collecting and recording information regarding the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, and information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier. Furthermore, the information regarding the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, and the information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier, collected and managed by the control device 340 may be transmitted to the processing device 100 via the network.

[0083] The control device 340 may control the flow rate control devices 314 and 324 based on the mixing amount or mixing ratio, for example, by mixing the first hydrogen carrier in a ratio of 70% to the second hydrogen carrier and 30% to the second hydrogen carrier. Alternatively, the control device 340 may mix the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier based on the composition analysis results of the first hydrogen carrier and the composition analysis results of the second hydrogen carrier, so that the composition of the resulting mixed hydrogen carrier satisfies predetermined conditions.

[0084] Alternatively, the control device 340 may control the flow rate control devices 314 and 324 based on parameters related to greenhouse gases in the mixed hydrogen carrier, such as the GHG emissions and composition of the mixed hydrogen carrier being set to predetermined values.

[0085] Furthermore, the control device 340 may be a terminal installed in the manufacturing system, or it may be a server connected via a network.

[0086] Next, the software and hardware configurations of the processing unit 100 will be described in detail below. The processing unit 100 is a general-purpose computer and may consist of a single computer or multiple computers on a network N. The software and hardware configurations of the processing unit 100 will be described later.

[0087] C11. The software configuration diagram 3A of the processing unit is a functional block diagram showing one embodiment of the processing unit 100 of the present disclosure. The processing unit 100 includes a processor 110 and a storage 120. The processor 110 can function as a management unit 111, a receiving unit 112, and an output unit 113 by executing various programs stored in the storage 120.

[0088] Furthermore, the storage 120 stores various information necessary for the operation of the processing unit 100. For example, the storage 120 may have hydrogen carrier data 121 and mixed hydrogen carrier data 122.

[0089] The control unit 111 collects and records information regarding the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, and information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier. Specifically, the control unit 111 may acquire information regarding the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, and information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier, from the analyzers 313, 323, and 333 via the network, and record it in the hydrogen carrier data 121 and mixed hydrogen carrier data 122, respectively. Alternatively, the control unit 111 may acquire information regarding the mixing amount and / or mixing ratio of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier from the flow rate control devices 314, 324, and 334 via the network, and record it in the mixed hydrogen carrier data 122. Or, the control unit 111 may acquire the above-mentioned information from the control device 340.

[0090] Figure 3B shows an example of hydrogen carrier data 121. Hydrogen carrier data 121 is a database that records information about hydrogen carriers before mixing. "Hydrogen carrier ID" is identification information assigned to each hydrogen carrier by the management unit 111. "Carrier type" refers to the classification of the carrier for storing and transporting hydrogen, and the management unit 111 records whether the hydrogen carrier is liquid hydrogen, ammonia, or LOHC. "Composition information" records the chemical composition, purity, and percentage of contained components of the hydrogen carrier by the management unit 111.

[0091] Furthermore, the GHG emissions associated with the hydrogen carrier are recorded by the management unit 111. Specifically, in the hydrogen supply chain, GHG emissions are calculated at each process of the hydrogen production process, adjustment or conversion process, and transportation process. Typically, when a supplier delivers hydrogen carriers, etc., to a buyer at the delivery gate, the supplier is required to report the GHG emissions, i.e., the CFP up to just before the mixing process. Therefore, the management unit 111 can acquire and record the GHG emissions of the hydrogen carrier at the delivery gate just before mixing. Thus, it is not essential that the system of this disclosure calculates GHG emissions for all processes from the hydrogen production process to just before the mixing process. However, the receiving unit 112 of the system of this disclosure may be configured to calculate GHG emissions for each process from the hydrogen production process to just before the mixing process based on an emission inventory, etc., as will be described later.

[0092] GHG emissions associated with hydrogen carriers can be obtained by summing up the GHG emissions for each emission inventory. The GHG emissions in a given emission inventory may also be calculated by multiplying the activity level by the emission factor. Since the emission factor can change from time to time, the receiving unit 112 may acquire the emission factor from time to time. Examples include changes in the proportion of power sources in grid electricity, such as a change in thermal power generation from 40% to 60%, or changes in the emission factor related to fuel due to an increase or decrease in natural gas extraction costs.

[0093] Emission factors may be recorded in association with the emission inventory. Emission factors are calculated by measuring the CO2 generated by the emission inventory and deriving the ratio from that amount of activity. Examples include CO2 emissions per 1 kWh of electricity (kg-CO2 / kWh), CO2 emissions per 1 liter of fuel (kg-CO2 / L), CO2 emissions per ton of raw materials used (kg-CO2 / t), and CO2 emissions when a trailer travels 1 km (kg-CO2 / km). Standard values ​​calculated by international organizations or government agencies can be used for emission factors. For example, the reception unit 112 may refer to a server where such emission factors are recorded and obtain emission factors associated with the emission inventory. Examples of emission inventories are described from D11 onwards.

[0094] In addition, the "energy density" is recorded by the output unit 113, based on information about the carrier type and composition, and is either weight-based or volume-based. Note that the energy density may vary depending on the composition of the hydrogen carrier.

[0095] The "lineage information" is recorded by the management unit 111 from a traceability perspective, containing historical data on the origin and supply route of the original hydrogen carrier. The "lineage information" may also include emission source information (emission inventory) for each process. The "original hydrogen certification information" is recorded by the management unit 111, containing certification data on the hydrogen production method and environmental impact associated with the original hydrogen carrier.

[0096] Figure 3C shows an example of mixed hydrogen carrier data 122. Mixed hydrogen carrier data 122 is a database that records information about the manufactured mixed hydrogen carrier. "Mixed hydrogen carrier ID" is identification information assigned to each mixed hydrogen carrier by the management unit 111 each time a mixing operation is performed. "Carrier type" refers to the classification of the carrier for storing and transporting hydrogen, and the management unit 111 records whether the mixed hydrogen carrier is liquid hydrogen, ammonia, or LOHC. In addition, the management unit 111 records information about the original hydrogen carrier in "Mixing information". For example, the identification information IDs of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier recorded in the hydrogen carrier data 121 may be recorded in the mixing information. In addition, information about the mixing amount and mixing ratio may be recorded in the mixing information. In "Composition information", the management unit 111 records the chemical composition, purity, and proportion of contained components of the mixed hydrogen carrier.

[0097] Furthermore, the output unit 113 records the GHG emissions associated with the acquired mixed hydrogen carrier in the "GHG emissions" field. In addition, the output unit 113 records the energy density of the mixed hydrogen carrier, either on a weight basis or a volume basis, based on the carrier type and composition information, in the "energy density" field. Note that the energy density may vary depending on the composition of the mixed hydrogen carrier. The management unit 111 records historical data regarding the origin and supply route of the original hydrogen carrier from a traceability perspective in the "lineage information" field. The management unit 111 records certification data regarding the hydrogen production method and environmental impact attached to the original hydrogen carrier.

[0098] The reception unit 112 receives instruction information from the customer terminal 200 via the network N. Here, the instruction information may include conditions such as the GHG emissions and / or cost required for the mixed hydrogen carrier. This allows the system to manufacture and supply mixed hydrogen carriers that meet the GHG emissions and / or cost instructed by the customer. Here, cost refers to the price of the mixed hydrogen carrier from the customer's perspective, and may include the manufacturing cost of the mixed hydrogen carrier in light of the entire hydrogen supply chain, or the price of the mixed hydrogen carrier provided to the customer, which is the manufacturing cost plus the provider's profit margin.

[0099] Upon receiving such instruction information, the receiving unit 112 may refer to the hydrogen carrier DB 121 and select a combination of multiple primary hydrogen carriers that satisfy the conditions in the instruction information.

[0100] In the description of the mixing in the embodiment, for simplicity, the mixing of a first hydrogen carrier and a second hydrogen carrier will be described as an example. However, the number of hydrogen carriers that make up the mixed hydrogen carrier is not particularly limited, and it is naturally permissible to select a combination of three or more types, such as a third hydrogen carrier, a fourth hydrogen carrier, and so on.

[0101] The instruction information may include conditions regarding the amount of mixed hydrogen carrier required by the consumer or the amount of hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. This makes it possible to manufacture and supply mixed hydrogen carriers that meet the energy requirements of the consumer. The amount of hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier may be controlled by controlling the composition of the mixed hydrogen carrier. Furthermore, the composition of the mixed hydrogen carrier may be controlled based on the results of compositional analysis of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier.

[0102] Upon receiving such instruction information, the receiving unit 112 may refer to the hydrogen carrier DB 121 and select a combination of first and second hydrogen carriers that satisfies the instruction information. In the hydrogen supply chain, hydrogen carriers derived from green hydrogen, hydrogen carriers derived from blue hydrogen, etc., are distributed, but even with hydrogen carriers derived from green hydrogen, the GHG emissions and costs actually differ depending on the hydrogen production process, adjustment or conversion process, and transportation process, and there is an upper limit to the amount that can be distributed. In other words, even if the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier are mixed, it may not be possible to produce a mixed hydrogen carrier that satisfies the instruction information.

[0103] In this case, the receiving unit 112 may relax the conditions such as GHG emissions and cost required for the mixed hydrogen carrier within a predetermined range and select an additional third hydrogen carrier within the range that satisfies the relaxed conditions. Alternatively, the receiving unit 112 may select a hydrogen carrier based on the premise that the amount of mixed hydrogen carrier that satisfies the conditions such as GHG emissions and cost required for the mixed hydrogen carrier will be supplied in multiple stages. Or, the receiving unit 112 may relax the quantitative conditions and select a hydrogen carrier within the range of the amount that can be supplied.

[0104] The instruction information may include conditions relating to the purity of the mixed hydrogen carrier or the purity of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier, and / or conditions relating to the use of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. For example, the required hydrogen purity varies depending on the application; relatively high purity hydrogen is required for fuel cell applications, but relatively lower purity may be required for applications such as power generation where hydrogen is burned, as a reducing agent in steelmaking, and as an industrial fuel.

[0105] Upon receiving such instruction information, the receiving unit 112 may refer to the hydrogen carrier DB 121 and select a combination of first and second hydrogen carriers that satisfies the purity or application conditions specified in the instruction information. This enables the production and supply of mixed hydrogen carriers tailored to the intended use of the customer. The purity of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier may be controlled by controlling the purity of the mixed hydrogen carrier itself. Alternatively, the purity of the mixed hydrogen carrier may be controlled based on the compositional analysis results of the first and second hydrogen carriers.

[0106] The instruction information may include conditions related to the hydrogen production site. As shown in Figure 1B, the hydrogen supply chain spans national borders, and it is assumed that the location where the hydrogen production process is carried out and the consumption gate are in different countries. In such cases, where the hydrogen production process and adjustment or conversion process are carried out overseas, and the transportation process crosses national borders, including conditions related to the hydrogen production site in the instruction information can mitigate geopolitical risks in the hydrogen production and transportation processes and achieve a more stable hydrogen supply. In addition to conditions related to the hydrogen production site, the instruction information may also include conditions related to distribution methods and distribution routes.

[0107] Upon receiving such instruction information, the receiving unit 112 may refer to the hydrogen carrier DB 121 and select a combination of hydrogen carriers that satisfies the specified hydrogen production site or distribution means and route.

[0108] In this case as well, it is conceivable that, due to the limited location of hydrogen production, there may be no combination of first and second hydrogen carriers that meets the conditions regarding GHG emissions and cost. In this case, the receiving unit 112 may relax the conditions regarding GHG emissions and cost required for the mixed hydrogen carrier by a predetermined range and select additional hydrogen carriers within the range that meet the relaxed conditions. Alternatively, the receiving unit 112 may select hydrogen carriers based on the premise that the amount of mixed hydrogen carrier that meets the conditions regarding GHG emissions and cost required for the mixed hydrogen carrier will be supplied in multiple stages.

[0109] The reception unit 112 may receive information about the supply destination in addition to the instruction information. The reception unit 112 may also estimate a method for transporting the mixed hydrogen carrier to the supply destination based on the information about the supply destination. The transport method may include the selection of a hub or transport means for mixing the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier to produce the mixed hydrogen carrier, and means for transporting the produced mixed hydrogen carrier to the supply destination.

[0110] For example, based on information about the supply destination, the receiving unit 112 selects a hub or means of transport for manufacturing the mixed hydrogen carrier by mixing the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, taking into account the GHG emissions and / or costs incurred when transporting the mixed hydrogen carrier to the supply destination. Specifically, the receiving unit 112 may select a hub or means of transport that minimizes GHG emissions and / or costs during transport. The receiving unit 112 may then select a means of transport for transporting the manufactured mixed hydrogen carrier to the supply destination. In cases where the mixed hydrogen carrier is manufactured in a pipeline, the means of transport for manufacturing the mixed hydrogen carrier and the means of transport for transporting it to the supply destination will be the same.

[0111] The output unit 113 outputs information regarding a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, based on the instruction information, information regarding the first hydrogen carrier, and information regarding the second hydrogen carrier. Examples of information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier include information recorded in the mixed carrier DB 122, but mainly includes the identification of the raw hydrogen carriers (first hydrogen carrier, second hydrogen carrier, etc.) necessary for preparing the mixed hydrogen carrier and their mixing ratio, and may also include various parameters and costs associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier, such as GHG emissions, as explained in the calculation example below.

[0112] By including various parameters such as GHG emissions and costs associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier, it becomes easier to respond to diverse demands tailored to the user's application and industry. For example, for users in the energy sector, primarily for power generation, it is possible to selectively provide mixed hydrogen carriers derived from renewable energy sources with low or zero GHG emissions. Furthermore, in industrial process sectors where cost is a major consideration, such as steelmaking and chemical industries, mixed hydrogen carriers with a balanced GHG emission and cost ratio can be provided according to demand. By attaching information on GHG emissions obtained in the supply process S3, it becomes possible to select and provide appropriate mixed hydrogen carriers to meet these diverse needs.

[0113] The output unit 113 may output information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier, taking into further consideration the transportation method. Specifically, it may include information regarding the state and supply form of the hydrogen carrier according to the transportation method. For example, when using liquefied hydrogen, it may output information regarding temperature control requirements and evaporation losses during transportation, and when using LOHC or ammonia, it may output the conditions during transportation. It can also provide appropriate selection criteria for hydrogen carriers for each means of transportation (pipeline transport, tank truck transport, sea transport, etc.) to support appropriate selection from the perspective of transportation costs and environmental impact. Furthermore, it is possible to output instruction information to adjust the mixing ratio of different hydrogen carriers, taking into consideration the hydrogen demand and infrastructure conditions at the destination.

[0114] Here, for example, information regarding the first hydrogen carrier may include information regarding GHG emissions and / or costs associated with the first hydrogen carrier, and information regarding the second hydrogen carrier may include information regarding GHG emissions and / or costs associated with the second hydrogen carrier. Information regarding the first hydrogen carrier and information regarding the second hydrogen carrier may be obtained from the hydrogen carrier DB121, and may include quantitative information and information regarding the production site of hydrogen before it becomes a hydrogen carrier, in addition to GHG emissions and costs.

[0115] The GHG emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier may be obtained and output based, for example, on the GHG emissions associated with the first hydrogen carrier, the GHG emissions associated with the second hydrogen carrier, and information indicating the amount or ratio of the mixture of the first and second hydrogen carriers. In this case, the output unit 113 may obtain the GHG emissions associated with the first hydrogen carrier, the GHG emissions associated with the second hydrogen carrier, and information indicating the amount or ratio of the mixture of the first and second hydrogen carriers by referring to the hydrogen carrier data 121 and the mixed hydrogen carrier data 122.

[0116] In this disclosure, acquisition includes not only obtaining values ​​recorded in storage such as other databases, but also obtaining them through calculation.

[0117] The receiving unit 112 may accept conditions regarding GHG emissions associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier as instruction information. At this time, the output unit 113 acquires and outputs the GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. The GHG emissions associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier may include the GHG emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier and the GHG emissions associated with the conversion from the mixed hydrogen carrier to hydrogen. Here, the GHG emissions associated with the conversion from the mixed hydrogen carrier to hydrogen may be acquired based on information regarding the energy used for the conversion from ammonia to hydrogen or the conversion from LOHC to hydrogen (dehydrogenation), which will be described later. This makes it possible to predict the GHG emissions of hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier.

[0118] The receiving unit 112 may accept conditions related to energy density as instruction information. In this case, the output unit 113 may, for example, obtain and output the energy density (MJ / kg, MJ / L) of the mixed hydrogen carrier based on the energy density of the first hydrogen carrier, the energy density of the second hydrogen carrier, and information indicating the amount or ratio of the mixture of the first and second hydrogen carriers. Here, energy density is the hydrogen content H per unit amount of hydrogen carrier.stored It can be calculated by multiplying by the energy density of hydrogen. Hydrogen content H stored This represents the hydrogen content relative to 100 wt% of hydrogen carriers.

[0119] The receiving unit 112 may accept conditions regarding hydrogen content as instruction information. In this case, the output unit 113 will, based on the information regarding the composition of the mixed hydrogen carrier, determine the hydrogen content H of the mixed hydrogen carrier. stored You may obtain the hydrogen content H. stored H is the amount of hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. For example, if the mixed hydrogen carrier is 100 wt% MCH, the hydrogen content of MCH is 6.16 wt%, so the hydrogen content of the mixed hydrogen carrier is H stored This becomes 6.16 wt%. On the other hand, if the mixed hydrogen carrier contains 95 wt% MCH and 5 wt% TL, the hydrogen content of MCH is 6.16 wt%, so the hydrogen content of the mixed hydrogen carrier is H stored This can be calculated as 5.85 wt% (= 6.16 × 0.95).

[0120] The above calculation of hydrogen content assumes that the mixed hydrogen carrier contains a small amount of dehydrogenating carrier (TL). This is an example that takes into account that in the process of preparing or converting to hydrogen carriers, the conversion efficiency is not necessarily 100 mol%, and inevitably, dehydrogenating carriers (e.g., TL) may be present. According to this disclosure, by considering compositional analysis as shown above, the hydrogen content H can be calculated more accurately. stored You may also obtain and output the data.

[0121] Furthermore, the receiving unit 112 may accept conditions regarding energy standard GHG emissions as instruction information. In this case, the output unit 113 may, for example, obtain the energy standard GHG emissions (kgCO2eq / MJ) of the mixed hydrogen carrier based on the energy standard GHG emissions of the first hydrogen carrier, the energy standard GHG emissions of the second hydrogen carrier, and information indicating the mixing amount or mixing ratio of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier.

[0122] Alternatively, the output unit 113 may obtain the energy standard GHG emissions (kgCO2eq / MJ) of the mixed hydrogen carrier based on information regarding the energy density and composition of the mixed hydrogen carrier and the GHG emissions. The energy standard GHG emissions (GHG_ene1, GHG_ene2) of the first hydrogen carrier, second hydrogen carrier, etc., can also be calculated in the same manner as described below.

[0123] Energy standard GHG emissions are also called carbon intensity (CI). These are indicators that show the amount of GHG emitted when using a particular energy source, and are useful when evaluating the environmental impact of energy supply. By using carbon intensity, it becomes possible to quantitatively compare the environmental performance of different hydrogen carriers. Furthermore, as mentioned above, conventional studies have not assumed that hydrogen carriers contain dehydrogenating carriers, but as mentioned above, by calculating the energy density Emix of mixed hydrogen carriers assuming that hydrogen carriers have dehydrogenating carriers (e.g., TL), it is possible to obtain energy standard GHG emissions (kgCO2eq / MJ) more accurately.

[0124] Furthermore, the reception unit 112 may accept conditions related to the GHG recovery rate (GRE) as instruction information, and the output unit 113 may acquire and output this information. The GHG recovery rate (GHG Reduction Efficiency, GRE) is an index for evaluating the effect of reducing GHG emissions, and it shows how much GHG emissions can be reduced by using a mixed hydrogen carrier compared to, for example, conventional fossil fuels. By using this index, it becomes possible to evaluate the effect of introducing carbon-neutral hydrogen carriers.

[0125] For example, if the energy standard GHG emissions for gasoline are 70 gCO2eq / MJ, and the energy standard GHG emissions for a mixed hydrogen carrier consisting of green hydrogen are 5 gCO2eq / MJ, the GHG reduction rate (GRE) is calculated to be 92.86% (= (1 - 5 / 70) × 100).

[0126] From an energy efficiency perspective, Energy Recovery Efficiency (ER) may be considered. This represents the proportion of the input energy that is actually usable, and is a factor that should be considered when selecting hydrogen carriers and optimizing the system.

[0127] As described above, this disclosure enables the output of various information on mixed hydrogen carriers, which are mixtures of multiple hydrogen carriers that meet the various conditions specified in the instruction information. It also enables the actual manufacture and supply of mixed hydrogen carriers accordingly. This promotes the visualization and optimization of GHG emissions throughout the hydrogen supply chain, facilitating the reduction of the carbon footprint on the demand side and compliance with various standards and certifications.

[0128] In particular, the information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier output from the processing unit 100 can be used as a control command to control the mixing operation of the device 300 via the control device 340. Specifically, the processing unit 100 determines the supply amount or mixing ratio of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier based on the GHG emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier, and transmits the result to the control device 340. The control device 340 controls the flow rates of the supply devices 310 and 320 and the operation of the mixing device 330 in accordance with the command, thereby changing the actual mixing conditions. Therefore, the output of information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier in this disclosure is not merely for information processing, but also functions as a technical means to directly control the physical mixing process.

[0129] C12. Referring to the hardware configuration diagram 3D of the processing unit, an example of a hardware configuration for realizing the processing unit 100 described above will be explained. Note that the functions of each device can also be realized by dividing them among multiple devices.

[0130] As shown in Figure 3D, the processing unit 100 may have a processor 110, storage 120, input / output interface 130, communication interface 140, and memory 150 connected by a bus 160.

[0131] The processor 110 controls various processes in the processing unit 100 by executing a program stored in the storage 120. For example, each functional unit of the processing unit 100 can be realized by the processor 110 executing a program stored in the storage 120. The program of this disclosure may be recorded on storage, i.e., a readable recording medium.

[0132] The storage 120 is a non-volatile storage medium such as a hard disk drive (HDD) or flash memory. The storage 120 stores the operating system and various programs for realizing the above configurations. The storage medium storing these various programs may be a computer-readable non-temporary storage medium. In addition, the storage 120 can also store tables for registering various information and a database (DB) for managing these tables. Such programs and data are loaded into the storage 120 as needed and accessed by the processor 110.

[0133] The input / output interface 130 is a device for receiving input from the user. Specific examples of the input / output interface 130 include input devices such as cameras, buttons, microphones, keyboards, mice, touch panels, and various sensors, and output devices such as displays. The input / output interface 130 may be connected to the processing unit 100 via an interface such as USB (Universal Serial Bus).

[0134] The communication interface 140 is a device for performing data communication with an external device of the processing unit 100 via a communication network N, either wired or wirelessly. The communication interface 140 may also be located outside the processing unit 100. In that case, the communication interface 140 is connected to the processing unit 100 via an interface such as USB.

[0135] Memory 150 is a storage medium such as RAM (Random Access Memory). RAM temporarily stores program code for programs executed by the processor 110, as well as data required during program execution.

[0136] C2. Figure 4 of the second embodiment shows one embodiment of the system of the present disclosure across the entire hydrogen supply chain. In Figure 4, arbitrary devices (300a to 300f) located in each process, hub, and distribution means on the hydrogen supply chain and the processing unit 100 are interconnected via a network. The processing unit 100 can obtain information on hydrogen carriers from these devices 300a to 300f and obtain information on what kind of hydrogen carriers are in circulation. In the second embodiment of the present disclosure, a system is provided that comprehensively manages information on hydrogen carriers in each process across the entire hydrogen supply chain and proposes an appropriate combination of first and second hydrogen carriers within the hydrogen supply chain.

[0137] As shown in Figure 4, in the hydrogen supply chain, hydrogen carriers are stored in multiple hubs and storage facilities after passing through different transport routes and manufacturing processes. Mixing is possible within these storage facilities, as well as during transport by means such as pipelines, tankers, and tank trucks. By integrating these elements, the combination of hydrogen carriers can be optimized. In this embodiment, while utilizing these supply methods, hydrogen carriers are appropriately selected and mixed according to the demands of consumers to achieve efficient supply.

[0138] Specifically, the processing device 100 acquires information on first and second hydrogen carriers present in the hydrogen supply chain and outputs information on the mixed hydrogen carrier obtained when they are mixed, thereby selecting the optimal hydrogen carrier according to the demands, costs, purity, and applications of the end-user. In the first embodiment, the focus was on the mixing process itself, whereas in the second embodiment, the focus is on optimizing the combination and distribution of hydrogen carriers while overseeing the entire supply chain. In other words, the second embodiment differs in that the scope of information acquisition and management for hydrogen carriers is not limited to specific hubs or means of transport, but extends to the entire supply chain. However, the basic function of the processing device 100 is the same as in the first embodiment, and it is common in that it integrates information on the supply chain and supports the generation of the optimal mixed hydrogen carrier according to demand.

[0139] For example, the reception unit 112 receives instruction information transmitted via the customer terminal 200. This instruction information may include conditions such as GHG emissions, cost, purity, intended use, hydrogen production site, and supply schedule, as illustrated above.

[0140] Furthermore, the output unit 113 acquires hydrogen carrier information for the entire supply chain based on the instruction information received by the reception unit 112. In the first embodiment, it was responsible for acquiring information on the first and second hydrogen carriers necessary for manufacturing the mixed hydrogen carrier, but in the second embodiment, a wider variety of supply forms may be considered, and factors such as the availability of hydrogen carriers, distribution methods, storage capacity, and even geopolitical risks may be taken into account. Specifically, inventory information for each hub and storage facility is acquired, and combinations of currently available hydrogen carriers are identified. It is also possible to select hydrogen carriers while considering the cost and environmental impact of each transportation route.

[0141] Thus, this embodiment provides a system that optimizes the supply of hydrogen carriers while meeting the requirements of consumers by integrally managing the entire supply chain. In addition to selecting appropriate hydrogen carriers according to consumer demand, it is also possible to adjust supply schedules and optimize distribution methods. As a result, it is possible to improve the transportation efficiency of hydrogen carriers, reduce costs and GHG emissions, and support the formulation of flexible supply plans that respond to demand.

[0142] D. Manufacturing Method Figure 5 shows a sequence diagram of the manufacturing method of the mixed hydrogen carrier according to this disclosure.

[0143] In step S1, the control unit 111 of the processing apparatus 100 may acquire information via the network N from the apparatus 300, 300a to 300g shown in Figures 2A and 4 regarding hydrogen carriers used or generated in those facilities, or hydrogen carriers stored, transported, or passing through those facilities. The control unit 111 may also record the acquired information regarding hydrogen carriers in the hydrogen carrier DB 121.

[0144] In step S2, the receiving unit 112 of the processing unit 100 receives instruction information from the customer terminal 200 via the network N. This instruction information may be an instruction to manufacture a mixed hydrogen carrier, or it may be an inquiry to determine whether the desired mixed hydrogen carrier can be manufactured before issuing an instruction to manufacture a mixed hydrogen carrier.

[0145] This instruction information is not particularly limited, but may include, for example, constraints on GHG emissions, cost conditions, the required amount and purity of hydrogen, etc. The instruction information may also include information on the type and application of the hydrogen carrier (e.g., for fuel cell vehicles, industrial use, etc.), the designation of the hydrogen production site, the designation of the transportation route, etc.

[0146] In step S3, the receiving unit 112 of the processing device 100 refers to the hydrogen carrier DB 121 and determines a combination of hydrogen carrier types and mixing ratios that satisfy the instruction information. For example, in the embodiment shown in Figure 2A, the receiving unit 112 of the processing device 100 may evaluate the GHG emissions and costs associated with the first and second hydrogen carriers stored in the supply devices 310 and 320 and calculate the composition of a mixed hydrogen carrier that meets the specified conditions.

[0147] In this disclosure, the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier may be hydrogen carriers before mixing, the first hydrogen carrier may be a hydrogen carrier before mixing and the second hydrogen carrier may be a hydrogen carrier after mixing, or the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier may be a hydrogen carrier after mixing. Here, a hydrogen carrier before mixing means a hydrogen carrier that has not been mixed with any other hydrogen carriers since it was manufactured.

[0148] The receiving unit 112 may mix the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier based on the composition analysis results of the first hydrogen carrier and the composition analysis results of the second hydrogen carrier, so that the composition of the resulting mixed hydrogen carrier satisfies predetermined conditions.

[0149] The first and second hydrogen carriers may be of the same type of LOHC or different types of LOHC. Here, the same type of LOHC refers to compound systems that are mutually convertible in the hydrogenation / dehydrogenation process, and examples include the MCH / TL system, H18-DBT / DBT system, and DNP / NP system, as shown in the table below. Therefore, a mixture of the same type refers to, for example, a case where both the first and second hydrogen carriers are of the MCH / TL system, while a mixture of different types refers to, for example, a mixture of the MCH / TL system and the H18-DBT / DBT system.

[0150] The first and second hydrogen carriers may be LOHCs derived from the same type of energy, or from different types of energy. Specifically, a mixture of renewable energy-derived LOHCs (MCH) and fossil fuel-derived LOHCs (MCH) may be used, or a mixture of renewable energy-derived LOHCs (MCH) may be used. It is expected that the corresponding GHG emissions will differ depending on whether the LOHCs are derived from different or the same type of energy, due to differences in manufacturing processes and supply routes. Therefore, by mixing these, the GHG emissions corresponding to the resulting mixed hydrogen carrier can be arbitrarily adjusted, and the quality of the mixed hydrogen carrier can be controlled more precisely.

[0151] In steps S4 and S5, the output unit 113 of the processing device 100 acquires information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, based on the instruction information, the information regarding the first hydrogen carrier, and the information regarding the second hydrogen carrier, and outputs this information to the customer terminal 200.

[0152] Information regarding mixed hydrogen carriers may include GHG emissions and costs associated with the mixed hydrogen carriers. Furthermore, information regarding mixed hydrogen carriers may include the amount of hydrogen produced from the carriers and the corresponding GHG emissions, as well as GHG emissions during the transportation of the mixed hydrogen carriers to their destinations.

[0153] An example of a formula for calculating GHG emissions associated with mixed hydrogen carriers is shown below. Note that GHG emissions may be normalized by converting to unit amounts or by dividing by the total amount after mixing.

[0154] The GHG emissions associated with the first or second hydrogen carrier may be the CFP of the first or second hydrogen carrier, and may include GHG emissions associated with hydrogen production, GHG emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of hydrogen into a hydrogen carrier, and GHG emissions associated with the transportation of the hydrogen carrier. Furthermore, the GHG emissions associated with hydrogen production, the GHG emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of hydrogen into a hydrogen carrier, and the GHG emissions associated with the transportation of the hydrogen carrier may be acquired and managed in accordance with the requirements of international standards such as ISO 19870 or ISO 14083.

[0155] Furthermore, "information indicating the amount or ratio of mixing" is not particularly limited as long as it indicates the amount of the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier. For example, it may be the mass or mass ratio of the first and second hydrogen carriers, the volume or volume ratio of the first and second hydrogen carriers, or the number of moles or molar ratio of the first and second hydrogen carriers.

[0156] Furthermore, the output unit 113 may acquire and output the GHG emissions associated with the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. Here, the GHG emissions associated with the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier may include the GHG emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier and the GHG emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of the mixed hydrogen carrier to hydrogen. The output unit 113 may also acquire the GHG emissions associated with the conversion from the mixed hydrogen carrier to hydrogen based on information regarding the energy used.

[0157] Upon receiving information regarding the mixed hydrogen carriers at the customer terminal 200, the customer may evaluate whether the instruction information is met and, if necessary, send additional instructions to the processing unit 100 to modify the instruction information. Alternatively, if the instruction information is met, in step S6, the customer may use the customer terminal 200 to send order information to the processing unit 100. The order information may include the type and mixing ratio of hydrogen carriers to be used, the GHG emission control standards, and the transportation plan.

[0158] In step S8, the control unit 111 of the processing apparatus 100 transmits a production instruction for the mixed hydrogen carrier to the apparatus 300, 300a to 300g, and in step S9, the apparatus 300, 300a to 300g may produce the mixed hydrogen carrier.

[0159] Specifically, the supply devices 310 and 320 included in the apparatus 300 supply the first hydrogen carrier and the second hydrogen carrier, respectively, to the mixing device 330 based on the manufacturing instructions. The supply of the first and second hydrogen carriers to the mixing device 330 is controlled by the control device 340, which mixes the hydrogen carriers at the instructed mixing ratio. At each stage of the manufacturing process, the composition and purity are monitored by the analyzers 313, 323, and 333.

[0160] Once production of the mixed hydrogen carrier is complete, the apparatus 300 may perform a quality inspection. This inspection verifies that the mixing ratio, hydrogen purity, GHG emissions, and cost match the pre-calculated results. After the inspection is complete, the apparatus 300 may send a production completion notification to the processing unit 100. Finally, the mixed hydrogen carrier may be provided to the end-user, along with information regarding the mixed hydrogen carrier.

[0161] In the above series of steps, the GHG emissions associated with the hydrogen carrier before mixing, i.e., the CFP up to immediately before the mixing process, may be calculated for each process from the hydrogen production process to immediately before the mixing process, and recorded in the hydrogen carrier DB121 as a summed value.

[0162] The following describes an example of a method for calculating GHG emissions associated with hydrogen carriers. Note that the method for calculating GHG emissions is not limited to the one described below. Quantitative evaluation of GHG emissions utilizes life cycle assessment (LCA) methods, and evaluations are conducted based on international standards such as ISO 14040 / 14044 and ISO 14067, a product carbon footprint (CFP) standard. In the hydrogen sector, ISO / TS 19870:2023 has been established as a technical specification defining methods for calculating GHG emissions across the entire value chain, from raw material extraction to hydrogen production, and further to transportation and supply. ISO / TS19870 specifies methods for calculating GHG emissions for multiple processes, including diverse production routes such as hydrogen production by electrolysis, natural gas steam reforming (SMR) CSS, coal gasification CSS, biomass-derived hydrogen CSS, petrochemical process by-product hydrogen, and chlorine-alkali by-product hydrogen, as well as hydrogen carrier conversion processes such as hydrogen liquefaction, ammonia synthesis, and LOHC hydrogenation (Annex A to J).

[0163] D1. GHG Emissions in Hydrogen Production Processes GHG emissions associated with hydrogen production are calculated based on the following factors: • Hydrogen production method (e.g., water electrolysis, steam methane reforming, brine electrolysis, steam cracking, hydrogen production by coal gasification, hydrogen production by biomass, or hydrogen production by natural gas) • Amount of hydrogen produced • Amount of energy used in production (electricity, heat, etc.) and its GHG emissions • Information on by-products

[0164] D11. Water electrolysis method: In the water electrolysis method, water is decomposed into hydrogen and oxygen using electrical energy in an electrolytic cell. The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by the water electrolysis method may be obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced and information regarding the energy used.

[0165] The amount of GHG emissions associated with electrolysis depends on the method of supplying electricity for electrolysis. Examples of major emission sources for calculating GHG emissions include the following. In addition, the energy used by heating equipment when heat is required for the operation of the electrolytic cell, and the energy used by oxygen treatment equipment when supplying oxygen as a by-product, may also be included.

[0166] Oxygen is a byproduct of water electrolysis. For the allocation of GHG emissions associated with oxygen, GHG emissions may be allocated to hydrogen and oxygen using the system expansion method or the economic value allocation method.

[0167] D12. Steam Methane Reforming Method Steam methane reforming is a technology for producing hydrogen from natural gas and light hydrocarbons. In steam methane reforming, greenhouse gases are generated when fossil fuels are burned to obtain heat and steam, and also during the water-gas shift reaction. To further reduce GHG emissions in hydrogen production, CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) may be integrated. Reformer main reaction: CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂ Water-gas shift main reaction: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂

[0168] The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by the steam methane reforming method may be obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the natural gas used for reforming, information regarding the energy used, and information regarding the amount of carbon dioxide recovered as a by-product.

[0169] In the steam methane reforming process, the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions is the combustion of fossil fuels, which supply the reaction heat necessary to convert natural gas into synthesis gas and to convert CO into hydrogen and CO2. In addition, upstream emissions generated throughout the lifecycle, such as electricity from the power grid, CO2 removal, and CO2 compression for CCS, are also significant sources of emissions. Information regarding the main emission sources in the steam methane reforming process includes, for example, the following:

[0170] For the allocation of steam methane reforming, the ISO 19870:2023 Annex B may be used.

[0171] D13. Electrolysis of Saltwater Electrolysis of saltwater is a process that produces chlorine, sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, and hydrogen as by-products by electrolyzing saline solution (NaCl solution) or potassium chloride (KCl). 2NaCl + 2H₂O → Cl₂ + H₂ + 2NaOH

[0172] The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by the brine electrolysis method may be obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, the energy used, and the by-product compounds.

[0173] Information regarding major emission sources in brine electrolysis includes, for example, the following:

[0174] For the allocation of the brine electrolysis method, the ISO 19870:2023 Annex C may be followed.

[0175] When using an attribution approach, the energy consumption and emission load associated with brine electrolysis are allocated to each product (Cl2, NaOH / KOH, H2) based on its physical attributes. Since Cl2 and NaOH (or KOH) are not valued in terms of their energy value, the appropriate method for allocating emissions between them and hydrogen is by mass ratio. After appropriately allocating process emissions to hydrogen, the carbon intensity of hydrogen may be calculated by adding the additional emissions associated with drying, cooling, and compressing the hydrogen.

[0176] The consequential approach also takes into account other factors relevant when utilizing hydrogen as a byproduct. For example, counterfactual scenarios include using hydrogen internally for heating or power generation in a typical brine electrolysis plant, or releasing it as waste gas.

[0177] D14. Steam Cracking: Steam cracking is a petrochemical process that breaks down saturated hydrocarbons into smaller (often unsaturated) hydrocarbons and is known as a major industrial method for producing light alkenes such as ethylene and propylene.

[0178] The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by the steam cracking method may be obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the raw materials used, information regarding the energy used, and information regarding the by-product compounds.

[0179] Emissions from the steam cracking process are due to the combustion of fuel gases derived from the cracking process, which are used to supply the heat required for the process. Combustion takes place in furnaces or boilers, and emissions vary depending on the steam cracking material (such as naphtha, ethane, propane, butane, or gasoline). Information regarding major emission sources in the steam cracking process includes, for example, the following:

[0180] For the allocation of the brine electrolysis method, the ISO 19870:2023 Annex D may be used.

[0181] When using an attribution approach, the energy and emission loads associated with the steam cracking process are assigned to unit products (olefin products and hydrogen) based on their physical attributes. Olefin products can be valued on an energy or mass basis, and the appropriate physical attributes are determined by how the by-products are valued.

[0182] The consequential approach allows for consideration of other factors relevant when utilizing hydrogen as a byproduct. For example, if there is a counterfactual scenario where hydrogen is used internally as process heat or fuel for CHP (cogeneration) units, then an alternative heat source (e.g., natural gas) would be needed to divert the hydrogen to the market, and this heat deficiency could be compensated for.

[0183] D15. Hydrogen Production Method by Coal Gasification To produce hydrogen gas using coal, coal is mixed with oxygen and steam in a gasifier (gasifier). The basic gasification reaction equation E1 is as follows: This reaction E1 is carried out at high temperature, and some of the coal is oxidized by oxygen, generating energy to proceed with reaction E2. C (carbon in coal) + H2O (steam) + heat → CO (carbon monoxide) + H2 (hydrogen) (E1) C + O2 (oxygen) → CO2 (carbon dioxide) + heat (E2)

[0184] The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by the coal gasification hydrogen production method are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the raw materials used, information regarding the energy used, and information regarding the by-product compounds.

[0185] In coal gasification with CCS, the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions is the process of converting carbon in coal to CO2. Other major emission sources include air separation (including air and oxygen compression), CO2 removal, CO2 compression for CCS, coal processing (particle size adjustment and washing) activities, and methane leakage and emissions associated with mining. Information regarding the main emission sources in hydrogen production methods using coal gasification includes, for example, the following:

[0186] The allocation of hydrogen production methods using coal gasification may be in accordance with ISO 19870:2023 Annex E.

[0187] The coal gasification process is divided into multiple modules, facilitating emissions calculation and analysis through system expansion. For example, in coal gasification, the analysis focuses on the following three individual modules:

[0188] Module 1 (Upstream System): This module covers upstream activities related to the extraction, processing, and supply of coal raw materials. Since this system deals with a single product (coal for gasification), allocation methods are unnecessary, and all emissions are allocated to coal. It is also possible to omit the evaluation of Module 1 by using appropriate indirect emission factors (covering coal supply).

[0189] Module 2 (Air Separation System): This module focuses on supplying oxygen for the coal gasification process. In Module 2, in addition to oxygen as an intermediate product, two by-products, nitrogen and crude argon, are also possible. Waste heat may be generated during the process of consuming electricity.

[0190] Module 3 (Gasification System): This module covers all remaining processes, including additional coal processing, gasification, synthesis gas preparation, and waste heat recovery. The inputs to Module 3 include the intermediate products from Modules 1 and 2 (with their respective emission factors).

[0191] D16. Hydrogen Production Method Using Biomass This section describes the production of hydrogen using biomass waste as a raw material, accompanied by CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage). First, biomass refers to organic matter derived from plants and animals, excluding that buried in geological formations or fossilized. Hydrogen derived from biomass can be an alternative to other highly efficient biomass-based secondary energy carriers (e.g., biofuels) as a carbon-free fuel. In hydrogen production accompanied by CCS, CO2 of biological origin is sequestered and permanently stored, thereby reducing atmospheric carbon netfully.

[0192] The biomass raw materials used in hydrogen production are wide-ranging and include wet organic waste (e.g., sewage sludge, livestock waste, municipal solid waste), agricultural and forestry residues and by-products, certain energy crops, and non-food crops.

[0193] Examples of processes for producing hydrogen from biomass include the biodigestion route and the gasification route, which includes both gasification routes involving combustion and gasification routes without combustion.

[0194] The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by a biomass-based hydrogen production method may be obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the raw materials used, and information regarding the energy used.

[0195] In biomass-derived hydrogen pathways involving CCS, CO2 generated from gasification and anaerobic digestion processes is the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions. However, unlike natural gas SMR and coal gasification, CO2 emissions in biomass gasification are bio-derived. Information regarding the main emission sources in biomass-based hydrogen production methods includes, for example, the following:

[0196] For the allocation of hydrogen production methods using biomass, ISO 19870:2023 Annex F may be followed. Whenever possible, it is recommended to avoid allocating GHG emissions among by-products.

[0197] D17. Hydrogen Production Method Using Natural Gas Hydrogen production methods using natural gas are generally considered "self-heating" because the heat obtained from the exothermic oxidation reaction of methane supports the endothermic reforming reaction that proceeds simultaneously. In an autothermal reformer, methane is first partially oxidized to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Unlike steam methane reforming (SMR), an autothermal reactor does not require an external heat source.

[0198] The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2) of hydrogen produced by the natural gas hydrogen production method may be obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the raw materials used, information regarding the energy used, and information regarding the amount of carbon dioxide recovered as a by-product.

[0199] In autothermal reforming with CCS, the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions are greenhouse gas leaks, CO2 separation and capture, and CO2 compression and transport for CCS. Information regarding the main emission sources in hydrogen production using natural gas includes, for example, the following:

[0200] The hydrogen production method using natural gas may produce multiple by-products. Examples include hydrogen, steam, and CO2, but the specific by-products will vary depending on the plant design. Regarding the allocation of hydrogen in the natural gas production method, ISO 19870:2023 Annex G may be followed.

[0201] D2. GHG emissions associated with adjustment or conversion Below, we will explain the GHG emissions associated with adjusting or converting hydrogen to a hydrogen carrier and the GHG emissions associated with adjusting or converting a hydrogen carrier to hydrogen. In this disclosure, the hydrogen carrier may be ammonia, liquid hydrogen, or LOHC. GHG emissions in the process of adjusting hydrogen to liquid hydrogen or the process of converting hydrogen to ammonia LOHC may be obtained based on the following information: - Amount of hydrogen carrier after conversion - Energy used in the conversion process - Carbon emission intensity of the supplied energy

[0202] D21. GHG emissions associated with conversion to ammonia: The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2Carrier) associated with the conversion of hydrogen to ammonia may be obtained based on information regarding the ammonia produced and information regarding the energy used.

[0203] Ammonia is typically produced by the Haber-Bosch process, which involves reacting nitrogen and hydrogen in a catalytic bed under high temperature and pressure. Information regarding the main emission sources in ammonia production using hydrogen as a raw material includes, for example, the following:

[0204] Information regarding major emission sources related to ammonia decomposition includes, for example, the following:

[0205] For example, the allocation when producing ammonia from hydrogen may follow the following:

[0206] Regarding the allocation when ammonia is decomposed to produce hydrogen, the following may be used as an example:

[0207] D22. GHG emissions associated with conversion to liquid hydrogen: The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2Carrier) associated with the conversion of hydrogen to liquid hydrogen may be obtained based on information regarding the liquid hydrogen produced and information regarding the energy used.

[0208] Information regarding major emission sources in liquid hydrogen production includes, for example, the following:

[0209] Examples of situations in which by-products may be generated during the production of liquid nitrogen include the following:

[0210] D23. GHG emissions associated with conversion to LOHC: The GHG emissions (kgCO2e / kgH2Carrier) associated with the conversion of hydrogen to LOHC may be obtained based on information regarding the generated LOHC and information regarding the energy used.

[0211] Information regarding the main emission sources in the hydrogenation of LOHCs includes, for example, the following:

[0212] Examples of information regarding major emission sources related to the dehydrogenation of LOHCs include the following:

[0213] Regarding the allocation related to the hydrogenation of LOHCs, for example, the following may be followed:

[0214] Regarding the allocation related to the dehydrogenation of LOHC, for example, the following may be followed.

[0215] D3. GHG emissions associated with the transport of hydrogen carriers The GHG emissions associated with the transport of hydrogen carriers may be obtained based on information regarding the energy used for transport, and the GHG emissions related to the transport of hydrogen carriers will differ depending on the mode of transport (pipeline, rail, road, sea, inland waterway), and may be calculated based on the following factors: • Transport distance • Energy consumption for each mode of transport • Carbon emission intensity of supplied energy

[0216] E. Notes [1] A method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier, comprising the steps of: receiving instruction information from a consumer; and outputting information about a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of the primary hydrogen carriers based on the instruction information and information about a plurality of primary hydrogen carriers. [2] The method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to [1], wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to greenhouse gas emissions and / or costs. [3] The method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to [1] or [2], wherein the plurality of primary hydrogen carriers include information relating to greenhouse gas emissions and / or costs associated with each of the primary hydrogen carriers. [4] The method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to [3], comprising the step of providing the mixed hydrogen carrier, including information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier. [5] The method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to [4], comprising the step of estimating a method of transporting the mixed hydrogen carrier based on information relating to a customer. [6] The method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to [5], further considering the transport method, and outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier. [7] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to [6], wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the amount of mixed hydrogen carrier or the amount of hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. [8] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to [7], wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the purity of the mixed hydrogen carrier or the purity of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier. [9] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the use of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier.

[10] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to [9], wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the place of production of the hydrogen.

[11] A method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to

[10] , wherein, in the step of outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier, if it is not possible to manufacture the mixed hydrogen carrier that satisfies all the conditions included in the instruction information based on a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers, the method further comprises relaxing at least one of the conditions included in the instruction information and outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier that satisfies the relaxed conditions.

[12] A method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to

[11] , further comprising the step of selecting a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers that circulate in a hydrogen supply chain based on the instruction information, and in the step of outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier, the method further comprises outputting information relating to a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing the selected plurality of raw hydrogen carriers.

[13] A method for manufacturing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to

[12] , wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the raw hydrogen carrier include greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of hydrogen, greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of the hydrogen into a hydrogen carrier, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transport of the hydrogen carrier.

[14] The greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of the hydrogen are obtained according to the method of hydrogen production: water electrolysis, steam methane reforming, brine electrolysis, steam cracking, hydrogen production by coal gasification, hydrogen production by biomass, or hydrogen production by natural gas; the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by water electrolysis are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced and information regarding the energy used; the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the natural gas used for reforming, information regarding the energy used, and information regarding the amount of carbon dioxide recovered as a byproduct; the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by brine electrolysis are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, information regarding the energy used, and information regarding the compounds produced as byproducts. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier as described in

[13] , wherein the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by the steam cracking method are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, the raw materials used, the energy used, and the by-product compounds; the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by the coal gasification hydrogen production method are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, the raw materials used, the energy used, and the by-product compounds; the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by the biomass hydrogen production method are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, the raw materials used, and the energy used; or the greenhouse gas emissions of hydrogen produced by the natural gas hydrogen production method are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen produced, the raw materials used, the energy used, and the amount of by-product carbon dioxide recovered.

[15] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to

[13] or

[14] , wherein the raw hydrogen carrier is ammonia, liquid hydrogen, or liquid organic hydrogen carrier, and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion to a hydrogen carrier are obtained according to the type of carrier, greenhouse gas emissions associated with the conversion of hydrogen to ammonia are obtained based on information regarding the generated ammonia and information regarding the energy used, greenhouse gas emissions associated with the conversion of hydrogen to liquid hydrogen are obtained based on information regarding the generated liquid hydrogen and information regarding the energy used, or greenhouse gas emissions associated with the conversion of hydrogen to a liquid organic hydrogen carrier are obtained based on information regarding the generated liquid organic hydrogen carrier and information regarding the energy used.

[16] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of

[13] to

[15] , wherein greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transport of the raw hydrogen carrier are obtained based on information regarding the energy used for transport.

[17] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to any one of [1] to

[16] , comprising the step of obtaining greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier, wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier include greenhouse gas emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion from the mixed hydrogen carrier to the hydrogen.

[18] A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to

[17] , wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion from the mixed hydrogen carrier to the hydrogen are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen converted and information regarding the energy used.

[19] A processing apparatus comprising a receiving unit for receiving instruction information from a consumer and an output unit for providing information regarding a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of the original hydrogen carriers based on the instruction information and information regarding a plurality of original hydrogen carriers.

[20] A program that causes a processing device to perform the steps of: receiving instruction information from a consumer; and outputting information about a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of the primary hydrogen carriers, based on the instruction information and information about a plurality of primary hydrogen carriers.

[0217] 1...Manufacturing system, 100...Processing device, 110...Processor, 111...Management unit, 112...Reception unit, 113...Output unit, 120...Storage, 121...Hydrogen carrier data, 122...Mixed hydrogen carrier data, 130...Input / output interface, 140...Communication interface, 150...Memory, 200...Customer terminal, 300...Device, 300a...Device, 300b...Device, 300c...Device, 30 0d...device, 300e...device, 300f...device, 300g...device, 310...feeding device, 311...upstream line, 312...downstream line, 313...analytical device, 314...flow control device, 320...feeding device, 321...upstream line, 322...downstream line, 323...analytical device, 324...flow control device, 330...mixing device, 332...downstream line, 333...analytical device, 334...flow control device, 340...control device

Claims

1. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier, comprising: a step of receiving instruction information from a consumer; and a step of outputting information regarding a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of the aforementioned raw hydrogen carriers, based on the instruction information and information regarding a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers.

2. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to greenhouse gas emissions and / or costs.

3. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the plurality of primary hydrogen carriers include information relating to greenhouse gas emissions and / or costs associated with each of the primary hydrogen carriers.

4. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, comprising the step of providing the mixed hydrogen carrier, including information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier.

5. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, comprising the step of estimating a method for transporting the mixed hydrogen carrier based on information regarding the supply destination.

6. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 5, further considering the transport method and outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier.

7. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the amount of mixed hydrogen carrier or the amount of hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier.

8. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the purity of the mixed hydrogen carrier or the purity of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier.

9. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the use of the hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier.

10. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the instruction information includes conditions relating to the hydrogen production site.

11. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein, in the step of outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier, if it is not possible to produce the mixed hydrogen carrier that satisfies all the conditions included in the instruction information based on a plurality of primary hydrogen carriers, at least one of the conditions included in the instruction information is relaxed and information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier that satisfies the relaxed conditions is output.

12. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, comprising the step of selecting a plurality of primary hydrogen carriers to be distributed in a hydrogen supply chain based on the instruction information, and in the step of outputting information relating to the mixed hydrogen carrier, outputting information relating to a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing the selected plurality of primary hydrogen carriers.

13. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the raw hydrogen carrier include: greenhouse gas emissions associated with the production of hydrogen; greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of the hydrogen into a hydrogen carrier; and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transportation of the hydrogen carrier.

14. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 13, wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the transport of the raw hydrogen carrier are obtained from information on the energy used for transport.

15. A method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 1, comprising the step of obtaining greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier, wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with hydrogen produced from the mixed hydrogen carrier include greenhouse gas emissions associated with the mixed hydrogen carrier and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of the mixed hydrogen carrier to hydrogen.

16. The method for producing a mixed hydrogen carrier according to claim 15, wherein the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the adjustment or conversion of the mixed hydrogen carrier to the hydrogen are obtained based on information regarding the amount of hydrogen converted and information regarding the energy used.

17. A processing apparatus comprising: a receiving unit for receiving instruction information from a consumer; and an output unit for providing information on a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers based on the instruction information and information on a plurality of raw hydrogen carriers.

18. A program that causes a processing device to perform the steps of: receiving instruction information from a consumer; and outputting information about a mixed hydrogen carrier obtained by mixing a plurality of the primary hydrogen carriers, based on the instruction information and information about a plurality of primary hydrogen carriers.

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