Device-to-reader transmission method for ambient IoT communication and device therefor

Abstract

A method according to one embodiment of the present specification comprises the steps of: receiving a physical reader-to-device channel (PRDCH) from a reader; and performing device-to-reader (D2R) transmission to the reader. The PRDCH includes information related to the values of one or more small frequency shift factors. The D2R transmission is generated on the basis of the value of a small frequency shift factor, which is determined from among the values of the one or more small frequency shift factors. A maximum value among the values of the small frequency shift factors included in a set is determined on the basis of the duration of a D2R bit.

Description

Device-reader transmission method and device for ambient IoT communication

[0001] The present specification relates to a device-reader transmission method and apparatus for ambient IoT communication.

[0002] The 5G mobile communication system is a successor technology to LTE (Long Term Evolution) and is a new clean-slate type of mobile communication system characterized by high performance, low latency, and high availability. In the case of 5G NR, all available spectrum resources can be utilized, ranging from low-frequency bands below 1 GHz to intermediate frequency bands between 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and high-frequency (millimeter wave) bands above 24 GHz. Based on the underlying technology of 5G mobile communication, 6G mobile communication systems are being developed.

[0003] The 6G (wireless communication) system aims for (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) reduced energy consumption of battery-free IoT (internet of things) devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity.

[0004] Meanwhile, the duration and small frequency shift factor of the chip for D2R transmission in Ambient IoT communication are defined.

[0005] Although the chip duration for performing device-to-reader (D2R) transmission in an ambient IoT (A-IoT) environment is closely related to signaling overhead, device computational complexity, and power consumption, there is a problem in that the D2R chip duration is not clearly defined, and there is a lack of specific methods to determine the optimal value by comprehensively considering the above factors. The purpose of this specification is to propose a method for determining the chip duration for D2R transmission in order to solve the aforementioned problem.

[0006] Although the small frequency shift value required to support Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) during D2R transmission in an A-IoT environment directly affects D2R transmission performance, there is a problem in that there is a lack of methods to efficiently set it. Another objective of this specification is to propose a method for defining the value of the small frequency shift factor to solve the aforementioned problem.

[0007] The technical problems to be solved in this specification are not limited to those mentioned above, and other technical problems not mentioned will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art to which this invention belongs from the description below.

[0008] To solve the aforementioned technical problem, a method according to one embodiment of the present specification comprises the steps of receiving a Physical Reader-to-Device Channel (PRDCH) from a reader and performing a Device-to-Reader (D2R) transmission to the reader.

[0009] The above PRDCH includes information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0010] The above D2R transmission is generated based on the value of a small frequency shift factor determined among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0011] The maximum value among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors is determined based on the duration of a D2R bit.

[0012] Through this, by determining the value of a small frequency shift factor for Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) transmission while considering constraints such as signaling overhead, terminal complexity, and power consumption, it is possible to support D2R transmission that is more suitable for the limited processing power and low-power characteristics of the device.

[0013] The above PRDCH may further include information related to the duration of the above D2R bit.

[0014] The above D2R transmission can be composed of multiple chips.

[0015] The duration of each of the above plurality of chips can be set based on the duration of a reader-device chip.

[0016] The duration of each of the plurality of chips can be set based on i) the value of the small frequency shift factor and ii) the duration of the D2R bit.

[0017] The duration of each of the plurality of chips can be set to a value having an integer ratio relationship with respect to the duration of the R2D chip.

[0018] The duration of each of the plurality of chips can be determined based on a range between the minimum duration of the D2R chip and the maximum duration of the D2R chip.

[0019] The minimum duration of the above D2R chip can be determined based on the minimum duration of the above R2D chip.

[0020] The maximum duration of the above D2R chip can be determined based on the maximum duration of the above R2D chip.

[0021] A device according to another embodiment of the present specification comprises one or more transceivers, one or more processors, and one or more memories connected to the one or more processors and storing instructions. The instructions are characterized by causing the device to perform all steps of any one of the methods based on execution by the one or more processors.

[0022] An apparatus according to another embodiment of the present specification comprises one or more memories and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories. The one or more memories are characterized by storing instructions that cause the apparatus to perform all steps of any one of the methods based on execution by the one or more processors.

[0023] A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium according to another embodiment of the present specification stores instructions. The instructions, executable by one or more processors, are characterized by causing a device to perform all steps of any one of the methods.

[0024] A method according to another embodiment of the present specification includes the steps of transmitting a Physical Reader-to-Device Channel (PRDCH) to a device and receiving a Device-to-Reader Transmission from the device.

[0025] The above PRDCH includes information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0026] The above D2R transmission is generated based on the value of a small frequency shift factor determined among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0027] The maximum value among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors is determined based on the duration of a D2R bit.

[0028] The above PRDCH may further include information related to the duration of the above D2R bit.

[0029] The above D2R transmission can be composed of multiple chips.

[0030] The duration of each of the above plurality of chips can be set based on the duration of a reader-device chip.

[0031] The duration of each of the plurality of chips can be set based on i) the value of the small frequency shift factor and ii) the duration of the D2R bit.

[0032] The duration of each of the plurality of chips can be set to a value having an integer ratio relationship with respect to the duration of the R2D chip.

[0033] The duration of each of the plurality of chips can be determined based on a range between the minimum duration of the D2R chip and the maximum duration of the D2R chip.

[0034] The minimum duration of the above D2R chip can be determined based on the minimum duration of the above R2D chip.

[0035] The maximum duration of the above D2R chip can be determined based on the maximum duration of the above R2D chip.

[0036] A reader according to another embodiment of the present specification comprises one or more transceivers, one or more processors, and one or more memories connected to the one or more processors and storing instructions. The instructions are characterized by causing the reader to perform all steps of any one of the methods based on execution by the one or more processors.

[0037] According to the prior art, there was a problem in that the duration of the chip for D2R transmission was not defined, and thus the duration of the chip could be set without sufficiently considering constraints such as signaling overhead, device complexity, and power consumption. According to the embodiments of this specification, by determining the duration of the D2R chip by considering the above constraints, it is possible to support D2R transmission suitable for the limited processing power and low-power characteristics of A-IoT devices.

[0038] According to the prior art, there was a problem in that the utilization of frequency resources was limited because a small frequency shift factor value for supporting Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) in D2R transmission was not specifically defined. According to the embodiments of this specification, by specifically defining a small frequency shift factor value, FDMA can be efficiently supported in D2R transmission, thereby ensuring flexibility in the utilization of frequency resources.

[0039] The effects obtainable in this specification are not limited to those mentioned above, and other unmentioned effects will be clearly understood by those skilled in the art from the description below.

[0040] The drawings attached below are intended to aid in understanding the present disclosure and may provide embodiments of the present disclosure together with the detailed description. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited to specific drawings, and the features disclosed in each drawing may be combined with one another to form new embodiments. Reference numerals in each drawing may denote structural elements.

[0041] Figure 1 is an example showing a topology of direct connection between a base station and an A-IoT device.

[0042] Figure 2 is an example showing a topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node.

[0043] Figure 3 is an example showing a topology supported by auxiliary nodes.

[0044] Figure 4 is another example showing a topology supported by auxiliary nodes.

[0045] Figure 5 is an example showing a topology of direct connection between a terminal and an A-IoT device.

[0046] Figure 6 shows an example of power consumption and device energy status according to the operating state of an energy harvesting-based device.

[0047] Figure 7 is an example showing a combination of Deployment scenario 1 and topology 1 with various CWs.

[0048] Figure 8 is an example showing a combination of Deployment scenario 2 and topology 2 with various CWs.

[0049] Figure 9 is an example illustrating the process of generating OOK (On-Off Keying) based modulation symbols for ambient IoT communication and mapping the generated OOK symbols to OFDM symbols.

[0050] Figure 10 is an example showing the relationship between the information bit duration, D2R chip duration, frequency shift factor, and frequency shift value in a method where the D2R line code is not used.

[0051] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0052] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to another embodiment of the present specification.

[0053] FIG. 13 is a drawing showing the configuration of a first device and a second device according to an embodiment of the present specification.

[0054] In this specification, "A or B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Alternatively, in this specification, "A or B" may be interpreted as "A and / or B." For example, in this specification, "A, B or C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C."

[0055] A slash ( / ) or a comma used in this specification may mean "and / or." For example, "A / B" may mean "A and / or B." Accordingly, "A / B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B or C."

[0056] In this specification, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." Additionally, in this specification, the expressions "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and / or B" may be interpreted as synonymous with "at least one of A and B."

[0057] Additionally, in this specification, "at least one of A, B and C" may mean "only A," "only B," "only C," or "any combination of A, B and C." Also, "at least one of A, B or C" or "at least one of A, B and / or C" may mean "at least one of A, B and C."

[0058] Additionally, parentheses used in this specification may mean "for example." Specifically, when indicated as "control information (PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." In other words, "control information" in this specification is not limited to "PDCCH," and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information." Furthermore, even when indicated as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)," "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information."

[0059] In the following explanation, 'when, if, in case of' can be replaced with 'based on'.

[0060] Technical features described individually within a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

[0061] In this specification, a higher layer parameter may be a parameter that is set for the terminal, pre-set, or pre-defined. For example, a base station or a network may transmit the higher layer parameter to the terminal. For example, the higher layer parameter may be transmitted via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control (MAC) signaling.

[0062] In this specification, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being set or pre-configured to the device through pre-defined signaling (e.g., SIB, MAC, RRC) from a base station or network. In this specification, "set or defined" may be interpreted as being pre-configured to the device.

[0063] In this specification, user equipment (UE) may refer to portable devices, wireless devices, etc. In this specification, base station (BS) may refer to a radio access network (RAN) node, a transmission reception point (TRP), a network, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a portable device, a wireless device, etc.

[0064] In the following, the downlink (DL) refers to communication from a base station to a terminal, and the uplink (UL) refers to communication from a terminal to a base station. In the downlink, the transmitter may be part of the base station and the receiver may be part of the terminal. In the uplink, the transmitter may be part of the terminal and the receiver may be part of the base station. The base station may be referred to as the first communication device and the terminal as the second communication device. The base station (BS) may be replaced by terms such as fixed station, Node B, eNB (evolved-NodeB), gNB (Next Generation NodeB), BTS (base transceiver system), Access Point (AP), network (5G network), AI system, RSU (road side unit), vehicle, robot, drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV), AR (Augmented Reality) device, VR (Virtual Reality) device, etc. In addition, the terminal may be fixed or mobile and may be replaced with terms such as UE (User Equipment), MS (Mobile Station), UT (user terminal), MSS (Mobile Subscriber Station), SS (Subscriber Station), AMS (Advanced Mobile Station), WT (Wireless terminal), MTC (Machine-Type Communication) device, M2M (Machine-to-Machine) device, D2D (Device-to-Device) device, vehicle, robot, AI module, drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV), AR (Augmented Reality) device, VR (Virtual Reality) device.

[0065] Ambient IoT (A-IoT)

[0066] Below, Ambient IoT (A-IoT) is explained.

[0067] A-IoT can be a new type of device or segment that operates solely on energy harvested from the surrounding environment. For example, A-IoT may refer to a new class of Internet of Things devices that operate by being powered by various energy sources harvestable from the surrounding environment, such as radio waves, light, motion, and thermal energy. Table 1 shows examples of use cases for A-IoT. Table 2 shows matters related to IoT communications discussed in the 3GPP RAN.

[0068]

[0069]

[0070] For example, active signal generation and / or backscattering may be one of the communication technologies considered to achieve low-power operation of A-IoT devices. For example, backscattering is a widely used technique in radio frequency identification (RFID) that can enable a device to communicate with a network by reflecting incident waves after modulating them with information to be transmitted. For example, the device may be powered by an incident RF signal or stored energy.

[0071] For example, A-IoT devices can be classified into various device types, such as passive, semi-passive, and active, depending on the energy storage and transmission signal generation methods. For example, a passive device does not have an energy storage device (e.g., a capacitor) and can communicate based on backscatter communication technology. For example, a semi-passive device has an energy storage device and can communicate using backscatter communication technology with the assistance of the energy storage device. For example, an active device has an energy storage device and can communicate by actively generating signals using active RF components and stored energy. For example, in this specification, the following three types of IoT devices may be considered. For example, device A may be a device without energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device supporting backscatter transmission). For example, device B may be a device with energy storage and without independent signal generation (e.g., a device supporting backscatter transmission). In this case, for example, the use of stored energy may include amplification of the reflected signal. For example, device C may be a device with energy storage and independent signal generation (e.g., a device with an active RF component for transmission).

[0072] For example, the following basic topologies may be considered to support A-IoT devices in indoor and outdoor scenarios. For example, basic topologies may include a direct connection between a base station and an A-IoT device, a connection between a base station, an intermediate node, and an A-IoT device, support for connection by an auxiliary node, and / or a connection between a terminal and an A-IoT device. The basic topologies proposed herein are merely examples, and the proposals in this specification may be extended and applied to other topologies.

[0073] FIG. 1 is an example illustrating a topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected. Specifically, FIG. 1 illustrates a topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are directly connected (e.g., Topology 1) according to one embodiment of the present specification. The embodiment of FIG. 1 may be combined with various embodiments of the present specification.

[0074] Referring to FIG. 1, an A-IoT device can communicate directly and bidirectionally with a base station. For example, communication between a base station and an A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 1, the base station transmitting to the A-IoT device and the base station receiving from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in the topology 1, a base station in a micro-cell environment and an A-IoT device can communicate directly with each other. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology.

[0075] FIG. 2 is an example illustrating a topology in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node. Specifically, FIG. 2 illustrates a topology (e.g., Topology 2) in which a base station and an A-IoT device are connected through an intermediate node, according to one embodiment of the present specification. The embodiment of FIG. 2 may be combined with various embodiments of the present specification.

[0076] Referring to FIG. 2, an A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the device and the base station. Here, for example, the intermediate node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc. For example, the intermediate node may transmit A-IoT data and / or signals between the base station and the A-IoT device. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel). In the embodiment of FIG. 2, the intermediate node transmitting to the A-IoT device and the intermediate node receiving from the A-IoT device may be different. For example, in the topology 2, an intermediate node may exist between the base station in a macro-cell environment and the A-IoT device. For example, the base station may be located at a co-site with a base station equipped with existing 3GPP technology. For example, the intermediate node may be limited to a terminal, and the intermediate node may be located indoors.

[0077] Figure 3 is an example showing a topology supported by auxiliary nodes.

[0078] Figure 4 is another example showing a topology supported by auxiliary nodes.

[0079] Specifically, FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a topology (e.g., topology 3) supported by an auxiliary node according to one embodiment of the present specification. The embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4 may be combined with various embodiments of the present specification.

[0080] Referring to FIG. 3, an auxiliary node may be supported for downlink reception. For example, an A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to a base station, and the A-IoT device may receive data / signals from an auxiliary node. Referring to FIG. 4, an auxiliary node may be supported for uplink transmission. For example, an A-IoT device may receive data / signals from a base station, and the A-IoT device may transmit data / signals to an auxiliary node. Here, for example, the auxiliary node may be an A-IoT-enabled relay, IAB node, terminal, repeater, etc.

[0081] FIG. 5 is an example illustrating a topology in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected. Specifically, FIG. 5 illustrates a topology in which a terminal and an A-IoT device are directly connected (e.g., topology 4) according to one embodiment of the present specification. The embodiment of FIG. 5 may be combined with various embodiments of the present specification.

[0082] Referring to FIG. 5, an A-IoT device can communicate bidirectionally with a terminal. For example, communication between the terminal and the A-IoT device may include A-IoT data and / or signals. For example, A-IoT data and / or signals may be transmitted or received based on a control channel and / or a data channel (e.g., a shared channel).

[0083] For example, transmission by an A-IoT device can be performed in the frequency division duplexing (FDD) spectrum (e.g., FDD UL spectrum).

[0084] Meanwhile, a study item titled "Study on solutions for Ambient IoT (Internet of Things) in NR" was approved in 3GPP NR release 19. Specifically, the study item is scheduled to proceed in 3GPP NR release 19 based on the following content.

[0085] This study aims to further evaluate Ambient IoT at the RAN WG level, a new 3GPP IoT technology suitable for deployment in 3GPP systems, which relies on ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption for very low-level IoT applications. This study must provide a clear differentiation; that is, it must address use cases and scenarios that cannot be met based on existing 3GPP LPWA IoT technologies (e.g., NB-IoT with reduced peak Tx power).

[0086] General range

[0087] The definitions provided in TR 38.848 apply to this SI, and the following are exclusive general scopes.

[0088] A. The overall objective is to research a harmonized wireless interface design that minimizes differences when Ambient IoT is required to enable the following devices.

[0089] i. ~1μW peak power consumption, energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, no DL or UL amplification in the device. The device's UL transmission is backscattered from the externally provided carrier wave.

[0090] ii. Peak power consumption ≤ several hundred μW1, energy storage, initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and DL and / or UL amplification in the device. UL transmission in the device may be generated internally or backscattered from carrier waves provided externally.

[0091] -X is determined in WG.

[0092] -Coverage design target: Up to 10-50m distance with the device indoors according to TR 38.848: "...range where WG can sub-select".

[0093] - According to TR 38.848, for Topologies 1 and 2 (UEs acting as intermediate nodes under NW control), there is no RRC state, no mobility (i.e., no functions such as cell selection / reselection at least), no HARQ, and no ARQ.

[0094] Note 1: It should be understood that the WG has no duty to set a specific value for "≤ hundreds of μW", and that determining whether the proposed design and its power consumption meet the "≤ hundreds of μW" requirement is a matter for the WG to discuss.

[0095] B. Deployment scenarios with the following characteristics, referring to the table in Clause 4.2.2 of TR 38.848:

[0096] - Deployment Scenario 1 using Topology 1

[0097] Base Station and Coexistence Characteristics: Microcells, Co-sites

[0098] - Deployment Scenario 2 using a UE as an intermediate node under Topology 2 and network control

[0099] Base Station and Coexistence Characteristics: Macro Cells, Co-sites

[0100] The location of the intermediate node is indoors

[0101] C. FDD's FR1 License Spectrum.

[0102] D. In-band spectrum distribution for NR, guard band for LTE / NR, standalone band(s)

[0103] E. Traffic types DO-DTT, DT focused on rUC1 (Indoor Inventory) and rUC4 (Indoor Command).

[0104] - In RAN#104, this study evaluates whether a harmonized wireless interface design (see bullet point 'A' above) can handle DO-A (Device-Initiated Autonomous) use cases and identifies which parts of the harmonized wireless interface design (see bullet point 'A' above) are insufficient for DO-A use cases.

[0105] Transmission from surrounding IoT devices (including backscattering when in use) may occur at least within the UL spectrum.

[0106] The next goal is set within the general range.

[0107] 1. Evaluation Assumptions

[0108] a) Conclude at least the following aspects of the design objectives left to the WG in Clause 5 (RAN Design Objectives) of TR 38.848 [RAN1].

[0109] Clause 5.3: Applicable maximum distance target value

[0110] Clause 5.6: Refine the definition of latency suitable for use in the RAN WG.

[0111] Clause 5.8: 2D distribution of the device

[0112] b) Define the necessary additional evaluation assumptions for deployment scenarios for coverage and coexistence evaluation. [RAN1, RAN4]

[0113] c) Identify the basic blocks / components of possible peripheral IoT device architectures by considering modern implementations of low-power, low-complexity devices that meet RAN design goals regarding power consumption and complexity. [RAN1]

[0114] d) Define link budget calculations for coverage, including whether / how to model carrier waves at nodes inside or outside the connection topology.

[0115] Note: The evaluation performance of the design target falls within the scope of the feasibility and necessity study of the proposal in the following objectives. For example, it involves inspecting the reference implementation in the field, performing simulations, and conducting analytical analysis.

[0116] Note: We strive to minimize evaluation cases in RAN1.

[0117] 2. Investigate necessary and viable solutions for Ambient IoT as defined in the general scope. This includes determining which functions, procedures, etc. are necessary and which are not, and ensuring at least the essential functions specified in Section 6.2 of TR 38.848.

[0118] Rel-19 localization studies are led by RAN3 and are limited to features that have no or minimal impact on the specification (Note: This does not imply decisions related to WI generation).

[0119] We study the feasibility and necessary functions for proximity determination (coordination with SA3 is necessary for privacy reasons).

[0120] - RAN1-led:

[0121] For Ambient IoT DL and UL:

[0122] Frame structure, synchronization and timing, random access

[0123] Numerology, Bandwidth, and Multiple Access

[0124] Waveform and Modulation

[0125] Channel coding

[0126] Downlink Channel / Signal Aspect

[0127] Uplink Channel / Signal Side

[0128] Scheduling and Timing Relationships

[0129] We study the necessary characteristics of carrier wave waveforms provided externally to ambient IoT devices, including interference processing at ambient IoT UL receivers and NR base stations.

[0130] For Topology 2, there is no difference in the physical layer design compared to Topology 1.

[0131] RAN2 Lead:

[0132] We research and determine the functions required for the Ambient IoT Compact Protocol stack and lightweight signaling procedures that enable DO-DTT and DT data transmission, and study those functions.

[0133] for example:

[0134] Paging

[0135] Random access

[0136] Data transmission including necessary wireless resource control aspects that comply with general range limitations

[0137] Interaction with the upper class

[0138] Features not listed above are researched only if deemed essential.

[0139] RAN3 Leading:

[0140] Identify the necessary effects on the signals and procedures of the CN-RAN interface to enable the following.

[0141] Paging

[0142] Device Context Management

[0143] Data transmission

[0144] Identify RAN architecture aspects, including whether partitioned architecture support is required.

[0145] Identify potential solutions for finding Ambient IoT devices without impacting specifications. For example, reuse existing user location reports or transmit location information to the core network with minimal impact on specifications.

[0146] RAN4 Leading:

[0147] Research on the coexistence of Ambient IoT and NR / LTE.

[0148] Research on RF Requirements for Ambient IoT:

[0149] Ambient IoT BS Transmitter / Receiver

[0150] Ambient IoT devices and transmission / reception based on general range

[0151] Intermediate node (UE) and transmission / reception based on general range

[0152] RAN2 and RAN3 are expected to cooperate with SA2 to identify RAN-CN functional splits.

[0153] Note: This study targets IoT segments that are much lower than existing 3GPP IoT technologies (e.g., NB-IoT, eMTC, RedCap, etc.). This study does not aim to replace existing 3GPP LPWA technologies.

[0154] For example, as described above, the types of A-IoT devices can be classified into two as follows. For example, a Type 1 device has a maximum power consumption of approximately 1 uW, is capable of energy storage, has no amplification function, and can perform transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node). For example, a Type 2 device has a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, is capable of energy storage, has an amplification function, and can perform transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node) or by using a signal generated internally.

[0155] For example, in addition to the classification methods described above, the type / class of an A-IoT device may be distinguished based on parameters associated with device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of parameters. Here, for example, the BPF capability may be distinguished by the 3-dB bandwidth of the supported BPF, sharpness, etc., and the UL transmission methods may be distinguished by, for example, backscattered UL transmission, UL transmission by internal signal generation, etc.

[0156] In addition, the type / class of an A-IoT device may be subdivided based on parameters associated with the above device characteristics (e.g., presence / capacity of energy storage, degree of energy / power consumption, presence / capability of amplification, presence / capability of a band-pass filter (BPF), supported DL / UL transmission method(s), etc.) or combinations of such parameters. For example, the above-described Type 2 device may be classified into Type 2a when it performs transmission by backscattering a carrier wave (CW) provided from an external source (e.g., a reader such as a base station or terminal, or a separate node), and Type 2b when it performs transmission using a signal generated internally. In this case, Types 2a and 2b may be identical in that they have a maximum power consumption of approximately several hundred uW, are capable of energy storage, and have amplification capabilities.

[0157] For example, some types / classes of A-IoT devices (e.g., device B, device C, type 1 device, and / or type 2 device) may be equipped with energy storage capabilities (e.g., capacitors or charging batteries) for the following purposes.

[0158] - Securing stable energy at the time of reception / transmission

[0159] - Operation of low-power communication modules through energy storage in low RF energy states

[0160] For example, the minimum RF reception sensitivity for operating a low-power communication module may be -20dBm, and the minimum reception sensitivity for energy harvesting may be -20dBm. In this case, if the received power of the A-IoT device is distributed between -30 and -20dBm, communication may be impossible without a capacitor, and communication may be possible after a charging time with a capacitor.

[0161] - Store energy harvested from different energy sources (e.g., solar, thermal, wind, kinetic, etc.) in a single capacitor to operate a low-power communication module at a desired time.

[0162] FIG. 6 illustrates examples of power consumption and device energy status according to the operating state of an energy harvesting-based device. Specifically, FIG. 6 illustrates examples of power consumption and device energy status according to the operating state of an energy harvesting-based device having energy storage capabilities, according to one embodiment of the present specification. The embodiment of FIG. 6 may be combined with various embodiments of the present specification.

[0163] Referring to FIG. 6(b), S1 may be a sleep state, S2 may be an active state, and P1 and P2 may be power consumption in S1 and S2, respectively. For example, the active state may refer to a state in which the device consumes power to perform operations such as receiving / transmitting for communication or sensing, and the sleep state may be a state that is not an active state.

[0164] FIG. 6(a) may represent the device energy state corresponding to FIG. 6(b). Referring to FIG. 6(a), the E1 and E2 values ​​may vary by device (type / class), and the device may report information related to the E1 value and / or information related to the E2 value to R and / or the base station as capability parameters. For example, the E2 value may be defined as the energy value in the buffered state, and the E1 value as the minimum energy value required in the active state.

[0165] For example, the transition from S1 to S2 may be possible only when the device energy state value is E2 or reaches E2. For example, the transition from S1 to S2 may be possible when the device energy state value is greater than E1 (i.e., within the range between E1 and E2). An embodiment of FIG. 6 illustrates an example in which the transition from S1 to S2 is performed when the device energy state value is E2 or reaches E2.

[0166] For example, an A-IoT device may require an externally provided CW for backscatter transmission. For example, the CW can be used to supply energy to A-IoT devices or as a CW for DL ​​transmission, regardless of the transmission mode (e.g., backscatter transmission or internally generated transmission).

[0167] For example, CW waveforms can be supported in various types. For instance, the type of CW waveform can be a single-tone CW waveform or a somewhat complex multi-tone CW waveform. For instance, single-tone CW may be advantageous over multi-tone CW in terms of the multiplexing capacity of tags or readers and in terms of interference, as it uses fewer resources. On the other hand, multi-tone CW has advantages, such as the ability to deliver more energy when transmitting CW over DL and to secure greater coverage on a single device.

[0168] Considering the advantages of these different CW waveform types, multiple CW waveform types may be supported in an A-IoT system, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure the CW waveform type. For example, one or more CW waveform types supported in the A-IoT communication system may be pre-configured / defined, and the base station / IN / AN / UE may select one of the one or more supported CW waveform types and transmit it to an A-IoT device. For example, the base station / IN / AN / UE may configure / instruct / display the selected CW waveform type to the A-IoT device in the form of a command / message transmitted as a preamble / frame-sync or payload.

[0169] For example, in this specification, for A-IoT communication, at least one of the necessary characteristics of a carrier waveform for a carrier provided outside of an A-IoT device (including interference handling at an A-IoT device UL receiver and an NR base station) may be proposed. For example, in this specification, for A-IoT communication, at least one of paging, random access, data transmission including necessary radio resource control aspects complying with general range limitations, interaction with upper layers (e.g., RRC layer, NAS (non-access stratum) layer, application layer, etc.), device context management, data transmission, coexistence of A-IoT and 6G / NR / LTE, and / or RF requirements for A-IoT may be proposed.

[0170] For example, technical terms used in this disclosure may be as follows.

[0171] - SSB: Synchronization Signal Block

[0172] - MIB: Master Information Block

[0173] - RMSI: Remaining Minimum System Information

[0174] - FR1: Frequency Range 1. Refers to the frequency range of 6 GHz or lower (e.g., 450 MHz ~ 6000 MHz).

[0175] - FR2: Frequency Range 2. Refers to the millimeter wave (mmWave) region above 24 GHz (e.g., 24,250 MHz ~ 52,600 MHz).

[0176] - BW: Bandwidth

[0177] - BWP: Bandwidth Part

[0178] - RNTI: Radio Network Temporary Identifier

[0179] - CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

[0180] - SIB: System Information Block

[0181] - SIB1: SIB1 for NR devices (i.e., Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI)). Broadcasts information necessary for cell connection of NR terminals.

[0182] - CORESET: Control Resource Set. The time / frequency resource when the NR terminal attempts candidate PDCCH decoding.

[0183] - CORESET#0: CORESET for Type0-PDCCH CSS set for NR devices (configured in MIB)

[0184] - Type0-PDCCH CSS set: a search space set in which an NR UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI

[0185] - MO: PDCCH Monitoring Occasion for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0186] - SIB1-R: (additional) SIB1 for reduced capability NR devices. This may be limited to cases where it is created as a separate TB from SIB1 and transmitted via a separate PDSCH.

[0187] - CORESET#0-R: CORESET#0 for reduced capability NR devices

[0188] - Type0-PDCCH-R CSS set: a search space set in which a redcap UE monitors a set of PDCCH candidates for a DCI format with CRC scrambled by a SI-RNTI

[0189] - MO-R: PDCCH Monitoring Occasion for Type0-PDCCH CSS set

[0190] - Cell defining SSB (CD-SSB): An NR SSB that includes RMSI scheduling information

[0191] - Non-cell defining SSB (non-CD-SSB): Refers to an SSB deployed in an NR sync raster that does not include the corresponding cell's RMSI scheduling information for measurement purposes. However, it may include information indicating the location of the cell defining SSB.

[0192] - SCS: subcarrier spacing

[0193] - SI-RNTI: System Information Radio-Network Temporary Identifier

[0194] - Camp on: “Camp on” is the UE state in which the UE stays on a cell and is ready to initiate a potential dedicated service or to receive an ongoing broadcast service.

[0195] - TB: Transport Block

[0196] - RSA (Redcap standalone): Redcap device 또는 service만 지원하는 cell.

[0197] - SIB1(-R)-PDSCH: SIB1(-R)을 전송하는 PDSCH

[0198] - SIB1(-R)-DCI: SIB1(-R)-PDSCH를 scheduling하는 DCI. DCI format 1_0 with CRC scrambled by SI-RNTI.

[0199] - SIB1(-R)-PDCCH: SIB1(-R)-DCI를 전송하는 PDCCH

[0200] - FDRA: Frequency Domain Resource Allocation

[0201] - TDRA: Time Domain Resource Allocation

[0202] - RA: Random Access

[0203] - MSGA: preamble and payload transmissions of the random access procedure for 2-step RA type.

[0204] - MSGB: response to MSGA in the 2-step random access procedure. MSGB may consist of response(s) for contention resolution, fallback indication(s), and backoff indication.

[0205] - RO-N: normal UE 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH(if configured)를 위한 RO(RACH Occasion)

[0206] - RO-N1, RO-N2: When separate ROs are configured for normal UE 2-step RACH, they are distinguished as RO-N1 (4-step) and RO-N2 (2-step).

[0207] - RO-R: RO (RACH Occasion) configured separately from RO-N for RedCap UE 4-step RACH and 2-step RACH (if configured)

[0208] - RO-R1, RO-R2: When separate ROs are configured for Redcap UE 2-step RACH, they are distinguished as RO-R1 (4-step) and RO-R2 (2-step).

[0209] - PG-R: MsgA-Preambles Group for redcap UEs

[0210] - RAR: Random Access Response

[0211] - RAR window: the time window to monitor RA response(s)

[0212] - FH: Frequency Hopping

[0213] - iBWP: initial BWP

[0214] - iBWP-DL(-UL): initial DL(UL) BWP

[0215] - iBWP-DL(-UL)-R: (separate) initial DL(UL) BWP for RedCap

[0216] - CS: Cyclic shift

[0217] - NB: Narrowband

[0218] - TO: Traffic Offloading

[0219] -mMTC; Massive Machine Type Communications

[0220] - eMBB: enhanced Mobile Broadband Communication

[0221] - URLLC: Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communication

[0222] - RedCap: Reduced Capability

[0223] - eRedCap: enhanced RedCap

[0224] - FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

[0225] - HD-FDD: Half-Duplex-FDD

[0226] - DRX: Discontinuous Reception

[0227] - RRC: Radio Resource Control

[0228] - RRM: Radio Resource Management

[0229] - MM: Mobility Management

[0230] - IWSN: Industrial Wireless Sensor Network

[0231] - LPWA: Low Power Wide Area

[0232] - RB: Resource Block

[0233] - CCE: Control Channel Element

[0234] - AL: Aggregation Level

[0235] - PRG: Physical Resource-block Group

[0236] - DFT-s-OFDM: DFT-spread OFDM

[0237] - PBCH: Physical Broadcast Channel

[0238] - A-PBCH: Additional PBCH

[0239] - BD: blind detection

[0240] - EPRE: Energy Per RE

[0241] - SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio

[0242] - TDM: Time Division Multiplexing

[0243] - FDM: Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0244] - DMRS: DeModulation Reference Signal

[0245] - TDD: Time Division Duplex

[0246] - PCI: Physical layer Cell ID

[0247] - EH: Energy Harvesting

[0248] - EH device: A device that operates based on EH. It may include all of Device A / B / C currently under discussion at 3GPP. Additionally, while the present invention primarily considers RF EH, the EH device does not necessarily have to be RF EH-based.

[0249] - ES: Energizing Signal. A signal / channel transmitted by a base station / IN / AN / UE for the purpose of supplying RF energy to a device operating on an RF-based energy harvesting basis. (Modulated) CW, NR / LTE DL / UL signals, etc. can be ES, and a dedicated signal / channel for ES can be designed to support it.

[0250] - ET: Energy Transfer

[0251] - CW: Carrier wave. Ambient IoT devices supporting backscattering-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating and backscattering the “externally provided” CW. Ambient IoT devices supporting independent signal generation-based UL transmission transmit information by modulating the “internally generated” CW. Unless otherwise noted, it is assumed to refer to the “externally provided” CW for backscattering. The CW can be used as an ES (Energizing Signal) for RF energy transfer.

[0252] - CWN: Carrier Wave Node. A node that provides the above CW. It may be a base station, IN, AN, or UE, and a separate CWN may exist for the purpose of providing CW.

[0253] - R: Reader / Interrogator. This is an RFID standard term. In the 3GPP Ambient IoT context, depending on the topology, gNBs / eNBs, intermediate / assisting nodes, UEs, etc., can act as readers. Furthermore, since Ambient IoT is not limited to 4G / 5G communication systems, it can include base stations, intermediate / assisting nodes, and UEs of next-generation communication systems. It may also refer to an Ambient IoT reader.

[0254] - T: Tag / ambient IoT device. It is an RFID standard term. In the present invention, it can be interchangeably used with EH device, and in the 3GPP Ambient IoT context, it mainly refers to Ambient IoT device, Device A / B / C.

[0255] - D: Ambient IoT device (may have the same meaning as T above)

[0256] - R=>T: Reader-to-Tag or Reader-to-Tag communication link. If the base station or intermediate / assisting node is the reader, it may have the same meaning as DL or forward link.

[0257] - R2D: R-to-D link (Can be synonymous with R=>T. Can be denoted as R=>D.)

[0258] - CW2D: CWN-to-D link (CW node to Ambient IoT device link)

[0259] - T=>R: Tag-to-Reader or Tag-to-Reader communication link. If the base station or intermediate / assisting node is the reader, it may have the same meaning as UL or reverse / backward link.

[0260] - D2R: May have the same meaning as T=>R. Can be written as D=>R.

[0261] - R<=>T: Includes cases of R=>T and T=>R, or R=>T or T=>R. May apply to both R=>T and T=>R.

[0262] - R<=>D: Includes cases of R2D and D2R, or R2D or D2R. May apply to both R2D and D2R. (May have the same meaning as R<=>T)

[0263] - RF-EH: RF energy harvesting

[0264] - PRDCH: Physical R2D CHannel (may be denoted as PR2DCH). Physical channel for R2D communication.

[0265] - PDRCH: Physical D2R CHannel (may be denoted as PD2RCH). Physical channel for D2R communication.

[0266] - BS: Base Station

[0267] - IN: Intermediate node. In Topology 2 (BS ↔ IN ↔ Ambient IoT device), IN acts as a reader. Relays, IABs, UEs, repeaters, etc., can be INs.

[0268] - AN: Assisting node. It can assist with DL transmission in Topology 3-1 (BS AN Ambient IoT device BS) or assist with UL transmission in Topology 3-2 (BS Ambient IoT device AN BS). Relays, IABs, UEs, repeaters, etc. can be ANs.

[0269] - UE: User Equipment. In the case of LTE, NR, or next-generation communication systems, it refers to the LTE, NR, or next-generation communication system UE / terminal, respectively. It is a general wireless communication terminal form distinct from Ambient IoT devices or Devices A / B / C. In Topology 4 (UE ↔ Ambient IoT device), the UE acts as a reader.

[0270] - Device: Unless otherwise noted, and when used alone, it refers to the EH device, Ambient IoT device, or Device A / B / C without distinction.

[0271] - AmIoT: Ambient IoT (=A-IoT)

[0272] - F-gap: Frequency gap

[0273] - T-gap: Time gap

[0274] - TD: Time Domain

[0275] - FD: Frequency Domain

[0276] - PEI: Paging Early Indication

[0277] - LP-WUS: Low-Power Wake-Up Signal

[0278] - LP-SS: Low-Power Synchronization Signal

[0279] - RSRP: Reference Signal Received Power

[0280] - ESRP: ES Received Power. May refer to RSRP measured using ES. May have the same meaning as ES-RSRP.

[0281] - PRB: Physical Resource Block

[0282] - EH circuit: A circuit that performs EH operation. An EH device can be viewed as including the EH circuit as a component.

[0283] - PHR: Power Headroom Report

[0284] - EHR: Energy Headroom Report

[0285] - BPF: Band-Pass Filter

[0286] - SM: Subcarrier Modulation

[0287] - FS: Frequency Shift. In FDD, it can be divided into small FS, which is performed within a small range (e.g., hundreds of kHz) within the DL spectrum or UL spectrum (mainly by baseband processing), and large FS, which is performed within a relatively large range (e.g., tens of MHz) from DL to UL spectrum or from UL to DL spectrum.

[0288] - SFO: Sampling Frequency Offset

[0289] - ASK: Amplitude Shift Keying

[0290] -DSB-ASK: Double-SideBand ASK

[0291] -SSB-ASK: Single-SideBand ASK

[0292] - PR-ASK: Phase-Reversal ASK

[0293] - OOK: On-Off Keying

[0294] - PSK: Phase-Shift Keying

[0295] - BPSK: Binary-PSK

[0296] - FSK: Frequency-Shift Keying

[0297] - B-FSK: Binary FSK

[0298] - M-FSK: M-ary FSK

[0299] - PIE: Pulse-Interval Encoding

[0300] - Ncp-ofdm, Ncp, Nu: Sample unit lengths of the CP-OFDM symbol segment, CP segment, and useful OFDM symbol segment, respectively, in the CP-OFDM symbol. Ncp-ofdm = Ncp + Nu

[0301] - ME: Manchester Encoding

[0302] Ultra High Frequency (UHF) passive RFID communication (ISO 18000-6C) can be considered as a standardized conventional technology with a communication method similar to Ambient IoT communication. For R=>T communication, this UHF passive RFID supports Pulse-Interval Encoding (PIE) as the data encoding method and DSB-ASK and / or SSB-ASK and / or PR-ASK as the modulation method. Additionally, for T=>R communication, it supports FM0 baseband encoding and Miller modulated subcarrier methods as the data encoding methods and ASK and / or PSK-based backscatter modulation methods as the modulation method.

[0303] In addition, UHF passive RFID supports Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) functionality, and two types of CRC codes, CRC-16 and CRC-5, are supported. The Tag uses CRC to verify the validity of R=>T commands, and the interrogator / reader uses CRC to verify the validity of backscattered T=>R replies.

[0304] Meanwhile, to support Ambient IoT in 4G / 5G / 6G communication systems, it is necessary to determine data encoding and modulation methods that take into account requirements different from conventional UHF passive RFID, device types, (spectrum) deployment scenarios, connectivity topologies, design targets, and functions. In addition, the issue of coexistence with efficient 4G / 5G / 6G communication systems must also be given important consideration.

[0305] The present specification proposes a method for supporting AmIoT iterative transmission and / or a method for supporting an error detection code for AmIoT communication, taking into account the points mentioned above.

[0306] The methods proposed in this specification can be applied to both topology 1 and topology 2. They can also be applied to both deployment scenario 1 and deployment scenario 2. To support Ambient IoT communication in 4G / 5G / 6G communication systems, the following combinations of topology, deployment scenario, and CW node type (CW inside topology or CW outside topology) are being considered.

[0307] Figure 7 is an example showing a combination of Deployment scenario 1 and topology 1 with various CWs.

[0308] Referring to Fig. 7, it can be seen that in Deployment scenario 1 and topology 1 (indoor BS and indoor AIoT device), i) the case where the external CW is inside the topology (D1T1-A), ii) the case where the external CW is outside the topology (D1T1-B), and iii) the case where there is no external CW (in other words, the case where D2R is transmitted using an internally generated CW, D1T1-C) are considered.

[0309] D1T1-A can be considered in cases i) where the CW2D / R2D and D2R nodes are different (D1T1-A1 in Fig. 7) and ii) where the CW and R nodes for CW2D, D2R, and R2D are the same (D1T1-A2 in Fig. 7).

[0310] Specifically, D1T1-A1 represents the case where i) CW of CW2D and R of D2R are different, ii) CW of CW2D and R of R2D are the same, and iii) R of R2D and R of D2R are different.

[0311] D1T1-B represents the case where i) CW of CW2D and R of D2R are different, ii) CW of CW2D and R of R2D are different, and iii) R of R2D and R of D2R are the same.

[0312] D1T1-C can be considered only for device 2b.

[0313] Figure 8 is an example showing a combination of Deployment scenario 2 and topology 2 with various CWs.

[0314] Referring to Fig. 8, it can be seen that in Deployment scenario 2 and topology 2 (outdoor BS, Indoor Intermediate UE and Indoor AIoT device), i) the case where the external CW is inside the topology (D2T2-A), ii) the case where the external CW is outside the topology (D2T2-B), and iii) the case where there is no external CW (i.e., when D2R is transmitted using an internally generated CW, D2T2-C).

[0315] D2T2-A can be considered in cases i) where the CW2D / R2D and D2R nodes are different (D2T2-A1 in FIG. 8) and ii) where the CW and R nodes for CW2D, D2R, and R2D are the same (D2T2-A2 in FIG. 8).

[0316] Specifically, D2T2-A1 represents the case where i) CW of CW2D and R of D2R are different, ii) CW of CW2D and R of R2D are the same, and iii) R of R2D and R of D2R are different.

[0317] D2T2-B represents the case where i) CW of CW2D and R of D2R are different, ii) CW of CW2D and R of R2D are different, and iii) R of R2D and R of D2R are the same.

[0318] D2T2-C can be considered only for device 2b.

[0319] Ambient IoT intends to define the following three types of A-IoT devices first and support them sequentially (TR 38.796).

[0320]

[0321] In addition, to support outdoor scenarios, we intend to additionally support Device C having the following features.

[0322]

[0323] In this specification, “AmIoT device type” may include at least the above-described Device 1 / 2a / 2b / C.

[0324] <AmIoT 통신을 위한 변조 심볼(modulation symbol) 생성 방법>

[0325] FIG. 9 is an example illustrating the process of generating OOK (On-Off Keying) based modulation symbols for ambient IoT communication and mapping the generated OOK symbols to OFDM symbols. Specifically, FIG. 9 illustrates the process of generating OOK symbols and mapping them to OFDM symbols assuming a 1.92 MHz sampling clock and M=4. Here, M represents the number of chips per OFDM symbol.

[0326] The OOK method can be supported for AmIoT R2D transmission. In addition, to support such OOK-based AmIoT communication based on the 3GPP communication system and to support various bit rates according to service / use case, a method of generating and transmitting M (an integer greater than 1) OOK symbol(s) for AmIoT communication within the (OFDM) symbol duration supported by the 3GPP communication system can be supported.

[0327] For example, based on NR 15kHz SCS, the following M values ​​and corresponding bit rates may be supported. The second column of Table 5 shows the transmission bandwidth according to the M value, and the fourth and fifth columns show the maximum bit rate in kbps when using ME and PIE, respectively.

[0328]

[0329] <Ambient IoT 통신을 위한 D2R chip duration 결정 방법>

[0330] For D2R transmission of ambient IoT devices, D2R line coding methods and small frequency shift (small FS) application methods as shown in Table 6 below are being considered.

[0331]

[0332] Among the three small FS application methods mentioned above, the method in which no D2R line coding is used (no D2R line coding with square-wave modulation) can also be described as shown in Table 7 below. In this case, the relationship between the information bit duration (Tb), D2R chip duration (Tc), frequency shift factor (FS factor, R), and frequency shift value (FS value) is illustrated in FIG. 10. In this specification, 'information bit duration' can be replaced / interpreted as 'duration of a D2R bit for transmission', and 'frequency shift factor' can be replaced / interpreted as 'small frequency shift factor'.

[0333]

[0334] Figure 10 is an example showing the relationship between the information bit duration, D2R chip duration, frequency shift factor, and frequency shift value in a method where the D2R line code is not used.

[0335] In Fig. 10, the size of the small FS (SFS in Fig. 10) is R / T b =1 / (2*T c ) and, where the number of square wave periods R=T b / (2*T c)am.

[0336] In D2R transmission, a chip refers to a symbol unit to which OOK or BPSK modulation is applied. Additionally, the D2R chip duration Tc has relationships with the FS value, FS factor R, and information bit duration Tb as shown in the following Equations 1 through 3. The FS factor R is defined in TR38.769 as the ratio of bit length to two times the chip length, as shown in Equation 1 below.

[0337]

[0338]

[0339]

[0340] The Reader can indicate the D2R chip duration Tc and FS factor R through R2D control information. The A-IoT device can determine the FS value (in Hz) for D2R transmission based on the D2R chip duration. The A-IoT device can also determine the data rate (1 / Tb) based on Tc and R. Based on the FS value and information bit duration (or data rate) determined in the above manner, the A-IoT device can generate a signal for D2R transmission and determine the frequency resources for D2R transmission to perform D2R transmission. The Reader can perform D2R reception by assuming D2R transmission frequency resources and chip / information bit duration based on the Tc, R values, etc. indicated in the above manner.

[0341] The D2R chip duration for A-IoT D2R transmission can be determined based on the following principles.

[0342] - The minimum D2R chip duration should be similar to or greater than 1 / (640*2kHz)=0.78us.

[0343] The minimum value of the D2R chip duration must be able to provide at least a maximum D2R data rate (640Hz) that can compete with RFID. To achieve a data rate greater than 640kHz, the minimum D2R chip duration must be less than 1 / (640*2kHz)=0.78us.

[0344] - The maximum D2R chip duration must be similar to or not less than 133.33 µs.

[0345] The maximum value of the D2R chip duration must be able to provide the minimum D2R data rate (1.25 kbbs at code rate 1 / 3) used in the coverage evaluation of the Rel-19 A-IoT study, and must ensure that the same coverage objective is met. The chip duration Tc corresponding to 1.25 kbps at code rate 1 / 3 and R=1 is calculated as 1 / (1.25 kbps) / 3 / (2 chips / bit) and is 133.33 µs per chip.

[0346] - The D2R chip duration is an integer multiple or integer submultiple of the R2D chip duration.

[0347] This is to prevent additional timing errors that may potentially occur when the D2R chip duration is derived from the R2D chip duration.

[0348] Based on the above principles, the maximum and minimum values ​​of the D2R chip duration supported for A-IoT D2R transmission, as well as specific values ​​in between, can be determined. For example, these D2R chip duration values ​​are predefined in the spec separately from the R2D chip duration values, and among the said D2R chip duration values, specific D2R chip duration value(s) can be directly instructed to the A-IoT device through R2D control information. As another example, instead of D2R chip duration values ​​being predefined in the spec, scaling factor value(s) are predefined in the spec, and a reader can instruct the A-IoT device to select specific scaling factor value(s) among the aforementioned scaling factor value(s) through R2D control information, and the A-IoT device can determine the D2R chip duration value(s) by referencing the separately instructed R2D chip duration value and the aforementioned specific scaling factor value(s) through R-TAS (e.g., by multiplying the R2D chip duration value and the aforementioned specific scaling factor value(s) together).

[0349] Subsequently, to explain the D2R chip duration values, Table 8 shows the R2D chip duration, D2R FS value, etc. according to the M value.

[0350]

[0351] Based on the above principle, the minimum value of the D2R chip duration can be defined / supported as follows.

[0352] Regarding the minimum D2R chip duration, assuming that D2R chip duration values ​​are integer or fractional multiples of R2D chip duration values, a minimum chip duration value of 0.52us (< 0.78us) can be achieved by dividing the minimum R2D chip duration of 2.08us by 4. To achieve this minimum D2R chip duration, a scaling factor of up to {1 / 4} can be supported. For example, a scaling factor of {1 / 2, 1 / 4} can be supported. Through the support of this minimum D2R chip duration, the maximum D2R FS value in A-IoT becomes 960Hz, which is greater than the maximum D2R FS value (640Hz) of RFID.

[0353] In addition, based on the above principle, the maximum value of the D2R chip duration can be defined / supported as follows.

[0354] Regarding the maximum D2R chip duration, to provide a minimum D2R data rate of 1.25kbps at a convolutional code rate of 1 / 3 and R=1, a D2R chip rate of 133.33us must be supported. This can be achieved by multiplying the R2D chip duration of 66.67us at M=1 by a scaling factor of 2. Therefore, the scaling factor must be supported up to a maximum of 2 (if supported). Alternatively, by applying PHY layer repetitions using a maximum R2D chip duration of 66.67us, a minimum D2R data rate of 1.25kbps can be achieved without supporting a D2R chip duration exceeding the maximum R2D chip duration value.

[0355] <Ambient IoT 통신을 위한 D2R small FS value 결정 방법>

[0356] The D2R small FS factor R values ​​and / or small FS values ​​for A-IoT D2R transmission can be determined by considering all or some of the following factors.

[0357] - Device sampling frequency

[0358] - maximum D2R chip duration (in other words, minimum transmission bandwidth)

[0359] - Device multiplexing capacity

[0360] - device SFO

[0361] - Odd harmonics

[0362] - Signaling overhead

[0363] - Power consumption

[0364] - Spectral efficiency

[0365] For example, the small FS factor R value(s) can be determined based on the duration for D2R transmission. As a specific example, since the small FS factor R has the relationship of the D2R chip duration Tc and the above Equation 1, the small FS factor R value(s) can be determined based on the D2R chip duration Tc. As another specific example, since the small FS factor R has the relationship of the above Equation 1 with the Information bit duration (or duration of a D2R bit) Tb, the small FS factor R value(s) can be determined based on the Information bit duration (or duration of a D2R bit) Tb.

[0366] Considering the above aspects, the maximum and minimum values ​​of the small FS factor for D2R transmission can be defined / indicated as follows.

[0367] For Small FS for D2R transmission, as explained above, the FS value (Hz) = 1 / 2Tc = R / Tb. The Maximum FS value must be smaller than the sampling frequency (Fs), or alternatively, Rmax / Tb <Fs를 만족해야 한다. Chip duration당 하나 이상의 샘플들을 보장하기 위하여, Tc / Ts=Tb / (2Rmax)*Fs> It must be 1, where Ts is the sampling period, which is 1 / Fs. Rearranging the above equation, Rmax <Tb / 2*Fs=Fs / Btx,D2R이 된다. 일 예로, 샘플링 클록(sampling clock)이 1.92MHz이고 minimum Btx,D2R=15kHz라고 가정하면, Rmax는 128보다 작아야 한다. Minimum R value는 1이어야 하며, 이는 맨체스터 인코딩(Manchester encoding)을 적용하는 것과 동일하다.

[0368] As shown in Table 9, the following two methods are considered for determining candidate R values ​​by considering odd harmonics.

[0369]

[0370] Based on Alt. 1 and / or Alt. 2 of Table 9 above, a set of R values ​​can be supported / indicated as follows.

[0371] Considering the device sampling frequency, min Btx, D2R, and signaling overhead for indicating R, a set of R values ​​less than 128 may be supported based on A1t 1. In other words, R={1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64} may be supported. Or, based on Alt. 1 and Alt. 2, a (sub)set of R values ​​(e.g., R values ​​less than or equal to 16) may be supported, for example, R={1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16} may be supported.

[0372] For A-IoT, the set of R values ​​determined / instructed by the above methods may be predefined in standard specifications as follows, or set by R2D control information.

[0373] The set of supported R values ​​may be predefined in standard specifications or set by R2D control information, and the reader may indicate one of the R values ​​included in the set through the R2D control information. Alternatively, the A-IoT device may select one from the set of predefined or set R values. Alternatively, the reader may additionally select a subset of the set of predefined or set R values ​​and may indicate, through the R2D control information, a subset of R values ​​to be used in a procedure (e.g., an inventory procedure, a data access procedure, etc.).

[0374] In this specification, R2D control information may include i) L1 R2D control information, ii) L2 R2D control information transmitted through R2D data, MAC CE and / or higher layer control information, and / or iii) control information indicated through R2D preamble (R-TAS) / midamble / postamble or broadcast information. In this case, the L1 R2D control information may be i) transmitted together with R2D data on a PRDCH, ii) transmitted on a PRDCH separate from R2D data, or iii) transmitted on a channel / signal separate from the PRDCH.

[0375] For example, the above R2D control information can be transmitted via a MAC message.

[0376] For example, the MAC message may be any one of an A-IoT paging message, an access trigger message, a random ID response message, and an R2D upper layer data transfer message.

[0377] For example, the MAC message may include i) information related to the set of small frequency shift factors (e.g., a Frequency Resource Indication field, etc.) and / or ii) information related to the duration for the D2R transmission (e.g., a D2R chip duration and / or a D2R bit duration field, etc.) (e.g., a D2R chip duration field and / or a D2R bit duration field).

[0378] Various embodiments of the present specification (e.g., a method for determining D2R chip duration and / or a method for determining D2R small FS value, etc.) may be combined with each other.

[0379] In terms of implementation, the operations of the first device (e.g., Reader, base station (BS), intermediate node (IN), auxiliary node (AN), terminal (UE) / Ambient IoT Device) / second device (e.g., Ambient IoT Device / Reader, base station, intermediate node, auxiliary node, terminal) according to the embodiments described above can be processed by the device of FIG. 13 (e.g., the processor (110, 210) of FIG. 13).

[0380] In addition, the operations of the first device (e.g., Reader, base station, intermediate node, auxiliary node, terminal / Ambient IoT Device) / second device (e.g., Ambient IoT Device / Reader, base station, intermediate node, auxiliary node, terminal) according to the above-described embodiment may be stored in memory (e.g., 140, 240 of FIG. 13) in the form of instructions / programs (e.g., instruction, executable code) for driving at least one processor (e.g., processor (110, 210) of FIG. 13).

[0381] The embodiments described above will be explained in detail below with reference to FIGS. 11 and 12 in terms of the operation of a first device (e.g., Reader, base station, intermediate node, auxiliary node, terminal / Ambient IoT Device) and a second device (e.g., Ambient IoT Device / Reader, base station, intermediate node, auxiliary node, terminal). The methods described below are distinguished only for convenience of explanation, and it is understood that a part of one method may be substituted with a part of another method or combined with one another and applied.

[0382] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to one embodiment of the present specification.

[0383] Referring to FIG. 11, a method according to one embodiment of the present specification includes a PRDCH receiving step (S1110) and a D2R transmission performing step (S1130).

[0384] In S1110, the device receives a Physical Reader-to-Device Channel (PRDCH) from the reader.

[0385] For example, the PRDCH may include reader-device control information (R2D control information). In this case, the R2D control information may include i) L1 R2D control information transmitted via layer 1 control signaling, ii) control information transmitted via R2D data, and / or iii) control information transmitted via R2D preamble (e.g., R-TAS), midamble, postamble, or broadcast information.

[0386] For example, the control information transmitted through the above R2D data may include layer 2 control information (L2 R2D control information), MAC control elements (MAC Control Element, MAC CE) and / or higher layer control information.

[0387] For example, the L1 R2D control information may be transmitted i) together with the R2D data on a PRDCH, ii) transmitted on a PRDCH separate from the R2D data, or iii) transmitted through a channel and / or signal separate from the R2D data.

[0388] The above PRDCH includes information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0389] For example, R2D control information transmitted over the above PRDCH can be transmitted via MAC messages.

[0390] For example, the MAC message may be any one of an A-IoT paging message, an access trigger message, a random ID response message, and an R2D upper layer data transfer message.

[0391] For example, the MAC message may include information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors (e.g., Frequency Resource Indication, etc.).

[0392] In S1130, the device performs a device-to-reader transmission (D2R transmission) to the reader.

[0393] The above D2R transmission is generated based on the value of a small frequency shift factor determined among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0394] The maximum value among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors is determined based on the duration of a D2R bit.

[0395] For example, the above PRDCH may further include information related to the duration of the above D2R bit.

[0396] As a specific example, information related to the duration of the D2R bit may include information regarding the duration of a D2R chip and / or information regarding the duration of the D2R bit. Since the duration of the D2R bit (Tb), the value of the small frequency shift factor (R), and the duration of the D2R chip (Tc) have the relationship 'Tb=R*(2Tc)' (see Equation 3 above), when the device receives information regarding the duration of the D2R chip via PRDCH, the device may determine / calculate the duration of the D2R bit based on the duration of the D2R chip. Alternatively, the device may receive information regarding the duration of the D2R bit via PRDCH.

[0397] This embodiment may be based on the above-described 'method for determining D2R small FS value (for Ambient IoT communication)'.

[0398] According to one embodiment, the D2R transmission may be composed of a plurality of chips.

[0399] For example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be set based on the duration of a reader-device chip. In this case, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be set based on i) the value of the small frequency shift factor and ii) the duration of the D2R bit.

[0400] For example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be set to a value having an integer ratio relationship with respect to the duration of the R2D chip.

[0401] As a specific example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be set to i) an integer multiple of the duration of the R2D chip or ii) an integer submultiple of the duration of the R2D chip.

[0402] For example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be determined based on a range between the minimum duration of the D2R chip and the maximum duration of the D2R chip.

[0403] As a specific example, the minimum duration of the D2R chip can be determined based on the minimum duration of the R2D chip.

[0404] As a specific example, the maximum duration of the D2R chip can be determined based on the maximum duration of the R2D chip.

[0405] This embodiment may be based on the above-described 'method for determining D2R chip duration (for Ambient IoT communication)'.

[0406] The operation based on the above-described S1110 to S1130 can be implemented by the device of FIG. 13.

[0407] For example, referring to FIG. 13, the device (200) can control one or more transceivers (230) and / or one or more memories (240) to perform operations based on S1110 to S1130.

[0408] The embodiments described above will be explained in detail below in terms of base station operation.

[0409] S1210 to S1230 described below correspond to S1110 to S1130 described in FIG. 11. Considering the above correspondence, redundant descriptions are omitted. The specific description of the reader operation described below may be replaced by the description / embodiment of FIG. 11 corresponding to the operation.

[0410] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating a method according to another embodiment of the present specification.

[0411] Referring to FIG. 12, a method according to another embodiment of the present specification includes a PRDCH transmission step (S1210) and a D2R transmission reception step (S1230).

[0412] In S1210, the reader transmits the Physical Reader-to-Device Channel (PRDCH) to the device.

[0413] The above PRDCH includes information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0414] In S1230, the reader receives a Device-to-Reader Transmission from the device.

[0415] The above D2R transmission is generated based on the value of a small frequency shift factor determined among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors.

[0416] The maximum value among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors is determined based on the duration of a D2R bit.

[0417] For example, the above PRDCH may further include information related to the duration of the above D2R bit.

[0418] As a specific example, information related to the duration of the D2R bit may include information regarding the duration of a D2R chip and / or information regarding the duration of the D2R bit. Since the duration of the D2R bit (Tb), the value of the small frequency shift factor (R), and the duration of the D2R chip (Tc) have the relationship 'Tb = R * (2Tc)', when the reader transmits / instructs the device with information regarding the duration of the D2R chip via PRDCH, the device may determine / calculate the duration of the D2R bit based on the duration of the D2R chip. Alternatively, the reader may transmit information regarding the duration of the D2R bit to the device via PRDCH.

[0419] According to one embodiment, the D2R transmission may be composed of a plurality of chips.

[0420] For example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be set based on the duration of a reader-device chip. In this case, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be set based on i) the value of the small frequency shift factor and ii) the duration of the D2R bit.

[0421] For example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips can be set to a value having an integer ratio relationship with respect to the duration of the R2D chip.

[0422] For example, the duration of each of the plurality of chips may be determined based on a range between the minimum duration of the D2R chip and the maximum duration of the D2R chip.

[0423] As a specific example, the minimum duration of the D2R chip can be determined based on the minimum duration of the R2D chip.

[0424] As a specific example, the maximum duration of the D2R chip can be determined based on the maximum duration of the R2D chip.

[0425] Operations based on the above-described S1210 to S1230 can be implemented by the device of FIG. 13. For example, referring to FIG. 13, the second device (100) can control one or more transceivers (130) and / or one or more memories (140) to perform operations based on S1210 to S1230.

[0426] The operations / terms based on the embodiments described above are described assuming a 5G system. However, this is for the convenience of explanation and is not intended to limit the scope of application of the technical problems and means for solving problems to be solved by this specification to a specific system. The technical problems / technical issues / problems mentioned in this specification may exist in other systems (e.g., 6G systems). It is evident that the embodiments of this specification can be extended to solve problems that exist in other systems as well. Therefore, for the extended application of the embodiments of this specification to other systems, terms defined / described based on a 5G system may be replaced / changed with terms defined in other systems (or generalized terms not specific to one system).

[0427] Hereinafter, an apparatus to which the embodiments of the present specification can be applied (an apparatus implementing the method / operation according to the embodiments of the present specification) will be described with reference to FIG. 13.

[0428] FIG. 13 is a drawing showing the configuration of a first device and a second device according to an embodiment of the present specification.

[0429] The first device (100) may include a processor (110), an antenna unit (120), a transceiver (130), and a memory (140).

[0430] The processor (110) performs baseband-related signal processing and may include an upper layer processing unit (111) and a physical layer processing unit (115). The upper layer processing unit (111) may process operations of the MAC layer, RRC layer, or higher upper layers. The physical layer processing unit (115) may process operations of the PHY layer. For example, if the first device (100) is a base station device in base station-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (115) may perform uplink reception signal processing, downlink transmission signal processing, etc. For example, if the first device (100) is a first terminal device in terminal-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (115) may perform downlink reception signal processing, uplink transmission signal processing, sidelink transmission signal processing, etc. In addition to performing baseband-related signal processing, the processor (110) may also control the overall operation of the first device (100).

[0431] The antenna section (120) may include one or more physical antennas, and if it includes multiple antennas, it may support MIMO transmission and reception. The transceiver (130) may include an RF (Radio Frequency) transmitter and an RF receiver. The memory (140) may store information processed by the processor (110) and software, operating systems, applications, etc. related to the operation of the first device (100), and may include components such as a buffer.

[0432] The processor (110) of the first device (100) may be configured to implement the operation of the base station in base station-terminal communication (or the operation of the first terminal device in terminal-terminal communication) in the embodiments described herein.

[0433] The second device (200) may include a processor (210), an antenna unit (220), a transceiver (230), and a memory (240).

[0434] The processor (210) performs baseband-related signal processing and may include an upper layer processing unit (211) and a physical layer processing unit (215). The upper layer processing unit (211) may process operations of the MAC layer, RRC layer, or higher upper layers. The physical layer processing unit (215) may process operations of the PHY layer. For example, if the second device (200) is a terminal device in base station-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (215) may perform downlink reception signal processing, uplink transmission signal processing, etc. For example, if the second device (200) is a second terminal device in terminal-terminal communication, the physical layer processing unit (215) may perform downlink reception signal processing, uplink transmission signal processing, sidelink reception signal processing, etc. In addition to performing baseband-related signal processing, the processor (210) may also control the overall operation of the second device (210).

[0435] The antenna section (220) may include one or more physical antennas, and may support MIMO transmission and reception if it includes multiple antennas. The transceiver (230) may include an RF transmitter and an RF receiver. The memory (240) may store information processed by the processor (210) and software, operating systems, applications, etc. related to the operation of the second device (200), and may include components such as a buffer.

[0436] The processor (210) of the second device (200) may be configured to implement the operation of the terminal in base station-terminal communication (or the operation of the second terminal device in terminal-terminal communication) in the embodiments described herein.

[0437] In the operation of the first device (100) and the second device (200), the details described in the examples of this specification regarding the base station and terminal in base station-terminal communication (or the first terminal and the second terminal in terminal-terminal communication) may be applied in the same way, and redundant descriptions are omitted.

[0438] Here, wireless communication technology implemented in the device of this specification may include LTE, NR, and 6G, as well as Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology and may be implemented according to standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and / or LTE Cat NB2, but is not limited to the names mentioned above.

[0439] Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of this specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be referred to by various names such as eMTC (enhanced Machine Type Communication). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-Bandwidth Limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and / or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the names mentioned above.

[0440] Additionally or generally, the wireless communication technology implemented in the device of this specification may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) for low-power communication, but is not limited to the names mentioned above. For example, ZigBee technology can create personal area networks (PANs) related to small / low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4 and may be referred to by various names.

Claims

1. In a method performed by a device, A step of receiving a Physical Reader-to-Device Channel (PRDCH) from a reader; and The step of performing device-to-reader transmission (D2R transmission) with the above reader; The above PRDCH includes information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors, and The above D2R transmission is generated based on the value of a small frequency shift factor determined among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors, and A method characterized in that the maximum value among the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors is determined based on the duration of a D2R bit.

2. In Paragraph 1, A method characterized in that the above PRDCH further includes information related to the duration of the above D2R bit.

3. In Paragraph 1, The above D2R transmission is composed of multiple chips, and A method characterized in that the duration of each of the plurality of chips is set based on the duration of a reader-device chip.

4. In Paragraph 3, A method characterized in that the duration of each of the plurality of chips is set based on i) the value of the small frequency shift factor and ii) the duration of the D2R bit.

5. In Paragraph 3, A method characterized in that the duration of each of the plurality of chips is set to a value having an integer ratio relationship with respect to the duration of the R2D chip.

6. In Paragraph 3, The duration of each of the plurality of chips is determined based on a range between the minimum duration of the D2R chip and the maximum duration of the D2R chip, and The minimum duration of the above D2R chip is determined based on the minimum duration of the above R2D chip, and A method characterized in that the maximum duration of the D2R chip is determined based on the maximum duration of the R2D chip.

7. Regarding the device, One or more transmitters / receivers; One or more processors; and It includes one or more memories connected to the above one or more processors and storing instructions, A device characterized by the above instructions enabling the device to perform all steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, based on execution by the one or more processors.

8. A device comprising one or more memories and one or more processors connected to the one or more memories, A device characterized in that the one or more of the above memories store instructions that cause the device to perform all steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6, based on execution by the one or more processors.

9. In a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium for storing instructions, A non-transient computer-readable storage medium characterized by instructions executable by one or more processors such that the device performs all steps of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

10. In a method performed by a reader, A step of transmitting a Physical Reader-to-Device Channel (PRDCH) to a device; and The method includes the step of receiving a device-to-reader transmission from the above device; The above PRDCH includes information related to the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors, and The above D2R transmission is generated based on the value of a small frequency shift factor determined among the values ​​of the one or more small frequency shift factors, and A method characterized in that the maximum value among the values ​​of one or more small frequency shift factors is determined based on the duration of a D2R bit.

11. In Paragraph 10, A method characterized in that the above PRDCH further includes information related to the duration of the above D2R bit.

12. In Paragraph 10, The above D2R transmission is composed of multiple chips, and A method characterized in that the duration of each of the plurality of chips is set based on the duration of a reader-device chip.

13. In Paragraph 12, A method characterized in that the duration of each of the plurality of chips is set based on i) the value of the small frequency shift factor and ii) the duration of the D2R bit.

14. In Paragraph 12, A method characterized in that the duration of each of the plurality of chips is set to a value having an integer ratio relationship with respect to the duration of the R2D chip.

15. In Paragraph 12, The duration of each of the plurality of chips is determined based on a range between the minimum duration of the D2R chip and the maximum duration of the D2R chip, and The minimum duration of the above D2R chip is determined based on the minimum duration of the above R2D chip, and A method characterized in that the maximum duration of the D2R chip is determined based on the maximum duration of the R2D chip.

16. Regarding readers, One or more transmitters / receivers; One or more processors; and It includes one or more memories connected to the above one or more processors and storing instructions, A reader characterized by the above instructions, based on execution by the one or more processors, having the reader perform all steps of the method according to any one of claims 10 to 15.

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