Transmission power

Abstract

One disclosure of the present disclosure provides a wireless device. The wireless device comprises at least one transceiver, at least one processor, and at least one memory that stores instructions and may be operably connected to the at least one processor. On the basis of execution of the instructions by the at least one processor, operations performed may comprise: transmitting an uplink signal on the basis of Maximum Power Reduction (MPR), wherein, on the basis of the wireless device supporting power class 1, the MPR is either MPR related to 1 Transmitter (Tx) or MPR related to 4 Tx, and the MPR related to 1 Tx or the MPR related to 4 Tx includes operations based on: i) Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM); ii) modulation; and iii) Resource Block (RB) allocation.

Description

Transmitted power

[0001] This specification relates to mobile communication.

[0002] 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communication. Many methods have been proposed to achieve LTE goals, such as reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. As high-level requirements, 3GPP LTE demands reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple structure, open interfaces, and appropriate power consumption of terminals.

[0003] Work has begun at the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) and 3GPP to develop requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR in a timely manner, satisfying both urgent market demands and the longer-term requirements presented by the ITU-R (ITU Radio communication sector) IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications)-2020 process. Furthermore, NR must be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 100 GHz so that it can be used for wireless communication even in the distant future.

[0004] NR targets a single technical framework that covers all deployment, usage, and requirements, including eMBB (enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (massive Machine Type-Communications), and URLLC (Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications). NR must be forward compatible by nature.

[0005] Methods to support satellite communication are being discussed. However, according to conventional technology, there is a problem in that Radio Frequency (RF) requirements for terminals supporting satellite communication are not defined. Consequently, there is a problem in that terminals supporting satellite communication cannot transmit signals effectively and / or accurately. For example, there is a problem in that the transmission performance of terminals supporting satellite communication cannot be guaranteed.

[0006] Methods to support satellite communication are being discussed. However, according to conventional technology, there is a problem in that Radio Frequency (RF) requirements for terminals supporting satellite communication are not defined. Consequently, there is a problem in that terminals supporting satellite communication cannot transmit signals effectively and / or accurately. For example, there is a problem in that the transmission performance of terminals supporting satellite communication cannot be guaranteed.

[0007] For example, according to the prior art, there is a problem in that when a terminal supporting satellite communication transmits an uplink signal, it does not satisfy spectrum mask specifications (e.g., at least one of ACLR, SEM, SE, and / or In-band emission) and / or error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications.

[0008] In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided. The apparatus comprises at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions and can be connected to operate with the at least one processor, wherein an operation performed based on the execution of the instructions by the at least one processor may include: transmitting an uplink signal.

[0009] In another aspect, a method performed by the above device is provided.

[0010] In one embodiment, a method is provided. The method may include the step of receiving an uplink signal.

[0011] In another aspect, a device for implementing the above method is provided.

[0012] RF requirements for a terminal supporting satellite communication (e.g., an NTN terminal) can be effectively defined. For example, a terminal supporting satellite communication can transmit signals effectively and / or accurately. For example, the transmission performance of a terminal supporting satellite communication can be guaranteed.

[0013] For example, when an NTN terminal supporting Power Class 1 transmits an uplink signal, the Emission requirement can be satisfied in all RB allocations (and / or areas).

[0014] For example, an MPR may be defined so that when a terminal supporting satellite communication transmits an uplink signal, it can satisfy spectrum mask specifications (e.g., at least one of ACLR, SEM, SE, and / or In-band emission) and / or error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications.

[0015] The effects obtainable through the specific examples of this specification are not limited to those listed above. For example, there may be various technical effects that a person with ordinary skill in the related art can understand or derive from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0016] FIG. 1 shows an example of a communication system to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0017] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0018] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0019] Figure 4 is a figure showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0020] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0021] FIGS. 6a through 6e illustrate an example of a RACH procedure applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIGS. 7a and 7b are examples of PA calibration for 4Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIGS. 8a to 8c are examples of simulations for 4Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIGS. 9a and 9b are examples of PA calibration for 1Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIGS. 10a to 10c are examples of simulations for 1Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0027] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of the operation of a UE and a base station according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0028] The following techniques, devices, and systems may be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Multi-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA may be implemented through wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA may be implemented through wireless technologies such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented through wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or E-UTRA (Evolved UTRA). UTRA is part of UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is part of E-UMTS (Evolved UMTS) using E-UTRA.3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL).

[0029] For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is described primarily in relation to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems. However, the technical characteristics of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system, but aspects of this specification that are not limited to 3GPP-based wireless communication systems may be applied to other mobile communication systems.

[0030] For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

[0031] In this specification, “A or B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Alternatively, in this specification, “A or B” may be interpreted as “A and / or B.” For example, in this specification, “A, B or C” may mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.”

[0032] As used herein, a slash ( / ) or a comma may mean “and / or.” For example, “A / B” may mean “A and / or B.” Accordingly, “A / B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” For example, “A, B, C” may mean “A, B, or C.”

[0033] In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and / or B” may be interpreted as synonymous with “at least one of A and B.”

[0034] Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” may mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B and C.” Furthermore, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and / or C” may mean “at least one of A, B and C.”

[0035] Additionally, parentheses used in this specification may mean “for example.” Specifically, when indicated as “Control Information (PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “Control Information.” In other words, “Control Information” in this specification is not limited to “PDCCH,” and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “Control Information.” Furthermore, even when indicated as “Control Information (i.e., PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “Control Information.”

[0036] Technical features described individually within a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0037] Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be applied to various fields where wireless communication and / or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G) is required.

[0038] The present specification will be described in more detail below with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and / or description, the same reference numerals may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and / or function blocks unless otherwise indicated.

[0039] In the attached drawings, User Equipment (UE) is illustrated by way of example, but the illustrated UE may also be referred to by terms such as Terminal, Mobile Equipment (ME), etc. Furthermore, the UE may be a portable device such as a laptop, mobile phone, PDA, smartphone, multimedia device, etc., or a non-portable device such as a PC, vehicle-mounted device, etc.

[0040] Hereinafter, UE is used as an example of a wireless communication device capable of wireless communication (or a wireless device, or a wireless device). Operations performed by the UE may be performed by a wireless communication device. A wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless device, a wireless device, etc.

[0041] The term "base station" used below generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with wireless devices, and may be referred to by other terms such as eNodeB (evolved-NodeB), eNB (evolved-NodeB), BTS (Base Transceiver System), Access Point, and gNB (Next generation NodeB).

[0042] FIG. 1 shows an example of a communication system to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

[0043] The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is merely an example, and the technical features of this specification may be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

[0044] The three main requirements categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) category, (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC) category, and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC) category.

[0045] Some use cases may require multiple categories for optimization, while others may focus on only one key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports these diverse use cases using flexible and reliable methods.

[0046] eMBB far surpasses basic mobile internet access and covers rich interactive tasks and media and entertainment applications in the cloud and augmented reality. Data is one of the core drivers of 5G, and in the 5G era, dedicated voice services may not be available for the first time. In 5G, voice processing is expected to be simplified as an application that leverages the data connectivity provided by the communication system. The main cause of traffic growth is the increase in content size and the rise of applications requiring high data transfer speeds. As more devices connect to the internet, streaming services (audio and video), conversational video, and mobile internet access will become more widely used. Many of these applications require an always-on connection to push real-time information and alerts to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing on mobile communication platforms and can be applied to both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is a special use case that accelerates the increase in uplink data transfer speeds. 5G is also used for remote work in the cloud. When using haptic interfaces, 5G requires much lower end-to-end latency to maintain a good user experience. For example, entertainment such as cloud gaming and video streaming is another key factor increasing the demand for mobile broadband capabilities. Entertainment is essential for smartphones and tablets in all places, including highly mobile environments such as trains, cars, and airplanes. Another use case is augmented reality for entertainment and information retrieval. In this case, augmented reality requires very low latency and instantaneous data volume.

[0047] Furthermore, one of the most anticipated use cases for 5G relates to mMTC, the ability to seamlessly connect embedded sensors across all fields. Potentially, the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices is expected to reach 240 million by 2020. Industrial IoT plays a key role in enabling smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure through 5G.

[0048] URLLC includes ultra-reliable, low-latency links for new services that will transform industries through the remote control of primary infrastructure, as well as for autonomous vehicles. Reliability and low latency are essential for controlling smart grids, automating industries, achieving robotics, and controlling and coordinating drones.

[0049] 5G is a means to deliver gigabits per second from streaming rated at hundreds of megabits per second, and it can complement Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or Docsis). Such high speeds are necessary to deliver TV with resolutions of 4K or higher (6K, 8K, and above), as well as virtual and augmented reality. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications include highly immersive sports games. Specific applications may require specialized network configurations. For example, in the case of VR games, game companies must integrate core servers with network operators' edge network servers to minimize latency.

[0050] Automobiles are expected to become a new and significant driving force in 5G, along with numerous use cases for in-vehicle mobile communication. For example, passenger entertainment requires broadband mobile communication with high simultaneous capacity and high mobility. This is because future users will continue to expect high-quality connectivity regardless of location or speed. Another use case in the automotive sector is the AR dashboard. AR dashboards enable drivers to identify objects in dark areas beyond those visible through the windshield, and display the distance to objects and their movement by overlapping information delivery to the driver. In the future, wireless modules will enable communication between vehicles, information exchange between vehicles and support infrastructure, and information exchange between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., devices accompanying pedestrians). Safety systems reduce the risk of accidents by guiding drivers through alternative behavioral processes to drive more safely. The next step will be remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles. This requires extremely high reliability and very fast communication between different autonomous vehicles, as well as between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving activities, and drivers will focus only on abnormal traffic that the vehicle cannot identify. The technical requirements for autonomous vehicles demand ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability to raise traffic safety to a level unattainable by humans.

[0051] Smart cities and smart homes / buildings, referred to as a smart society, will be embedded in high-density wireless sensor networks. Distributed networks of intelligent sensors will identify conditions for cost-effective and energy-efficient maintenance of cities or homes. A similar configuration can be applied to individual households. All temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and home appliances will be wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors generally have low data transmission speeds, low power consumption, and low costs. However, real-time HD video may be required by certain types of devices for monitoring.

[0052] Automated control of distribution sensor networks is required to decentralize energy consumption and distribution, including heat and gas, to a higher level. Smart grids utilize digital information and communication technologies to collect data and interconnect sensors to operate based on the collected information. Since this information may include the behavior of suppliers and consumers, smart grids can improve the distribution of fuels, such as electricity, through methods such as efficiency, reliability, economic viability, production sustainability, and automation. A smart grid can also be regarded as another sensor network with low latency.

[0053] Mission-critical applications (e.g., e-health) are one of the 5G use scenarios. The health sector includes many applications that can benefit from mobile communication. Communication systems can support telemedicine, which provides clinical treatment from remote locations. Telemedicine can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to medical services that are not consistently available in remote rural areas. Telemedicine is also used to perform critical treatments and save lives in emergency situations. Mobile communication-based wireless sensor networks can provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

[0054] Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in industrial applications. Wiring incurs high installation and maintenance costs. Therefore, the potential to replace cables with reconfigurable wireless links presents an attractive opportunity for many industries. However, achieving this replacement requires establishing wireless connections with latency, reliability, and capacity comparable to cables, as well as simplifying the management of these connections. With the demand for 5G connections, low latency and a very low probability of error are new requirements.

[0055] Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases of mobile communications that utilize location-based information systems to enable inventory and package tracking anywhere. While these use cases generally require low data rates, they necessitate location information with wide range and reliability.

[0056] Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS) (200), and a network (300). FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of the network of the communication system (1), but the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond a 5G system.

[0057] The base station (200) and the network (300) can be implemented as wireless devices, and a specific wireless device can operate as a base station / network node in relation to another wireless device.

[0058] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) represent devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication / wireless / 5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices / servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles with wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing communication between vehicles. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR / VR / mixed reality (MR) devices and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and head-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smartwatches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

[0059] In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a PDA (personal digital assistant), a PMP (portable multimedia player), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving capabilities, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or financial device), a security device, a weather / environment device, a 5G service-related device, or a device related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

[0060] For example, a UAV can be an aircraft that is not on board and is navigated by radio control signals.

[0061] For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in a real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in a real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device for implementing a 360-degree stereoscopic image by recording and playing back stereoscopic information using the phenomenon of light interference that occurs when two laser lights called holograms meet.

[0062] For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or an image device that can be worn on a user's body.

[0063] For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or operation. For instance, MTC devices and IoT devices may include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

[0064] For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used to diagnose, treat, alleviate, or correct an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, a (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

[0065] For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential risks and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit TV (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

[0066] For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a POS system.

[0067] For example, a weather / environment device may include a device for monitoring or predicting the weather / environment.

[0068] Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) through a base station (200). AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) through the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) may communicate with each other through the base station (200) / network (300), but they may also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200) / network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., V2V (vehicle-to-vehicle) / V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication). Also, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

[0069] Wireless communication / connections (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and / or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and base station (200) and / or between base station (200). Here, the wireless communication / connections can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink / downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or D2D (device-to-device) communication), and communication between base stations (150c) (e.g., relay, IAB (integrated access and backhaul)). Through the wireless communication / connections (150a, 150b, 150c), wireless devices (100a to 100f) and base station (200) can transmit / receive wireless signals to / from each other. For example, wireless communication / connection (150a, 150b, 150c) may transmit / receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, based on various proposals in this specification, at least some of the following may be performed: a process for setting various configuration information for transmitting / receiving wireless signals, a process for various signal processing (e.g., channel encoding / decoding, modulation / demodulation, resource mapping / demapping, etc.), and a resource allocation process.

[0070] AI refers to the field of researching artificial intelligence or the methodologies to create it, while machine learning refers to the field of researching methodologies to define and solve various problems within the realm of artificial intelligence. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through continuous experience.

[0071] A robot can refer to a machine that automatically processes or operates given tasks based on its own capabilities. In particular, a robot equipped with the ability to perceive its environment, make independent judgments, and perform actions can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be classified into industrial, medical, domestic, and military types depending on their purpose or field of use. Robots are equipped with drive units, including actuators or motors, to perform various physical movements, such as moving robot joints. Additionally, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, propellers, etc., in their drive units, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

[0072] Autonomous driving refers to technology that drives itself, and an autonomous vehicle refers to a vehicle that drives without user intervention or with minimal user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as maintaining the driving lane, automatically adjusting speed like adaptive cruise control, driving automatically along a predetermined route, and automatically setting a route and driving once a destination is set. The term "vehicle" encompasses vehicles equipped solely with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles equipped with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles equipped solely with electric motors; it can include not only automobiles but also trains and motorcycles. An autonomous vehicle can be viewed as a robot equipped with autonomous driving capabilities.

[0073] Augmented Reality is a collective term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects or backgrounds solely as CG images, AR technology provides virtual CG images superimposed on images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR technology in that it displays real-world and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference in that while virtual objects in AR technology are used to complement real-world objects, virtual and real objects in MR technology are used as equal entities.

[0074] NR supports multiple numerologies or subcarrier spacings (SCS) to support various 5G services. For example, when the SCS is 15 kHz, it supports a wide area in traditional cellular bands; when the SCS is 30 kHz / 60 kHz, it supports dense-urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and when the SCS is 60 kHz or higher, it supports a bandwidth greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

[0075] The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (e.g., FR1, FR2). The numerical values ​​of the frequency ranges may change. For example, the frequency ranges of the two types (FR1, FR2) may be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 may mean "sub 6 GHz range" and FR2 may mean "above 6 GHz range" and may be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 may include FR2-1 and FR2-2, as illustrated in the examples in Tables 1 and 2.

[0076] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1450MHz - 6000MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR2FR2-124250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHzFR2-257000MHz - 71000MHz120, 480, 960kHz

[0077] As described above, the numerical values ​​of the frequency range of the NR system may change. For example, FR1 may include a band of 410 MHz to 7125 MHz as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher. For example, the frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or higher included within FR1 may include an unlicensed band. The unlicensed band may be used for various purposes, for example, for communication for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

[0078] Frequency Range designationCorresponding frequency rangeSubcarrier SpacingFR1410MHz - 7125MHz15, 30, 60kHzFR2FR2-124250MHz - 52600MHz60, 120, 240kHzFR2-257000MHz - 71000MHz120, 480, 960kHz

[0079] Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of this specification may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally, or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of this specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as enhanced MTC (eMTC). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. Additionally or generally, wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of this specification may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and / or LPWAN for low-power communication, and is not limited to the names mentioned above. For example, ZigBee technology may create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and may be referred to by various names.

[0080] FIG. 2 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0081] Referring to FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals to / from an external device via various RATs (e.g., LTE and NR).

[0082] In FIG. 2, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of the {wireless devices (100a~100f) and base station (200)}, {wireless devices (100a~100f) and wireless devices (100a~100f)} and / or {base station (200) and base station (200)} of FIG. 1.

[0083] The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip such as a processing chip (101), and / or one or more antennas (108).

[0084] The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). FIG. 2 is shown as an example in which the memory (104) is included in the processing chip (101). Additionally and / or generally, the memory (104) may be placed outside the processing chip (101).

[0085] The processor (102) can control the memory (104) and / or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information within the memory (104) to generate a first information / signal and transmit a wireless signal containing the first information / signal through the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal containing a second information / signal through the transceiver (106) and process the second information / signal to store the obtained information in the memory (104).

[0086] Memory (104) may be connected to the processor (102) so as to be operable. Memory (104) may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory (104) may store software code (105) that implements instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (102). For example, software code (105) may implement instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (102). For example, software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more wireless interface protocol layers.

[0087] Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and / or receive a wireless signal through one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (106) may be interchangeably used with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In this specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0088] The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip such as a processing chip (201), and / or one or more antennas (208).

[0089] The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). FIG. 2 is shown as an example in which the memory (204) is included in the processing chip (201). Additionally and / or alternatively, the memory (204) may be placed outside the processing chip (201).

[0090] The processor (202) can control the memory (204) and / or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information within the memory (204) to generate a third information / signal and transmit a wireless signal containing the third information / signal through the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal containing a fourth information / signal through the transceiver (206) and process the fourth information / signal to store the obtained information in the memory (204).

[0091] Memory (204) may be connected to the processor (202) so as to be operable. Memory (204) may store various types of information and / or instructions. Memory (204) may store software code (205) that implements instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (202). For example, software code (205) may implement instructions to perform descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification when executed by the processor (202). For example, software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more wireless interface protocol layers.

[0092] Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem / circuit / chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and transmit and / or receive a wireless signal through one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and / or receiver. The transceiver (206) may be interchangeably used with an RF unit. In this specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem / circuit / chip.

[0093] Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a PHY (physical) layer, a MAC (media access control) layer, a RLC (radio link control) layer, a PDCP (packet data convergence protocol) layer, a RRC (radio resource control) layer, and an SDAP (service data adaptation protocol) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more PDUs (protocol data units) and / or one or more SDUs (service data units) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate a signal (e.g., baseband signal) containing a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification and provide it to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) may receive a signal (e.g., baseband signal) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and may obtain a PDU, SDU, message, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification.

[0094] One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, and / or microcomputers. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and / or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and / or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). Descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware and / or software, and the firmware and / or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, and functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be included in one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, instructions, and / or sets of instructions.

[0095] One or more memories (104, 204) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and / or commands. One or more memories (104, 204) may consist of read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer read storage media, and / or combinations thereof. One or more memories (104, 204) may be located inside and / or outside of one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, one or more memories (104, 204) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) through various technologies such as wired or wireless connections.

[0096] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may transmit user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed in this specification from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more processors (102, 202) and may transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

[0097] One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more antennas (108, 208). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc., as described in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and / or operation flowcharts disclosed herein through one or more antennas (108, 208). In this specification, one or more antennas (108, 208) may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

[0098] One or more transceivers (106, 206) can convert received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) can convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals / channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). To this end, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include (analog) oscillators and / or filters. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can up-convert an OFDM baseband signal into an OFDM signal through an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal into an OFDM baseband signal through an (analog) oscillator and / or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

[0099] In an implementation of this specification, the UE may operate as a transmitting device in the uplink (UL; uplink) and as a receiving device in the downlink (DL; downlink). In an implementation of this specification, the base station may operate as a receiving device in the UL and as a transmitting device in the DL. For technical convenience, it is generally assumed that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released to the first wireless device (100) may be configured to perform UE operations according to an implementation of this specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to an implementation of this specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released to the second wireless device (200) may be configured to perform base station operations according to an implementation of this specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to an implementation of this specification.

[0100] In this specification, the base station may be referred to as Node B, eNode B, or gNB.

[0101] FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification applies.

[0102] Wireless devices can be implemented in various forms depending on the use example / service (see FIG. 1).

[0103] Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless device (100, 200) may correspond to the wireless device (100, 200) of FIG. 2 and may be composed of various components, devices / parts and / or modules. For example, each wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication device (110), a control device (120), a memory device (130), and additional components (140). The communication device (110) may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) of FIG. 2 and / or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) of FIG. 2 and / or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 2. The control unit (120) is electrically connected to the communication device (110), the memory device (130), and the additional component (140) and controls the overall operation of each wireless device (100, 200). For example, the control unit (120) may control the electrical / mechanical operation of each wireless device (100, 200) based on a program / code / command / information stored in the memory device (130). The control device (120) can transmit information stored in the memory device (130) to an external (e.g., other communication device) via the communication device (110) through a wireless / wired interface, or store information received from an external (e.g., other communication device) via the communication device (110) through a wireless / wired interface in the memory device (130).

[0104] The additional component (140) can be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional component (140) may include at least one of a power device / battery, an input / output (I / O) device (e.g., audio I / O port, video I / O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The wireless device (100, 200) may be implemented in the form of, but is not limited to, a robot (100a in FIG. 1), a vehicle (100b-1 and 100b-2 in FIG. 1), an XR device (100c in FIG. 1), a portable device (100d in FIG. 1), a home appliance (100e in FIG. 1), an IoT device (100f in FIG. 1), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or financial device), a security device, a climate / environment device, an AI server / device (400 in FIG. 1), a base station (200 in FIG. 1), or a network node. The wireless device (100, 200) may be used in a mobile or fixed location depending on the use example / service.

[0105] In FIG. 3, the entirety of the various components, devices / parts and / or modules of the wireless device (100, 200) may be connected to each other via a wired interface, or at least some of them may be connected wirelessly via a communication device (110). For example, in each wireless device (100, 200), the control device (120) and the communication device (110) may be connected via a wire, and the control device (120) and the first device (e.g., 130 and 140) may be connected wirelessly via the communication device (110). Each component, device / part and / or module within the wireless device (100, 200) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control device (120) may be composed of one or more sets of processors. As an example, the control device (120) may be composed of a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory device (130) may be composed of RAM, DRAM, ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory and / or a combination thereof.

[0106] <NR에서의 동작 대역>

[0107] The operating band in NR is as follows.

[0108] The operating bands in Table 3 below are operating bands that have been refarmed from the LTE / LTE-A operating bands. These are called the FR1 bands.

[0109] NR Operating Band Uplink (UL) Operating Band Downlink (DL) Operating Band Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_highn11920 MHz - 1980 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDDn21850 MHz - 1910 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzFDDn31710 MHz - 1785 MHz1805 MHz - 1880 MHzFDDn5824 MHz - 849 MHz869 MHz - 894 MHzFDDn72500 MHz - 2570 MHz2620 MHz - 2690 MHzFDDn8880 MHz - 915 MHz925 MHz - 960 MHzFDDn12699 MHz - 716 MHz729 MHz - 746 MHzFDDn20832 MHz - 862 MHz791 MHz - 821 MHzFDDn251850 MHz - 1915 MHz1930 MHz - 1995 MHzFDDn28703 MHz - 748 MHz758 MHz - 803 MHzFDDn342010 MHz - 2025 MHz2010 MHz - 2025 MHzTDDn382570 MHz - 2620 MHz2570 MHz - 2620 MHzTDDn391880 MHz - 1920 MHz1880 MHz - 1920 MHzTDDn402300 MHz - 2400 MHz2300 MHz - 2400 MHzTDDn412496 MHz - 2690 MHz2496 MHz - 2690 MHzTDDn501432 MHz - 1517 MHz1432 MHz - 1517 MHzTDD1n511427 MHz - 1432 MHz1427 MHz - 1432 MHzTDDn661710 MHz - 1780 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDDn701695 MHz - 1710 MHz1995 MHz - 2020 MHzFDDn71663 MHz - 698 MHz617 MHz - 652 MHzFDDn741427 MHz - 1470 MHz1475 MHz - 1518 MHzFDDn75N / A1432 MHz - 1517 MHzSDLn76N / A1427 MHz - 1432 MHzSDLn773300 MHz - 4200 MHz3300 MHz - 4200MHzTDDn783300 MHz - 3800 MHz3300 MHz - 3800 MHzTDDn794400 MHz - 5000 MHz4400 MHz - 5000 MHzTDDn801710 MHz - 1785 MHzN / ASULn81880 MHz - 915 MHzN / ASULn82832 MHz - 862 MHzN / ASULn83703 MHz - 748 MHzN / ASULn841920 MHz - 1980 MHzN / ASULn861710 MHz - 1780 MHzN / ASUL

[0110] The table below shows the NR operating band defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

[0111] NR Uplink (UL) Operation Downlink (DL) Operation Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_high n25726500 MHz - 29500 MHz26500 MHz - 29500 MHzTDDn25824250 MHz - 27500 MHz24250 MHz - 27500 MHzTDDn25937000 MHz - 40000 MHz37000 MHz - 40000 MHzTDDn26037000 MHz - 40000 MHz37000 MHz - 40000 MHzFDDn26127500 MHz - 28350 MHz27500 MHz - 28350 MHzFDD

[0112] For reference, the operating band of E-UTRA is as shown in Table 5 below.

[0113] E-UTRA Operation Band Uplink (UL) Operation Band BS Receive UE Transmit Downlink (DL) Operation Band BS Transmit UE Receive Duplex Mode F UL_low - F UL_high F DL_low - F DL_high11920 MHz - 1980 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDD21850 MHz - 1910 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzFDD31710 MHz - 1785 MHz1805 MHz - 1880 MHzFDD41710 MHz - 1755 MHz2110 MHz - 2155 MHzFDD5824 MHz - 849 MHz869 MHz - 894MHzFDD6830 MHz - 840 MHz875 MHz - 885 MHzFDD72500 MHz - 2570 MHz2620 MHz - 2690 MHzFDD8880 MHz - 915 MHz925 MHz - 960 MHzFDD91749.9 MHz - 1784.9 MHz1844.9 MHz - 1879.9 MHzFDD101710 MHz - 1770 MHz2110 MHz - 2170 MHzFDD111427.9 MHz - 1447.9 MHz1475.9 MHz - 1495.9 MHzFDD12699 MHz - 716 MHz729 MHz - 746 MHzFDD13777 MHz - 787 MHz746 MHz - 756 MHzFDD14788 MHz - 798 MHz758 MHz - 768 MHzFDD15ReservedReservedFDD16ReservedReservedFDD17704 MHz - 716 MHz734 MHz - 746 MHzFDD18815 MHz - 830 MHz860 MHz - 875 MHzFDD19830 MHz - 845 MHz875 MHz - 890 MHzFDD20832 MHz - 862 MHz791 MHz - 821 MHzFDD211447.9 MHz - 1462.9 MHz1495.9 MHz - 1510.9 MHzFDD223410 MHz - 3490 MHz3510 MHz - 3590 MHzFDD232000 MHz - 2020 MHz2180 MHz - 2200 MHzFDD241626.5 MHz - 1660.5 MHz1525 MHz - 1559 MHzFDD251850 MHz - 1915 MHz1930 MHz - 1995 MHzFDD26814 MHz - 849 MHz859 MHz - 894 MHzFDD27807 MHz - 824 MHz852 MHz - 869 MHzFDD28703 MHz - 748 MHz758 MHz - 803 MHzFDD29N / A717 MHz - 728 MHzFDD302305 MHz - 2315 MHz2350 MHz - 2360 MHzFDD31452.5 MHz - 457.5 MHz462.5 MHz - 467.5 MHzFDD32N / A1452 MHz - 1496 MHzFDD. 2331900 MHz - 1920 MHz1900 MHz - 1920 MHzTDD342010 MHz - 2025 MHz2010 MHz - 2025 MHzTDD351850 MHz - 1910 MHz1850 MHz - 1910 MHzTDD361930 MHz - 1990 MHz1930 MHz - 1990 MHzTDD371910 MHz - 1930 MHz1910 MHz - 1930 MHzTDD382570 MHz - 2620 MHz2570 MHz - 2620 MHzTDD391880 MHz - 1920 MHz1880 MHz - 1920 MHzTDD402300 MHz - 2400 MHz2300 MHz - 2400 MHzTDD412496 MHz - 2690 MHz2496 MHz - 2690 MHzTDD423400 MHz - 3600 MHz3400 MHz - 3600 MHzTDD433600 MHz - 3800 MHz3600 MHz - 3800 MHzTDD44703 MHz - 803 MHz703 MHz - 803 MHzTDD451447 MHz - 1467 MHz1447 MHz - 1467 MHzTDD465150 MHz - 5925 MHz5150 MHz - 5925 MHzTDD475855 MHz - 5925 MHz5855 MHz - 5925 MHzTDD483550 MHz - 3700 MHz3550 MHz - 3700 MHzTDD493550 MHz - 3700 MHz3550 MHz - 3700 MHzTDD501432 MHz - 1517 MHz1432 MHz - 1517 MHzTDD511427 MHz - 1432 MHz1427 MHz - 1432 MHzTDD523300 MHz - 3400 MHz3300 MHz - 3400 MHzTDD532483.5 MHz - 2495 MHz2483.5 MHz - 2495 MHzTDD541670 MHz - 1675 MHz1670 MHz - 1675 MHzTDD64Reserved651920 MHz - 2010 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDD661710 MHz - 1780 MHz2110 MHz - 2200 MHzFDD67N / A738 MHz - 758 MHzFDD68698 MHz - 728 MHz753 MHz - 783 MHzFDD69N / A2570 MHz - 2620 MHzFDD701695 MHz - 1710 MHz1995 MHz - 2020 MHzFDD71663 MHz - 698 MHz617 MHz - 652 MHzFDD72451 MHz - 456 MHz461 MHz - 466 MHzFDD73450 MHz - 455 MHz460 MHz - 465 MHzFDD741427 MHz - 1470 MHz1475 MHz - 1518 MHzFDD75N / A1432 MHz - 1517 MHzFDD76N / A1427 MHz - 1432 MHzFDD85698 MHz - 716 MHz728 MHz - 746 MHzFDD87410 MHz - 415 MHz420 MHz - 425 MHzFDD88412 MHz - 417 MHz422 MHz - 427 MHzFDD103787 MHz - 788 MHz757 MHz - 758 MHzFDD106896 MHz - 901 MHz935 MHz - 940 MHzFDD.

[0114] <6G 시스템 일반>

[0115] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims for (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be seen in four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements shown in Table 6 below. In other words, Table 6 is a table representing an example of the requirements for a 6G system.

[0116] Per device peak data rate1 TbpsE2E latency1 msMaximum spectral efficiency100bps / HzMobility supportUp to 1000km / hrSatellite integrationFullyAIFullyAutonomous vehicleFullyXRFullyHaptic CommunicationFully

[0117] 6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

[0118] Figure 4 is a figure showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

[0119] 6G systems are expected to have 50 times higher simultaneous wireless connectivity than 5G wireless communication systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become an even more dominant technology in 6G communication by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1ms. Unlike the frequently used area spectrum efficiency, 6G systems will exhibit significantly superior volume spectrum efficiency. 6G systems can provide very long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, meaning mobile devices in 6G systems will not require separate charging. New network characteristics in 6G may include the following.

[0120] - Satellite Integrated Network: 6G is expected to be integrated with satellites to provide a global mobile population. Integrating terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communication system is crucial for 6G.

[0121] - Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is innovative and will update wireless evolution from "connected things" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied at each stage of the communication process (or at each step of the signal processing described below).

[0122] - Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

[0123] - Ubiquitous Super 3D Connectivity: Connectivity to the network and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create Super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

[0124] Some general requirements regarding the new network characteristics of 6G mentioned above may be as follows.

[0125] - Small cell networks: The idea of ​​small cell networks was introduced to improve the quality of received signals in cellular systems as a result of increased throughput, energy efficiency, and spectrum efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are an essential feature of communication systems for 5G and beyond 5G (5GB). Therefore, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

[0126] - Ultra-dense heterogeneous network: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important characteristic of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks composed of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

[0127] - High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized as high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems can be possible solutions to this problem.

[0128] - Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communication is one of the functions of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

[0129] - Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two important features that form the basis of the design process in 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Additionally, billions of devices can be shared across a shared physical infrastructure.

[0130] <Key Implementation Technologies of 6G Systems>

[0131] Artificial Intelligence

[0132] The most critical and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. AI was not involved in 4G systems. 5G systems will support AI partially or to a very limited extent. However, 6G systems will be supported by AI for complete automation. Advancements in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communication in 6G. Introducing AI into communications can streamline and enhance real-time data transmission. AI can determine how complex target tasks are performed using numerous analyses. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing latency.

[0133] Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly by using AI. AI can also play a significant role in M2M, machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communication. Furthermore, AI can enable rapid communication in Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

[0134] Recently, attempts to integrate AI with wireless communication systems have emerged, but these have primarily focused on the application and network layers, particularly deep learning in the field of wireless resource management and allocation. However, such research is increasingly advancing toward the MAC and physical layers, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of signal processing and communication mechanisms based on AI drivers rather than traditional communication frameworks in terms of fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

[0135] Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, and for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). In addition, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

[0136] Machine learning refers to a series of operations for training machines to create machines capable of performing tasks that humans can or find difficult to do. Machine learning requires data and learning models. Data learning methods in machine learning can be broadly classified into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

[0137] The purpose of neural network training is to minimize output errors. It is a process that repeatedly inputs training data into a neural network, calculates the error between the network's output and the target for the training data, and updates the weights of each node by backpropagating the error from the output layer to the input layer in a direction that reduces the error.

[0138] Supervised learning uses training data with correct answers labeled, whereas unsupervised learning may not have correct answers labeled. That is, for example, in the case of supervised learning regarding data classification, the training data may consist of data where each training data point is labeled with a category. Labeled training data is input into a neural network, and an error can be calculated by comparing the network's output (category) with the labels of the training data. The calculated error is backpropagated within the neural network (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated according to this backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each node being updated can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculations on the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, efficiency can be increased by using a high learning rate in the early stages of neural network training to enable the network to quickly achieve a certain level of performance, and accuracy can be increased by using a low learning rate in the later stages of training.

[0139] The learning method may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted from the transmitting end at the receiving end in a communication system, it is preferable to perform learning using supervised learning rather than unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

[0140] Learning models correspond to the human brain, and while the most basic linear models can be considered, a machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

[0141] The neural network cores used for learning methods are broadly classified into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

[0142] THz Communication (Terahertz Communication)

[0143] Data transmission rates can be increased by expanding bandwidth. This can be achieved by using sub-THz communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced large-scale MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally refer to a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz–300 GHz band range (Sub-THz band) is considered the primary portion of the THz band for cellular communication. Adding the Sub-THz band to the mmWave band increases 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, the 300 GHz–3 THz band is located in the far-infrared (IR) frequency band. Although the 300 GHz–3 THz band is part of the broadband, it lies at the boundary of the broadband and immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz–3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

[0144] Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

[0145] Key characteristics of THz communication include (i) widely available bandwidth to support very high data transmission rates, and (ii) high path loss occurring at high frequencies (highly directional antennas are indispensable). The narrow beam width generated by highly directional antennas reduces interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows a much larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and BSs operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies that can overcome range limitations.

[0146] Large-scale MIMO

[0147] One of the key technologies for improving spectrum efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectrum efficiency also improves. Therefore, large-scale MIMO technology will be important in 6G systems. Since MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology and beam generation and operation technology suitable for the THz band must also be given important consideration to enable data signals to be transmitted through one or more paths.

[0148] Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

[0149] Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit wireless signals in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, such as a high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic Beamforming (HBF) is a new beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it utilizes software-defined antennas. HBF is expected to be a highly effective approach for the efficient and flexible transmission and reception of signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

[0150] Optical wireless technology

[0151] Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that transmits signals using visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV). OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is generally referred to as Visible Light Communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized for VLC implementation. VLC can be used in various applications, including wireless local area networks, wireless personal communication networks, and vehicle networks.

[0152] VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is in the free / unlicensed band and can provide extensive bandwidth (THz-level bandwidth). Second, VLC causes minimal interference to other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications, such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers strengths in communication security and privacy protection. The transmission medium of VLC-based networks, namely visible light, cannot penetrate walls or other opaque obstacles. Consequently, the transmission range of VLC can be limited to indoors, thereby protecting users' personal and sensitive information. Fourth, since VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, expensive base stations are not required.

[0153] Free-space Optical Communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point OWC system on the ground. FSO can operate at near-infrared frequencies (750–1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used for FSO implementation, and FSO can provide high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit / s), offering a potential solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

[0154] These OWC technologies were planned for 6G communication in addition to RF-based communication for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul / fronthaul network connections. Although OWC technologies have already been in use since 4G communication systems, they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and broadband-based FSO communication are already well-known technologies. Communication based on optical radio technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communication.

[0155] LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be utilized for ultra-high resolution 3D mapping in 6G communication based on wide bandwidth. LiDAR refers to a remote sensing method that measures distance by illuminating an object with near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light and detecting the reflected light through an optical sensor. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

[0156] FSO Backhaul Network

[0157] The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber optic system. Consequently, FSO can be a good technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems in conjunction with fiber optic networks. Using FSO enables very long-distance communication over distances of more than 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular backhaul connectivity.

[0158] Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

[0159] 6G systems integrate terrestrial and air networks to support vertically scalable user communications. 3D BS will be provided via low-orbit satellites and UAVs. By adding new dimensions in terms of altitude and associated degrees of freedom, 3D connectivity differs significantly from existing 2D networks. In NR, the Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN) is considered as one method for this. An NTN refers to a network or network segment that utilizes RF resources mounted on a satellite (or UAS platform). There are two common scenarios for NTNs that provide access to user equipment: transparent payload and regenerative payload. The following are the basic elements of an NTN.

[0160] - One or more sat-gateways connecting NTN to a public data network

[0161] - GEO satellites are supplied by one or more satellite gateways deployed across a satellite target range (e.g., regional or continental range). We assume that the UEs in a cell are serviced by only one satellite gateway.

[0162] - Non-GEO satellites providing continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between continuous service satellite gateways with a time duration sufficient to perform mobility anchoring and handover.

[0163] - Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform)

[0164] - Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

[0165] - A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. Satellite (or UAS platform) generated beams typically produce multiple beams for a designated service area based on the line of sight. The beam footprint is generally elliptical. The satellite (or UAS platform)'s line of sight depends on the onboard antenna diagram and the minimum elevation angle.

[0166] - Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload is not altered.

[0167] - Playback Payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation / decoding, switching and / or routing, coding / modulation. This is virtually equivalent to equipping a satellite (or UAS platform) with all or part of the base station functions (e.g., gNB).

[0168] - For satellite deployments, Inter-Satellite Links (ISL) are optional. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate at RF frequencies or in the broadband.

[0169] - User equipment is serviced by a satellite (or UAS platform) within the target service area.

[0170] Generally, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional, or local services.

[0171] Generally, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. In some cases, constellations may provide global coverage, including the polar regions. For this to work, appropriate orbital inclination, a sufficiently generated beam, and inter-satellite links are required.

[0172] Quantum Communication

[0173] Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communications to overcome the limitations of existing technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computing. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be represented in the form of 0 and 1 based on binary bits used in conventional communication technologies, or that is difficult to represent. While conventional communication technologies utilize wavelength or amplitude for information transmission between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication, in contrast, utilizes photons—the smallest unit of light—for this purpose. In particular, since quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility can be applied to the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), quantum communication possesses the characteristic of enabling communication with guaranteed perfect security. Furthermore, under specific conditions, quantum communication may enable ultra-high-speed communication by utilizing quantum entanglement.

[0174] Cell-free Communication

[0175] The tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial in 6G systems. Consequently, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without the need for any manual configuration on their devices. The best network among available communication technologies is automatically selected. This will break the limitations of the cellular concept in wireless communication. Currently, user movement from one cell to another causes excessive handovers in high-density networks, leading to handover failures, delays, data loss, and the "ping-pong" effect. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all of these issues and provide better QoS.

[0176] Cell-free communication is defined as a “system in which multiple geographically distributed access points (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time and frequency resources with the help of a fronthaul network and a CPU.” A single terminal is served by a set of multiple APs, which is called an AP cluster. There are various ways to form an AP cluster; among them, the method of configuring an AP cluster with APs that can significantly contribute to improving the terminal's reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering. When using this method, the configuration is dynamically updated as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby becoming free from inter-cluster interference that can occur when a terminal is located at the boundary of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies, as well as heterogeneous radios used by different devices.

[0177] Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

[0178] WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. In particular, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transmission during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the lifespan of wireless battery charging systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communication.

[0179] Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

[0180] Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously detecting dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communication to support autonomous systems.

[0181] Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

[0182] In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected via backhaul connections such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To cope with a very large number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

[0183] Big Data Analysis

[0184] Big data analysis is a complex process for analyzing various large-scale data sets or big data. This process ensures perfect data management by uncovering information such as hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer preferences. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process vast amounts of data in 6G systems.

[0185] Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

[0186] Numerous studies have been conducted that treat the wireless environment, along with transmitters and receivers, as a variable to be optimized. To emphasize the fundamental difference between wireless environments created through this approach and past design and optimization standards, they are referred to as Smart Radio Environments (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environments (IRE). Regarding reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna technology) as a technology for realizing SRE, various terms have been proposed, such as Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

[0187] THz band signals exhibit strong directivity, which can lead to numerous dead zones caused by obstacles. Consequently, RIS technology becomes crucial as it allows for the expansion of communication coverage, enhanced communication stability, and the provision of additional value-added services by installing RIS near these dead zones. An RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials capable of altering the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operational mechanism. Furthermore, RIS offers the advantage of low power consumption because it operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements—meaning it reflects signals passively without using an active RF chain. Additionally, since each passive reflector in the RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incident signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift through the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

[0188] There are also RISs that can control transmission and refraction characteristics as well as reflect wireless signals, and such RISs are mainly used for O2I (Outdoor to Indoor). Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides transmission and reflection simultaneously, is also being actively researched.

[0189] Metaverse

[0190] Metaverse is a compound word formed from 'Meta,' meaning virtual or transcendent, and 'Universe,' meaning the universe. Generally, the term metaverse is used to mean something like 'a three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are prevalent.'

[0191] Extended Reality (XR), a core technology for implementing the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and provide a unique sense of immersion through the convergence of the virtual and the real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) with enhanced immersion.

[0192] Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

[0193] For perfect autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to alert one another to dangerous situations, or communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to verify information like parking locations and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a core element of building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that enables vehicles to communicate and share with various elements on the road to perform autonomous driving, including wireless communication between vehicles (V2V) and between vehicles and infrastructure (V2I).

[0194] Fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential to maximize the performance of autonomous driving and ensure high safety. Furthermore, as the amount of information to be transmitted and received increases significantly in the future—moving beyond the level of delivering warning or guidance messages to the driver to actively intervene in vehicle operation and directly control the vehicle in dangerous situations—it is expected that 6G will be able to maximize autonomous driving through faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

[0195] Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

[0196] Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones will become a critical element in 6G wireless communication. In most cases, high-speed data wireless connectivity is provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs possess specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled degrees of freedom for mobility. During emergencies, such as natural disasters, the deployment of ground communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes services cannot be provided in volatile environments. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in the field of wireless communication. This technology facilitates the three fundamental requirements of wireless networks: eMBB, URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most critical technologies for 6G communication.

[0197] Blockchain

[0198] Blockchain will become a critical technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. As a form of distributed ledger technology, a distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchain is managed via a peer-to-peer (P2P) network and can exist without being managed by a centralized authority or server. Data in a blockchain is collected together and organized into blocks. These blocks are linked together and protected using encryption. Blockchain inherently complements large-scale IoT perfectly through enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, stability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology provides various capabilities such as inter-device interoperability, large-scale data traceability, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the large-scale connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

[0199] <Random Access Channel (RACH) 절차>

[0200] FIGS. 6a through 6e illustrate an example of a RACH procedure applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0201] With reference to FIGS. 6a through 6e, a RACH procedure according to one embodiment of the present disclosure is described. The embodiment of FIGS. 6a through 6e may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0202] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, where RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) are described, the UE may satisfy these RF requirements. For example, the UE may be tested to satisfy the RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and / or Rx RF performance requirements) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE satisfying these RF requirements may perform a RACH procedure. When the UE transmits a message, data, signaling, etc. to a gNB, the UE satisfies the Tx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of the present specification. When the UE receives a message, data, signaling, etc. from a gNB, the UE satisfies the Rx RF performance requirements described in the present specification.

[0203] To connect a UE to a 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must be synchronized in the uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization is performed when the UE successfully decodes the SSB transmitted by the gNB. To establish uplink synchronization and an RRC connection, the UE must perform the RACH random access procedure.

[0204] Two types of random access procedures are supported. The two types of random access procedures are a 4-stage Random Access (RA) type using MSG1 and a 2-stage RA type using MSGA.

[0205] The two types of RA procedures can support Contention Based Random Access (CBRA) and Contention Free Random Access (CFRA), respectively, as shown in Figures 6a through 6e below. The UE can select the random access type when starting the random access procedure according to the network configuration.

[0206] Referring to Figures 6a and 6c, a four-step RA type using MSG1 is described.

[0207] The MSG1 of the 4-step RA type includes a PRACH preamble. The UE transmits the MSG1. After the UE transmits the MSG1, the UE monitors the network for a response within a set period.

[0208] In the case of a CBRA according to the example of Fig. 6a, when the UE receives a random access response (MSG2) from the gNB, the UE can transmit MSG3 using a UL grant scheduled by the response message. The UE can then monitor contention resolution. If contention resolution is not successful even after MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE performs MSG1 transmission again.

[0209] In the case of CFRA according to the example of Fig. 6c, a dedicated preamble for transmitting MSG1 is allocated by the network. The gNB transmits the RA preamble allocation to the UE. The UE transmits MSG1 containing the random access preamble to the gNB. When the UE receives a random access response from the network, it terminates the random access procedure.

[0210] Referring to FIGS. 6b, 6d, and 6e, a two-stage RA type is described. The MSGA of the two-stage RA type includes a random access preamble of PRACH and a PUSCH payload. After the UE transmits the MSGA, the UE monitors the response of the network within a set window.

[0211] In the case of a CBRA according to the example of Fig. 6b, if the UE successfully resolves a race after receiving a network response (e.g., MSGB), the UE terminates the random access procedure. If a fallback indication is received within MSGB, the UE performs an MSG3 transmission using the UL grant reserved in the fallback indication as in Fig. 6e and monitors race resolution. If the resolution is not successful after the MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE performs an MSGA transmission again.

[0212] In the case of CFRA according to the example of Fig. 6d, the UE can receive an RA preamble allocation and a PUSCH allocation from the gNB. Then, dedicated preamble and PUSCH resources can be set for MSGA transmission. The UE transmits MSGA. When the UE receives a network response, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

[0213] If the random access procedure of the 2-stage RA type is not completed even after several MSGA transfers, the UE may be configured to switch to the CBRA of the 4-stage RA type.

[0214] Various examples of some procedures and technical specifications related to the present disclosure are as follows. For the various examples below, standard documents may also be referenced.

[0215] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a maximum power reduction (MPR) is described. An embodiment according to the MPR may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0216] The terminal must satisfy spectrum mask specifications (e.g., at least one of ACLR, SEM, SE, and / or In-band emission) and / or error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications. To this end, the maximum allowable power back-off value at the maximum output power corresponding to the terminal's power class may be specified as the MPR. For reference, ACLR refers to the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio. SEM refers to the Spectrum Emission Mask. SE refers to Spurious Emission. In-band emission may include, for example, at least one of General in-band emission, Carrier leakage, and / or I / Q image.

[0217] MPR may differ based on at least one of the actual number of Resource Blocks (RBs) transmitted, RB positions, modulation order, and / or transmitted waveforms (DFTs-OFDM, CP-OFDM).

[0218] The terminal can set the configured transmitted power based on the MPR.

[0219] Measures to support satellite communication are being discussed. However, according to conventional technology, there is a problem in that Radio Frequency (RF) requirements for terminals supporting satellite communication are not defined. Consequently, there is a problem in that the transmission performance of terminals supporting satellite communication cannot be guaranteed.

[0220] Methods to support satellite communication are being discussed. However, according to conventional technology, there is a problem in that Radio Frequency (RF) requirements for terminals supporting satellite communication are not defined. Consequently, there is a problem in that terminals supporting satellite communication cannot transmit signals effectively and / or accurately. For example, there is a problem in that the transmission performance of terminals supporting satellite communication cannot be guaranteed.

[0221] For example, according to the prior art, there is a problem in that when a terminal supporting satellite communication transmits an uplink signal, it does not satisfy spectrum mask specifications (e.g., at least one of ACLR, SEM, SE, and / or In-band emission) and / or error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications.

[0222] In this specification, a wireless device refers to any device equipped with a wireless communication function, and does not exclude cases where a wired connection function is combined or a wired cable for power supply is included.

[0223] A wireless device can be, for example, User Equipment (UE).

[0224] In this specification, UE, terminal, and wireless device are used interchangeably.

[0225] For reference, in this specification, the UE may support satellite access operation. In this specification, satellite access operation, satellite communication, and non-terrestrial network (NTN) communication may be used interchangeably.

[0226] For reference, Power Class may refer to the UE power class. Power Class may define the maximum output power for any transmission bandwidth within the channel bandwidth of the carrier (e.g., NR carrier). The period of measurement associated with the Power Class may be at least one subframe (1 ms). Power Class 3 is based on a maximum output power of 23 dBm, and a tolerance of ±2 dB may be applied. Power Class 2 is based on a maximum output power of 26 dBm, and a tolerance of +2 dB to -3 dB may be applied. Power Class 1 is based on a maximum output power of 31 dBm, and a tolerance of +2 dB to -3 dB may be applied.

[0227] NTN High Power UE (HPUE) is currently under discussion. Requirements related to NTN HPUE need to be discussed. It is assumed that there is no significant difference between TN terminals and NTN terminals. For example, the RF performance of TN and NTN terminals may differ significantly, or it may differ significantly. For instance, the RF requirements of TN terminals could be applied identically to NTN terminals. In the Rel-17 PC3 NTN RF requirements, TN RF requirements were reused for almost all RF requirements.

[0228] Meanwhile, in the case of HPUE, the communication environment of the NTN terminal is assumed to be located 1.5 km away from the TN communication coverage. Accordingly, the Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) requirement may be relaxed. If the ACLR requirement is relaxed, the MPR requirement for the NTN HPUE may also change. Therefore, this specification analyzes and proposes MPR requirements according to the power class of the NTN HPUE terminal.

[0229] The architectures considered for each power class of NTN HPUE are summarized in Tables 7 and 8 below.

[0230] Table 7 is an example of Tx settings in standard documents related to conventional TN according to power class.

[0231]

[0232] Table 8 is an example of Tx setting candidates for NTN according to power class.

[0233]

[0234] For reference, in the examples in Tables 7 and 8, HH is handheld and NH is non-handheld. In the examples in Tables 7 and 8, 1 Transmitter (Tx), 2 Tx, and 4 Tx represent the number of Tx supported by the UE based on Tx Diversity.

[0235] Table 7 shows the power classes currently defined in TN and the architectures considered. Table 8 summarizes the architectures being considered in Rel-19 NTN HPUE.

[0236] In the case of NTN PC2, NH and HH are already defined in TN. Therefore, RF requirements for NTN PC2 can be defined by considering the TN RF requirements. In the case of PC 1.5, according to the example in Table 7, requirements related to Tx in TN are defined, but requirements for 1Tx are not defined. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss how to define the requirements for NTN PC1.5. Also, in the case of PC1, requirements related to 1Tx are defined in TN, so NTN HPUE requirements related to 1T can be defined for PC1 by considering this. Additionally, requirements related to 4Tx for NTN UEs supporting PC1 also need to be defined.

[0237] Below are examples of ACLR values ​​associated with each power class being considered for NTN HPUE and / or TN HPUE.

[0238] For example, the following are examples of ACLR values ​​specified for TN HPUE:

[0239] PC2: 31 decibels relative to the carrier (dBc)

[0240] PC1.5: 31dBc

[0241] PC 1: 37 dBc

[0242] For example, the following are examples of ACLR values ​​specified for NTN HPUE:

[0243] PC2: 30 or 31 dBc

[0244] PC1.5: 30 or 31dBc

[0245] PC 1: 31~37 dBc

[0246] As explained in the example regarding ACLR above, the ACLR value for NTN HPUE may be defined as lower than the existing TN ACLR value. In this case, rather than reusing the TN MPR value as is, it is necessary to re-analyze the MPR requirement for NTN HPUE by applying the changed ACLR.

[0247] However, just because the ACLR requirement changes, not all MPR values ​​may change.

[0248] For example, the FR1 MPR for a conventional TN can have different values ​​based on the Resource Block (RB) allocation, depending on the edge (e.g., edge RB allocation), outer (e.g., outer RB allocation), and inner (e.g., inner RB allocation). Here, for the inner region, ACLR is not the limiting factor but rather In Band Emission (IBE) is the limiting factor, so the MPR value for the inner region may not change even if ACLR is applied differently. Therefore, for the inner region, some or all of the existing TN MPR requirements may be reused for the NTN MPR requirements.

[0249] Furthermore, high-order modulations such as 64QAM and 256QAM may be difficult to use when communicating in an NTN environment. This is because the link budget is always insufficient due to the long communication distances in NTN communication. Consequently, since it is almost impossible to secure a Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) for high-order modulations, there is no point in defining MPRs for high-order modulations such as 64QAM and 256QAM. However, in the case of conventional PC3 NTN requirements, requirements are defined for all modulation orders. Accordingly, analysis related to high-order modulations is not performed separately, and TN requirements related to high-order modulations can be reused as much as possible.

[0250] For MPR analysis for different power classes, the following PA model calibration may be considered.

[0251] -DFT-s-OFDM QPSK 20 MHz. For example, a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz based on DFT-s-OFDM QPSK modulation is assumed.

[0252] -100RB0. For example, assume 100 RBs are allocated within a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz. The "0" following RB may mean that within a channel bandwidth of 20 MHz, 100 RBs are allocated starting from the RB position with the smallest frequency.

[0253] -4dB post PA loss. For example, a total insertion loss of 4dB from the terminal's PA to the terminal's antenna is assumed.

[0254] -1dB MPR. For example, the calibration point can be set to a value of 1dB MPR.

[0255] -Carrier leakage 28dBc. For example, this may mean the ratio of the carrier signal leaking relative to the maximum power.

[0256] - In-phase Quadrature (IQ) image: 28 dBc. For example, this may mean the ratio of the IQ image of leakage relative to the maximum power.

[0257] - CIM3: 60 dBc. For example, this may be a third-order inter-modulation component caused by the Local Oscillator (LO) (carrier) and Baseband (BB).

[0258] - Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR): PC2

[0031] dB, PC1.5

[0031] dB, PC1

[0034] dB

[0259] - Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM): existing PC 2 SEM. For example, assuming 4 PC2 PAs for 4Tx, the existing PC2 SEM can be considered for the SEM. As another example, assuming 1 PC1 PA for 1Tx, the PC1 SEM can be considered.

[0260] - EVM: 17.5%

[0261] In the following, based on various examples disclosed in this specification, MPR values ​​analyzed for each power class and Tx architecture are proposed.

[0262] Below, examples of analysis for 4Tx are described. For example, for MPR simulation for a UE supporting PC1, the PA assumption and / or PA calibration described in the following examples may be considered.

[0263] For the PC1 UE supporting 4Tx, calibration was performed as follows using PC2 PAs to match the PC1 emission level. For example, the PA model of the PC1 UE supporting 4Tx can include four PC2 PAs (PC2*4 = PC1).

[0264] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0265] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0266] FIGS. 7a and 7b are examples of PA calibration for 4Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0267] Figure 7a is an example of Amplitude Modulation to Amplitude Modulation (AM-AM) in PA calibration for 4Tx. It is an example of PA calibration for 4Tx based on amplitude to amplitude for inputs and outputs.

[0268] FIG. 7b is an example of Amplitude Modulation to Phase Modulation (AM-PM) in PA calibration for 4Tx. It is an example of PA calibration for 4Tx based on amplitude versus phase for input and output. In the example of FIG. 7b, an example of AM-PM distortion is illustrated.

[0269] In addition, for MPR analysis for 4Tx, PA RAPP parameters such as the example below can be used:

[0270] G_dB = 23.9;

[0271] S = 1; % Smoothness

[0272] V_sat = 5; %OutputSaturationLevel

[0273] Ap = -150; % PhaseGainRadian

[0274] Bp = 0.13; % PhaseSaturation

[0275] q = 2.75; % PhaseSmoothness

[0276] rapp;

[0277] G_dB can be the small-signal (or linear) voltage gain. S can be an indicator determining the smoothness of compression. V_sat can be the output saturation voltage (or amplitude) level. Ap can be the Amplitude Modulation to Phase Modulation (AM / PM) gain factor. Bp can be the saturation / corner scale of AM / PM. q can be an exponent determining the smoothness of the AM / PM curve. By applying the above RAPP parameters, the PA was calibrated to yield a 1dB MPR as shown in the example below.

[0278] Based on the calibration results derived from the above RAPP parameters, the following example was derived. For instance, based on the conditions of the following example, a 1dB MPR was derived:

[0279] - modulation: DFT-s-OFDM QPSK

[0280] - Channel bandwidth: 20 MHz

[0281] - SCS: 15 kHz

[0282] - RB allocation: 100 RB

[0283] - MPR: 1 dB

[0284] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0285] FIGS. 8a to 8c are examples of simulations for 4Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0286] In FIGS. 8a through 8c, PSD is Power Spectral Density. The examples in FIGS. 8a through 8c illustrate the Power Spectral Density when a terminal transmits a signal at a center frequency (e.g., 2000 MHz) based on the following parameters:

[0287] - modulation: QPSK;

[0288] - Channel bandwidth: 20 MHz;

[0289] - SCS: 15 kHz; and

[0290] - RB allocation: 100 RB.

[0291] Figure 8a is an example of a simulation with 0dB power backoff applied. Figure 8b is an example of a simulation with 0.5dB power backoff applied. Figure 8c is an example of a simulation with 1dB power backoff applied.

[0292] In FIGS. 8a through 8c, PTx may be the transmitted uplink (UL) power. ΔACLRsub6 may be the difference between the reference ACLR and the simulated ACLR. ΔSEM may be the difference between the reference SEM and the worst-case leakage in the corresponding frequency domain. ΔSE may be the difference between the reference SE and the worst-case leakage in the corresponding frequency domain. ΔIBE may be the difference between the reference IBE and the worst-case in-band (IB) leakage in the corresponding frequency domain. For all conditions related to ACLR, SEM, SE, and IBE to be satisfied, the delta values ​​(values ​​including Δ shown in FIGS. 8a through 8c) must all be positive. For example, FIG. 8a may be a simulation example of the PA before calibration, and FIG. 8c may be a simulation example of the PA after calibration.

[0293] According to the examples in FIGS. 8a to 8c, it can be confirmed that there is a back-off of 1 dB from the calibration point. For example, P in FIG. 8c Tx Referring to P in Fig. 8c Tx and P of Fig. 8a Tx The difference between them is about 1 dB. For example, regarding the results of a simulation performed according to the PA calibration based on Figures 7a and 7b, all emission requirements (e.g., ACLR, SEM, Spurious Emission (SE), and In-band emission (IBE)) can be satisfied when backed off by 1 dB.

[0294] An example of simulation data is as follows.

[0295]

[0296] In the example in Table 9, QPSK is Quadrature Phase Shift Keying, and 16QAM can be 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. CP-OFDM can be Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. DFT-s-OFDM can be Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM.

[0297] In the example in Table 9, (0,1) (3,1) (0,8) (3,5) (3,100) (3,12) (27,52) (12,1) can be (RB offset, RB length). For example, RB offset can mean the starting position of the RB, and RB length can mean the number of RBs being transmitted.

[0298] The values ​​shown in Table 9 represent power backoff values ​​for all conditions related to ACLR, SEM, SE, and IBE to be satisfied. For example, when QPSK, DFT-s-OFDM is used and the edge RB assignment is (0,1), the backoff value may be 10.41.

[0299] For example, from the backoff values ​​shown in Table 9, the values ​​related to the worst case can be defined as MPR values.

[0300] Based on 4Tx simulation data, the following PC1 4Tx MPR requirements can be defined. For example, examples of MPR values ​​derived according to the simulation results from the example in Table 9 are shown in Tables 10 through 19 below. Table 14 is a table in which an Implementation Margin (IM) of 0dB is applied to the MPR values ​​derived from the example in Table 9. The remaining Tables 10 through 13 and Tables 15 through 19 are examples in which an IM of -2dB to 2.5dB is applied to Table 14, in which an IM of 0dB is applied.

[0301] For reference, the following description may apply to Edge RB allocations, Outer RB allocations, and Inner RB allocations in the disclosure of this specification.

[0302] An RB assignment can be an Inner RB assignment if it satisfies the following conditions:

[0303] RB Start,Low ≤ RB Start ≤ RB Start,High , and

[0304] L CRB ≤ceil(N RB / 2)

[0305] Here, ceil(x) is an integer greater than or equal to x.

[0306] For PC1 NTN UE, in the following cases, the RB assignment may be an edge RB assignment:

[0307] L CRB ≤ L CRB,edge AND (RB start ≤ RB start,edge OR RB start ≥ N RB - RB start,edge - L CRB ),

[0308] Here, L CRB,edge = 8 and RB start,edge =0.

[0309] Here, RB Start It is the lowest RB index of transmitted resource blocks. N RB is a transmission bandwidth setting expressed in resource block units. L CRB is the transmission bandwidth representing the length of a contiguous resource block allocation. N RB is the maximum number of RBs for a given channel bandwidth and subcarrier spacing as defined in 3GPP TS 38.101-1 V18.4.0 Table 5.3.2-1.

[0310] RB Start,Low = max(1, floor(L CRB / 2))

[0311] Here, max() represents the largest value among all arguments, and ceil(x) is an integer less than or equal to x.

[0312] RB Start,High = N RB - RB Start,Low - L CRB

[0313] If an RB assignment is any assignment other than an Inner RB assignment or an Edge RB assignment, that RB assignment is an Outer RB assignment.

[0314]

[0315] Table 10 is an example of applying IM=-2dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0316] Pi / 2 BPSK is Pi / 2 Binary Phase Shift Keying.

[0317]

[0318] Table 11 is an example of applying IM=-1.5dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0319]

[0320] Table 12 is an example of applying IM=-1.0dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0321]

[0322] Table 13 is an example of applying IM=-0.5dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0323]

[0324] Table 14 is an example of Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for power class 1 with 4Tx derived from the simulation data in Table 9. An IM of 0dB was applied in Table 14. Reducing the maximum output power may be permissible for the UE. The permissible MPR for UE power class 1 with 4Tx is defined in Table 14.

[0325]

[0326] Table 15 is an example of applying IM=0.5dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0327]

[0328] Table 16 is an example of applying IM=1dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0329]

[0330] Table 17 is an example of applying IM=1.5dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0331]

[0332] Table 18 is an example of applying IM=2dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0333]

[0334] Table 19 is an example of applying IM=2.5dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 14.

[0335] It may be permitted for the UE to reduce the maximum output power. Permitted MPRs for UE power class 1 with 4Tx are defined in at least one of Tables 10 through 19. For example, the permitted MPRs may be based on one of Tables 10 through 19.

[0336] As another example, the allowed MPR may be based on combinations of values ​​included in Tables 10 through 19. For example, by combining the MPR values ​​included in the examples in Tables 10 through 19, examples of MPR values ​​as shown below may be derived.

[0337]

[0338] Table 20 is an example of MPR for Power Class 1 with 4Tx.

[0339] For example, in the example of Table 20, most of the values ​​related to Edge RB allocation were derived from Table 14, which is an example where IM is 0 dB. For example, among the values ​​related to Edge RB allocation, all values ​​except 10.0 dB for DFT-s-OFDM and Pi / 2 BPSK were derived from Table 14. For Edge RB allocation, 10.0 dB for DFT-s-OFDM and Pi / 2 BPSK was derived from Table 13.

[0340] In the example of Table 19, several values ​​related to inner RB allocation and outer RB allocation were derived from Table 15, where IM is 0.5 dB. For example, for outer RB allocations, 3.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and 16 QAM, 4.5 dB related to CP-OFDM and QPSK, and 4.5 dB related to CP-OFDM and 16 QAM were derived from Table 15. For example, for inner RB allocation, 0.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and Pi / 2 BPSK, 0.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and QPSK, 2 dB related to CP-OFDM and QPSK, and 2.5 dB related to CP-OFDM and 16 QAM were derived from Table 15.

[0341] For reference, in the example of Table 19, for the outer RB allocations, the 2 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and Pi / 2 BPSK was derived from Table 13. The 4 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and 64QAM, and the 5 dB related to CP-OFDM and 64 QAM were derived from Table 16.

[0342] For reference, in the example of Table 19, for inner RB allocations, 1.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and 16QAM was derived from Table 17. 3.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and 64QAM, and 5 dB related to CP-OFDM and 64QAM were derived from Table 19.

[0343] In the case of inner RB allocation or outer RB allocation, under conditions where the same PA is used, the actual required back-off tends to be slightly less than the back-off associated with edge RB allocation. Additionally, in the simulation samples of this specification, simulations regarding edge RB allocation were performed considering most samples. However, for cases such as inner RB allocation or outer RB allocation, only some simulations were performed for the worst-case scenario. Therefore, it may be more accurate to add a correction value (e.g., IM) of 0.5 dB to the simulation results.

[0344] Below, examples of analysis for 1Tx are described. For example, for MPR simulation for a UE supporting PC1, the PA assumption and / or PA calibration described in the following examples may be considered.

[0345] For 1Tx, calibration was performed as follows using PC1 PA to match the PC1 emission level.

[0346] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0347] FIGS. 9a and 9b are examples of PA calibration for 1Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0348] Figure 9a is an example of Amplitude Modulation to Amplitude Modulation (AM-AM) in PA calibration for 1Tx. It is an example of PA calibration for 1Tx based on amplitude versus amplitude for input and output.

[0349] FIG. 9b is an example of Amplitude Modulation to Phase Modulation (AM-PM) in PA calibration for 1Tx. It is an example of PA calibration for 1Tx based on amplitude versus phase for input and output. In the example of FIG. 9b, an example of AM-PM distortion is illustrated.

[0350] In addition, in the MPR analysis for 1Tx, PA RAPP parameters such as the example below can be used:

[0351] G_dB = 28.5;

[0352] S = 1; % Smoothness

[0353] V_sat = 9.7; %OutputSaturationLevel

[0354] Ap = -135; % PhaseGainRadian

[0355] Bp = 0.117; % PhaseSaturation

[0356] q = 2.75; % PhaseSmoothness

[0357] rapp;

[0358] G_dB can be the small-signal (or linear) voltage gain. S can be an indicator determining the smoothness of compression. V_sat can be the output saturation voltage (or amplitude) level. Ap can be the Amplitude Modulation to Phase Modulation (AM / PM) gain factor. Bp can be the saturation / corner scale of AM / PM. q can be an exponent determining the smoothness of the AM / PM curve. The PA was calibrated such that applying the above RAPP parameters yields a 1dB MPR as shown in the example below. Based on the calibration results derived from the above RAPP parameters, the following example was derived. For instance, a 1dB MPR was derived based on the conditions of the following example:

[0359] - modulation: DFT-s-OFDM QPSK

[0360] - Channel bandwidth: 20 MHz

[0361] - SCS: 15 kHz

[0362] - RB allocation: 100 RB

[0363] - MPR: 1 dB

[0364] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0365] FIGS. 10a to 10c are examples of simulations for 1Tx according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0366] In FIGS. 10a through 10c, PSD is Power Spectral Density. The examples in FIGS. 10a through 10c illustrate the Power Spectral Density when a terminal transmits a signal at a center frequency (e.g., 2000 MHz) based on the following parameters:

[0367] - modulation: QPSK

[0368] - Channel bandwidth: 20 MHz

[0369] - SCS: 15 kHz

[0370] - RB allocation: 100 RB

[0371] Figure 10a is an example of a simulation with 0dB power backoff applied. Figure 10b is an example of a simulation with 0.5dB power backoff applied. Figure 10c is an example of a simulation with 1dB power backoff applied.

[0372] In FIGS. 10a through 10c, PTx may be the transmitted uplink (UL) power. ΔACLRsub6 may be the difference between the reference ACLR and the simulated ACLR. ΔSEM may be the difference between the reference SEM and the worst-case leakage in the corresponding frequency domain. ΔSE may be the difference between the reference SE and the worst-case leakage in the corresponding frequency domain. ΔIBE may be the difference between the reference IBE and the worst-case in-band (IB) leakage in the corresponding frequency domain. For all conditions related to ACLR, SEM, SE, and IBE to be satisfied, the delta values ​​(values ​​including Δ shown in FIGS. 10a through 10c) must all be positive. For example, FIG. 10a may be a simulation example of the PA before calibration, and FIG. 10c may be a simulation example of the PA after calibration.

[0373] According to the examples in FIGS. 10a to 10c, it can be confirmed that there is a back-off of 1 dB from the calibration point. For example, P in FIG. 10c Tx Referring to P in Fig. 10c Tx and P of Fig. 10a Tx The difference between them is about 1 dB. For example, regarding the results of a simulation performed according to the PA calibration based on Figures 9a and 9b, all emission requirements (e.g., ACLR, SEM, SE, and IBE) can be satisfied when backed off by 1 dB.

[0374] An example of simulation data is as follows.

[0375] Modulationedgeouterinner(0,1)(0,6)(0,8)(0,106)(27,52)(12,1)QPSKDFT-s-OFDM10.036.786.280.590016 QAM10.127.036.530.910064 QAM10.167.036.340.9100QPSKCP-OFDM10.848.287.192.030016 QAM10.568.287.282.030064 QAM11.038.637.282.0300

[0376] In the example in Table 21, (0,1) (0,6) (0,8) (0,106) (27,52) (12,1) can be (RB offset, RB length). For example, RB offset can mean the starting position of the RB, and RB length can mean the number of RBs being transmitted.

[0377] The values ​​shown in Table 21 represent power backoff values ​​for all conditions related to ACLR, SEM, SE, and IBE to be satisfied. For example, when QPSK, DFT-s-OFDM is used and the edge RB assignment is (0,1), the backoff value may be 10.03.

[0378] Based on 4Tx simulation data, the following PC1 4Tx MPR requirements can be defined. For example, examples of MPR values ​​derived according to the simulation results from the example in Table 21 are shown in Tables 22 and 23 below. Table 22 is a table in which an Implementation Margin (IM) of 0dB is applied to the MPR values ​​derived from the example in Table 9. Table 23 is an example in which an IM of 0.5dB is applied to Table 22, in which an IM of 0dB is applied.

[0379] For reference, regarding PC1 1Tx NTN MPR, the MPR values ​​related to Outer RB allocation and inner RB allocation were all reused from the conventional PC1 1Tx TN MPR values. Regarding PC1 1Tx NTN MPR, only edge RB allocation was newly defined.

[0380] ModulationMPR (dB)Edge RB allocationsOuter RB allocationsInner RB allocationsDFT-s-OFDMPi / 2 BPSK≤10≤1.5≤0QPSK≤10≤2≤016 QAM≤10≤3≤164 QAM≤10≤3.5≤2.5CP-OFDMQPSK≤11≤4≤1.516 QAM≤11≤4≤264 QAM≤11≤4.5≤3.5

[0381] Table 22 is an example of Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) for power class 1 with 1Tx derived from the simulation data in Table 21. An IM of 0dB was applied in Table 22. Reducing the maximum output power may be permissible for the UE. The permissible MPR for the UE power class 1 with 1Tx is defined in Table 22.

[0382] ModulationMPR (dB)Edge RB allocationsOuter RB allocationsInner RB allocationsDFT-s-OFDMPi / 2 BPSK≤10.5≤1.5≤0QPSK≤10.5≤2≤016 QAM≤10.5≤3≤164 QAM≤10.5≤3.5≤2.5CP-OFDMQPSK≤11.5≤4≤1.516 QAM≤11.5≤4≤264 QAM≤11.5≤4.5≤3.5

[0383] Table 23 is an example of applying IM=0.5dB to the MPR values ​​according to the example in Table 22.

[0384] Reducing the maximum output power may be permitted for the UE. The permitted MPR for UE power class 1 with 1Tx is defined in at least one of Table 22 and / or Table 23. For example, the permitted MPR may be based on one of Table 22 and / or Table 23.

[0385] As another example, the allowed MPR may be based on a combination of the values ​​included in Table 22 and / or Table 23. For example, by combining the MPR values ​​included in the examples in Table 22 and / or Table 23, examples of MPR values ​​as shown below may be derived.

[0386] ModulationMPR (dB)Edge RB allocationsOuter RB allocationsInner RB allocationsDFT-s-OFDMPi / 2 BPSK≤10.0≤0.5≤0QPSK≤10.5≤1.0≤016 QAM≤10.5≤2.0≤1.064 QAM≤10.5≤2.5CP-OFDMQPSK≤11.0≤3≤1.516 QAM≤11.0≤3≤2.064 QAM≤11.0≤3.5

[0387] Table 24 is an example of MPR for Power Class 1 with 1Tx.

[0388] For example, in the example of Table 24, the values ​​related to Edge RB allocation were derived from Table 22, which is an example where IM is 0 dB, and Table 23, which is an example where IM is 0.5 dB. For example, in the example of Table 24, among the values ​​related to Edge RB allocation, 10.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and QPSK, 10.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and 16 QAM, and 10.5 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and 64 QAM were derived from Table 23. For example, in the example of Table 24, among the values ​​related to Edge RB allocation, 10 dB related to DFT-s-OFDM and Pi / 2 BPSK, 11 dB related to CP-OFDM and QPSK, 11 dB related to CP-OFDM and 16 QAM, and 11 dB related to CP-OFDM and 64 QAM were derived from Table 22.

[0389] In deriving Table 24, 0.5 dB IM was considered for values ​​related to DFT-s-OFDM, and 0 dB IM was considered for values ​​related to CP-OFDM. Simulations based on random data were performed for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM. Due to the characteristics of the edge region (e.g., edge RB allocations), multiple RBs may not be considered. Consequently, since differences in PAPR (peak to average ratio) may occur depending on the data, 0.5 dB IM was considered for values ​​related to DFT-s-OFDM, and 0 dB IM was considered for values ​​related to CP-OFDM.

[0390] For reference, regarding the MPR values ​​proposed in this specification, tolerances of ±0.5, ±1, ±1.5, ±2, ±2.5, ±3, ±3.5, ±4, and ±4.5 may be applied.

[0391] The UE can determine the transmission power based on the MPR described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification. For example, the UE can set a configured maximum output power. For example, the configured maximum output power may be based on the MPR.

[0392] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0393] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0394] For example, regarding the example of FIG. 11, operations described in various examples above may also be applied. For example, even if operations, contents, etc. are not directly described in the example of FIG. 11, operations, contents, etc. described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification may be applied.

[0395] A wireless device may include at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory capable of storing instructions and being connected to operate with the at least one processor. Based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor, the operations described below may be performed.

[0396] In step (S1101), the wireless device can transmit an uplink signal. For example, the wireless device can transmit an uplink signal through at least one transceiver.

[0397] For example, a wireless device can transmit an uplink signal based on Maximum Power Reduction (MPR).

[0398] Based on the fact that the above wireless device supports Power Class 1, the MPR may be an MPR related to 1 Transmitter (Tx) or an MPR related to 4 Tx.

[0399] The MPR related to the above 1 Tx or the MPR related to the above 4 Tx may be based on i) Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), ii) modulation, and iii) Resource Block (RB) allocation.

[0400] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being Pi / 2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (Pi / 2 BPSK), and iii) the RB allocation being edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx may be 10.0 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx may be 11.0 dB or less.

[0401] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx may be 10.5 dB or less.

[0402] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 10.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 11.0 dB or less.

[0403] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.5 dB or less.

[0404] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 10.0 dB or less.

[0405] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.0 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 3.5 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 4.0 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK or 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 4.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 5.0 dB or less.

[0406] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK or QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 0.5 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 1.5 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 3.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.0 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 5.0 dB or less.

[0407] In some implementations, the wireless device may perform random access-related operations based on any one of FIGS. 6a through 6e. For example, the wireless device may transmit a random access preamble to a base station. In some implementations, the wireless device may receive a response message for the random access preamble from the base station.

[0408] The following drawings are prepared to illustrate a specific example of the present specification. The names of specific devices or specific signals / messages / fields described in the drawings are presented as examples, and therefore the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific names used in the following drawings.

[0409] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of the operation of a UE and a base station according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

[0410] For reference, the UE can perform step S1201 of FIG. 12 in the same manner as step S1101 of FIG. 11. The operation of the wireless device described in the example of FIG. 11 can also be performed in the same way by the UE of FIG. 8. When describing FIG. 12, the details described in the example of FIG. 11 will be omitted.

[0411] For reference, the UE in Fig. 12 is an example of a wireless device.

[0412] In step (S1201), the UE can transmit an uplink signal to the base station.

[0413] For example, a wireless device can transmit an uplink signal based on Maximum Power Reduction (MPR).

[0414] Based on the fact that the above wireless device supports Power Class 1, the MPR may be an MPR related to 1 Transmitter (Tx) or an MPR related to 4 Tx.

[0415] The MPR related to the above 1 Tx or the MPR related to the above 4 Tx may be based on i) Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), ii) modulation, and iii) Resource Block (RB) allocation.

[0416] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being Pi / 2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (Pi / 2 BPSK), and iii) the RB allocation being edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx may be 10.0 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx may be 11.0 dB or less.

[0417] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx may be 10.5 dB or less.

[0418] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 10.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 11.0 dB or less.

[0419] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.5 dB or less.

[0420] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 10.0 dB or less.

[0421] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.0 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 3.5 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 4.0 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK or 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 4.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 5.0 dB or less.

[0422] In some implementations, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK or QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 0.5 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 1.5 dB or less. Based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 3.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.0 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 2.5 dB or less. Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx may be 5.0 dB or less.

[0423] In some implementations, the wireless device may perform random access-related operations based on any one of FIGS. 6a through 6e. For example, the wireless device may transmit a random access preamble to a base station. In some implementations, the wireless device may receive a response message for the random access preamble from the base station.

[0424] This specification may have various effects.

[0425] RF requirements for a terminal supporting satellite communication (e.g., an NTN terminal) can be effectively defined. For example, a terminal supporting satellite communication can transmit signals effectively and / or accurately. For example, the transmission performance of a terminal supporting satellite communication can be guaranteed.

[0426] For example, when an NTN terminal supporting Power Class 1 transmits an uplink signal, the Emission requirement can be satisfied in all RB allocations (and / or areas).

[0427] For example, an MPR may be defined so that when a terminal supporting satellite communication transmits an uplink signal, it can satisfy spectrum mask specifications (e.g., at least one of ACLR, SEM, SE, and / or In-band emission) and / or error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications.

[0428] The effects obtainable through the specific examples of this specification are not limited to those listed above. For example, there may be various technical effects that a person with ordinary skill in the related art can understand or derive from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

[0429] For reference, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification may be implemented by the device of FIGS. 1 to 3 described above. For example, the terminal (e.g., UE) may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operation of the terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of an instruction / program (e.g., instruction, executable code) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) can control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (105 or 206) and execute instructions / programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform the operation of a terminal (e.g., UE) as described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0430] Additionally, instructions for performing the operation of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be contained in one or more memories (104 or 204). And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may perform the operation of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification by being executed by one or more processors (102 or 202).

[0431] For reference, the operation of a network node (e.g., AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, AUSF, etc.) or a base station (e.g., NG-RAN, gNB, eNB, etc.) described in this specification may be implemented by the device of FIGS. 1 to 3, which will be described below. For example, the network node or base station may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operation of a network node or base station described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operation of a terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of an instruction / program (e.g., instruction, executable code) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) can control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (106 or 206) and execute instructions / programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform the operation of a network node or base station as described in the disclosure of this specification.

[0432] Additionally, instructions for performing the operation of a network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transient) computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be contained in one or more memories (104 or 204). And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may perform the operation of a network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification by being executed by one or more processors (102 or 202).

[0433] Although preferred embodiments have been described by way of example above, the disclosure of this specification is not limited to such specific embodiments, and may be modified, changed, or improved in various forms within the scope of the spirit and claims of this specification.

[0434] In the exemplary system described above, methods are described based on a flowchart as a series of steps or blocks, but are not limited to the order of the described steps, and some steps may occur in a different order or simultaneously with other steps as described above. Furthermore, a person skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the flowchart are not exclusive, and that other steps may be included, or that one or more steps of the flowchart may be omitted without affecting the scope of rights.

[0435] The claims described in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims in this specification may be combined to be implemented as a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

1. As a wireless device, At least one transceiver; At least one processor; and It includes at least one memory that stores instructions and can be connected to operate with at least one processor, and The operation performed based on the execution of the above instruction by the at least one processor is: It includes the step of transmitting an uplink signal based on Maximum Power Reduction (MPR), Based on the fact that the above wireless device supports Power Class 1, the MPR is an MPR associated with 1 Transmitter (Tx) or an MPR associated with 4 Tx, and A radio device in which the MPR related to the above 1 Tx or the MPR related to the above 4 Tx is based on i) Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), ii) modulation, and iii) Resource Block (RB) allocation.

2. In Paragraph 1, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to Pi / 2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (Pi / 2 BPSK), and iii) the above RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx is 10.0 dB or less, and A wireless device having an MPR of 1 Tx of 11.0 dB or less, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the edge RB allocation.

3. In Paragraph 1 or 2, A wireless device having an MPR of 1 Tx of 10.5 dB or less, based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation being related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation being related to edge RB allocation.

4. In Paragraph 1, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 10.5 dB or less, and A wireless device having an MPR of 11.0 dB or less for the 4 Tx, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the edge RB allocation.

5. In Paragraph 1 or 4, A wireless device having an MPR of 2.5 dB or less for the 4 Tx, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to outer RB allocation.

6. In any one of Paragraph 1, or Paragraphs 4 through 5, A wireless device having an MPR of 10.0 dB or less for the 4 Tx, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to edge RB allocation.

7. In Paragraph 1, or any one of Paragraphs 4 through 6, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.0 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 3.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 4.0 dB or less, and Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK or 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 4.5 dB or less, and A radio device having an MPR of 5.0 dB or less for the 4 Tx, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the outer RB allocation.

8. In Paragraph 1, or any one of Paragraphs 4 through 7, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to Pi / 2 BPSK or QPSK, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 0.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 1.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 3.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.0 dB or less, and Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.5 dB or less, and A radio device having an MPR of 5.0 dB or less for the 4 Tx, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the inner RB allocation.

9. In any one of paragraphs 1 through 8, the operation is, Step of transmitting a random access preamble; and A wireless device further comprising the step of receiving a response message for the above random access preamble.

10. The wireless device includes the step of transmitting an uplink signal, Based on the fact that the above wireless device supports Power Class 1, the MPR is an MPR associated with 1 Transmitter (Tx) or an MPR associated with 4 Tx, and A method in which the MPR related to the 1 Tx or the MPR related to the 4 Tx is based on i) Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), ii) modulation, and iii) Resource Block (RB) allocation.

11. In Paragraph 10, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to Pi / 2 Binary Phase Shift Keying (Pi / 2 BPSK), and iii) the above RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx is 10.0 dB or less, and A method in which the MPR associated with 1 Tx is 11.0 dB or less, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the edge RB allocation.

12. In Paragraph 10 or 11, A method in which, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR associated with 1 Tx is 10.5 dB or less.

13. In Paragraph 10, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 10.5 dB or less, and A method in which, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, 16 QAM, or 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 11.0 dB or less.

14. In Paragraph 10 or Paragraph 13, A method in which, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation is related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.5 dB or less.

15. In any one of Paragraph 10, or Paragraphs 13 to 14, A method in which, based on i) the DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the RB allocation is related to edge RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 10.0 dB or less.

16. In any one of Paragraph 10, or Paragraphs 13 through 15, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to Pi / 2 BPSK, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.0 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 3.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 4.0 dB or less, and Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK or 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 4.5 dB or less, and A method in which, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the outer RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 5.0 dB or less.

17. In any one of Paragraph 10, or Paragraphs 13 through 16, Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to Pi / 2 BPSK or QPSK, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 0.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 1.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the above DFT-s-OFDM, ii) the above modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the above RB allocation is related to the above inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 3.5 dB or less, and Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation being related to QPSK, and iii) the RB allocation being related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.0 dB or less, and Based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 16 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 2.5 dB or less, and A method in which, based on i) the CP-OFDM, ii) the modulation is related to 64 QAM, and iii) the RB allocation is related to the inner RB allocation, the MPR related to the 4 Tx is 5.0 dB or less.

18. In any one of paragraphs 10 through 17, Step of transmitting a random access preamble; and A method further comprising the step of receiving a response message for the above random access preamble.

19. At least one processor; and It includes at least one memory that stores instructions and is operablely electrically connected to at least one processor, and An operation performed based on the execution of the above instruction by the at least one processor is: a method according to any one of claims 10 to 18, a device.

20. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium that records instructions, The above instructions, when executed by at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to perform the method according to any one of claims 10 to 18, CRM.

21. The base station includes the step of receiving an uplink signal from a wireless device, and The above uplink signal is transmitted by the wireless device based on Maximum Power Reduction (MPR), and Based on the fact that the above wireless device supports Power Class 1, the MPR is an MPR associated with 1 Transmitter (Tx) or an MPR associated with 4 Tx, and A method in which the MPR related to the 1 Tx or the MPR related to the 4 Tx is based on i) Cyclic Prefix Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (CP-OFDM) or Discrete Fourier Transform-spread-OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), ii) modulation, and iii) Resource Block (RB) allocation.

22. As a base station, At least one transceiver; At least one processor; and It includes at least one memory that stores instructions and can be connected to operate with at least one processor, and The operation performed based on the execution of the above instruction by the at least one processor is: a base station, which is a method according to claim 21.

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