Measurement quantities and layer 3 filtering coefficients for ai / ML data collection and RRM measurements

Abstract

Systems and methods for measurement quantities and layer 3 filtering coefficients for Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) data collection and Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements are provided In some embodiments, a wireless device: receives a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; and reports the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results. In some embodiments, this allows the network to use different L3 filter coefficient values when configuring measurements for RRM and for data collection. The network can receive data collected by the wireless device with no L3 filter applied. The network can reuse the same collected dataset to train the AIML model for different scenarios, by applying different values of L3 filtering.

Description

MEASUREMENT QUANTITIES AND LAYER 3 FILTERING COEFFICIENTS FOR AI / ML DATA COLLECTION AND RRM MEASUREMENTSRELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 777,541, filed March 25, 2025, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to reporting measurements.BACKGROUND

[0003] Artificial Intelligence (Al) and Machine Learning (ML) have been investigated, both in academia and industry, as promising tools to optimize the design of the air-interface in wireless communication networks. Example use cases include using autoencoders for Channel State Information (CSI) compression to reduce the feedback overhead and improve channel prediction accuracy; using deep neural networks for classifying Line-of-Sight (LOS) and Non-LOS (NLOS) conditions to enhance the positioning accuracy; and using reinforcement learning for beam selection at the network side and / or the User Equipment (UE) side to reduce the signaling overhead and beam alignment latency; using deep reinforcement learning to learn an optimal precoding policy for complex Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) precoding problems.

[0004] In 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) New Radio (NR) standardization work, a new release 18 study item on AI / ML for the NR air interface started in May 2022. This study item will explore the benefits of augmenting the air-interface with features enabling improved support of AI / ML based algorithms for enhanced performance and / or reduced complexity / overhead. Through studying a few selected use cases (CSI feedback, beam management, and positioning), this study item aims at laying the foundation for future air-interface use cases leveraging AI / ML techniques. The analysis carried out during the Rel.18 is now considered in the context of Rel.19. Additionally, during the Rel. 19, a new study item addressing AI / ML for mobility has been approved. In the context of this new study item, 3GPP is investigating methods for cell-level and / or beam-level RRM measurement predictions, and mobility event predictions (e.g., RLF, handover failure, mobility-related events predictions such as A3 / A5).

[0005] Data collection

[0006] Data collection is an essential tool that allows the training entity to generate a model suitable for a specific device. In particular, related to the case of AIML applied to RAN use cases, e.g., beam management, positioning accuracy enhancements, cell / frequency level measurement predictions, mobility event predictions, the AIML model could be UE-sided, i.e., tailored for specific UEs, or network (NW)-sided, e.g., tailored for specific gNBs or for. In order for RAN schemes based on AIML models to outperform conventional non-AIML based schemes, it is necessary that the device (UE or gNB in this case) collects data so that the training entity can generate a model suitable for the device inference. Otherwise, if the collected data set during the training does not match the inputs during the inference, then it is proven that AIML may not provide the expected benefits.

[0007] Related to NW-side models, it has been assumed so far in 3GPP that the gNB and / or the 0AM will be in charge of that. In the context of AIML for physical layer measurements, if the gNB is responsible for the data collection, it is assumed that the gNB may configure the UE with a set of resources, e.g., CSLRS resources or SSB resource sets in which the UE should collect measurements for a certain amount of time. Then the UE will report what measured to the gNB, e.g., via RRC signalling. Then the training can be performed in the gNB itself, or in another node controlled by the gNB-vendor, e.g., an OTT server handled by the gNB-vendor. Similar approach would apply for the case in which the 0AM does the NW-side training. In this case, the 0AM may request the gNB to provide to the UE a certain configuration according to which the UE should perform certain measurements, and collect data. Once the data collection is completed, the UE will transfer the collected data to the 0AM, e.g., using the MDT framework such as the immediate MDT or the logged MDT.

[0008] From an operation point of view, performing data collection implies that the UE logs the data intended for the NW-side model training, and stores them in the local memory. Since such type of data do not have any stringent latency requirement, it is beneficial for the UE and for the network (e.g., in terms of UE power consumption, or spectral efficiency) if the UE could log the measured data, e.g., the beam / cell / frequency level qualities, and transmit them at a later point in time, rather than transmitting them immediately upon performing the corresponding measurement (as it is for example for conventional LI measurements which are transmitted on UCI). That reduces the power consumed by the UE to continuously access the channel to transmit data that do not have stringent latency requirements, and also reduces the impact on the spectral efficiency which instead can be used for transmission of data that have higher priority or more stringent latency requirements.

[0009] In the context of AIML for physical layer, since the objective is to train an AIML model for beam management, and hence based on data collected at layer- 1, it was decided in 3 GPP to enable the UE to transmit the logged LI measurements (i.e., beam level measurements) via RRC signalling, e.g., periodically, or potentially based on events or upon network request, thereby avoiding the complexity and inefficiency of reporting over the LI as outlined above. The logging of measurements implies that the UE would need to send this logged data in multiple RRC messages. In particular, the preferred framework to transfer this data from the UE to the network is based on the UEInformationRequest / UEInformationResponse, wherein the gNB request the collected data from the UE, and the UE transmits them upon receiving such request. Further, this framework allows the UE to signal to the gNB a “measurement availability indication” indicating the availability of additional logged data in the UE memory, so that the network can transmit a successive UEInformationRequest for the transmission of other portions of logged data. Related to when to start the data logging, the UE can either start upon receiving a certain configuration, or when certain radio events are fulfilled. On the latter, both LI or L3 type of events can be considered. A LI event can be based for example on the definition of thresholds based on LI RSRP quality measured for the CSLRS or SSBs, whereas a L3 type of event can be associated to thresholds based on cell level measurements or even to radio events such as beam failure, or radio link failures, or the starting of timers associated to radio link failures (e.g., T310 or T312). The same approach of reporting over the L3 RRC signalling is expected to be adopted also in future AIML RAN use cases, given the flexibility and efficiency of such method.

[0010] RRM measurements

[0011] The network configures an RRC CONNECTED state UE to perform measurements and report them in accordance with the measurement configuration. The measurement configuration is provided by means of dedicated signaling i.e., using the RRCReconfiguration or RRCResume message.

[0012] The measurement configuration (MeasConfig) includes the following parameters:• Measurement object (MeasObjectNR): it specifies measurements to be performed by the UE, and covers intra-frequency, inter-frequency and inter-RAT mobility as well as configuration of measurement gaps. One or several measurement objects can be defined.Reporting configuration (ReportConfigNR): A reporting configuration defines the reporting criteria. The reporting criteria are classified for instance as event triggered reporting, periodic reporting, etc.• Measurement identities (Measld): A list of measurement identities where each measurement identity links one measurement object with one reporting configuration. By configuring multiple measurement identities, it is possible to link more than one measurement object to the same reporting configuration, as well as to link more than one reporting configuration to the same measurement object.• Quantity configuration (Quantity Config): it defines the measurement filtering configuration (FilterCoefficient) used to derive cell quality from LI beam quality• Measurement gaps (MeasGapConfig): time periods that the UE may use to perform measurements.The relation among there parameters is shown in Figure 1

[0013] The UE in RRC CONNECTED measures one or multiple beams of a cell and the measurements results (power values) are averaged to derive the cell quality. In order to do that, the UE is configured by the network to consider a subset of the detected beams and filter that. Filtering takes place at the physical layer to derive beam quality and then at RRC level to derive cell quality from multiple beams. Cell quality of the serving cell(s) and the non-serving cell(s) is derived in the same way.

[0014] The corresponding high-level measurement model is described below, where the cell quality derived at RRC level is indicated by the point C. Detailed information of measurement model is provided in TS 38.300.SUMMARY

[0015] Systems and methods for measurement quantities and layer 3 filtering coefficients for Artificial Intelligence (Al) / Machine Learning (ML) data collection and Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements are provided. In some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device includes: receiving a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; and reporting the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network. In some embodiments, this allows the network to use different L3 filter coefficient values when configuring measurements for RRM purpose and for datacollection. An application of that is the network can receive data collected by the wireless device with no L3 filter applied. In this way the network can reuse the same collected dataset to train the AIML model for different scenarios, by applying different values of L3 filtering.

[0016] In some embodiments, the data collection configuration comprises a data collection configuration for AI / ML model training. In some embodiments, the measurement configuration comprises an L3 measurement configuration.

[0017] In some embodiments, the second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration comprises a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML RRM measurement configuration.

[0018] In some embodiments, the wireless device reports the measurements in RRC messages. In some embodiments, the wireless device is configured with a first filtering coefficient index referring to a first filtering co-efficient in the set of the filtering coefficient configured as part of a measConfig IE.

[0019] In some embodiments, the first filtering co-efficient index refers to the filtering coefficient the wireless device shall apply when collecting measurements for the data collection for AIML model training purpose.

[0020] In some embodiments, the wireless device uses the second filtering coefficient index to refer to the filtering co-efficient to be applied for the RRM measurements based on the second configuration. In some embodiments, the wireless device is configured with only one filtering coefficient index and the other filtering co-efficient index is missing.

[0021] In some embodiments, the wireless device applies the filtering co-efficient for the RRM measurement purpose based on the second configuration. In some embodiments, a filter coefficient for data collection is included in a ReportConfigNR IE configured for the first measurement configuration.

[0022] In some embodiments, the first measurement configuration is included within a IE MeasConfig and the additional L3 filtering coefficient is included in a quantityConfig IE in addition to the other filtering coefficients for RRM measurement purpose.

[0023] In some embodiments, the presence of the additional filter coefficient indicates the wireless device to perform measurements for the data collection using the filtering coefficient value instead of the legacy RRM filter coefficient value, when performing the radio measurements which will be stored / logged.

[0024] In some embodiments, the presence of a new filter coefficient (e.g., logFilterCoefficient IE) in the measObjectNR or reportConfigNR, indicates to the wireless device that the measurement configuration identified by the triplet measObjectNR, measld,reportConfigNR is associated with the first measurement configuration and not with the conventional RRM L3 measurement.

[0025] In some embodiments, the first measurement configuration associated with a L3 data collection configuration includes a L3 filter configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration includes another L3 filter configuration.

[0026] In some embodiments, the wireless device receiving a first L3 measurement configuration and an indication to save the unfiltered measurements, wherein the saved unfiltered measurements are second the radio measurement results.

[0027] In some embodiments, the wireless device reports the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and reports the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

[0028] In some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device includes: receiving a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration; and receiving an indication to save the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration.

[0029] In some embodiments, the method also includes: reporting the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration to the network.

[0030] In some embodiments, the method also includes: receiving an indication to send the reporting the unfiltered measurements; and reporting the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration to the network.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] The accompanying drawing figures incorporated in and forming a part of this specification illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description serve to explain the principles of the disclosure.

[0032] Figure 1 illustrates relations among parameter for measurements configuration;

[0033] Figure 2 illustrates a high-level measurement model in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0034] Figure 3 illustrates an additional L3 filtering coefficient for logging purpose included in MeasObjectNR IE in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0035] Figure 4 illustrates an additional L3 filtering coefficient for logging purpose included in ReportConfigNR IE in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0036] Figure 5 illustrates an additional L3 filtering coefficient for logging purpose included in QuantityConfig IE in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0037] Figure 6 illustrates a method of operating a wireless device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0038] Figure 7 illustrates a method of operating a network node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0039] Figure 8 shows an example of a communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0040] Figure 9 is another example of a communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;

[0041] Figure 10 shows a wireless device, which may be configured to operate in the communication system of Figure 8 or in the communication system of Figure 9;

[0042] Figure 11 shows a network node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and

[0043] Figure 12 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment in which functions implemented by some embodiments of the present disclosure may be virtualized.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0044] The embodiments set forth below represent information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the embodiments and illustrate the best mode of practicing the embodiments. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure.

[0045] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Embodiments are provided by way of example to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0046] There currently exist certain challenge(s). L3 measurements and reporting are defined within the so-called RRM (Radio Resource Management) framework in the RRC specification TS 38.331. In particular the IE MeasConfig includes the configuration of all the L3 measurements to be performed by the UE (covering intra-frequency, inter-frequency, inter-RAT mobility and the needed measurement gaps). The configuration that the UE has to follow to report such L3measurements (e.g., based on periodic reporting, or even-driven reporting) is included in the associated ReportConfigNR.

[0047] As described herein, the UE performs beam measurements and, after properly filtering to get cell quality measurements, these measurements are sent to the NW in the measurement report. The quantity configuration comprising the filtering configuration is provided in the IE MeasConfig, and in particular, each measurement object is associated to a single measurement quantity configuration.

[0048] When the measurements from the UE are used for training of the NW sided AI / ML model, it might be useful for the NW to receive unfiltered measurements, that is obtained from L3 filtered measurement with the filter parameter K set to 0. In this way the NW can use such unfiltered measurements to train the model applying any possible filter.

[0049] This requires the UE to be configured with different measurement quantities, e.g., two different filter coefficients: the former which is used for (legacy) RRM measurements, the latter (new) used when the UE performs measurement to be logged and sent to NW for model training.

[0050] The current technology does not allow to configure the UE with two different filter coefficients.

[0051] Certain aspects of the disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other challenges. Some embodiments of the current disclosure describe the enhancements to the RRM measurement configuration to allow the transmission of unfiltered measurements to the network in addition to transmission of L3 measurement results. This may comprise the configuration of two L3 filter coefficients which are used by the UE when performing L3 measurement for RRM and data collection purposes. Alternatively, it may comprise the UE storing of unfiltered measurements results and reporting the unfiltered measurements together with the L3 measurements. Al: A method for a UE to receive a L3 measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a L3 data collection configuration for AIML model training and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration, and a measurement object configuration comprised in any of the first or second measurement configuration and comprising at least a measurement quantity configuration.

[0052] A2. The method of Al, wherein the measurement object configuration comprises a first measurement quantity configuration to be used when performing measurements according to the L3 data collection configuration and a second measurement quantity configuration to be used when performing measurements according to conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration.

[0053] A3. The method of Al, wherein the UE does not select any measurement quantity configuration when the UE performs that collection according to the first measurement configuration comprising the measurement object configuration, wherein not selecting comprising ignoring or discarding or not applying the measurement quantity configuration, or setting the associated filtering coefficients to zero.

[0054] A4. The method of Al, wherein the UE selects the first measurement quantity configuration, if configured, when the UE performs that collection according to the first measurement configuration comprising the measurement object configuration including the first measurement quantity.

[0055] A5. The method of Al, wherein the UE selects the second measurement quantity configuration when the UE performs that collection according to the second measurement configuration comprising the measurement object configuration including the second measurement quantity.

[0056] A6. The method of Al, wherein the UE does not select or ignore or not apply the first measurement quantity configuration, if configured, when the UE performs that collection according to the second measurement configuration.

[0057] A7. The method of any of the previous methods, wherein the first measurement configuration associated with a L3 data collection configuration includes a L3 filter configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration includes another L3 filter configuration

[0058] A8. The method of any of the previous methods, wherein the UE uses first measurement configuration to perform AIML L3 data collection and second measurement configuration to perform conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement.

[0059] A9. In an alternative method, the UE receiving a first L3 measurement configuration and an indication to save the unfiltered measurements, wherein the saved unfiltered measurements are second the radio measurement results.

[0060] A10. The method of any of the previous methods, wherein the UE reports the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and reports the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network. .

[0061] Certain embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantage(s). The proposed solution allows the NW to use different L3 filter coefficient values when configuring the UE measurements for RRM purpose and for data collection. An application of that is the NW can receive data collected by the UE with no L3 filter applied. In this way theNW can reuse the same collected dataset to train the AIML model for different scenarios, by applying different values of L3 filtering.

[0062] The teachings of certain embodiments may improve the e.g., data rate, latency, power consumption, etc.

[0063] Some embodiments of the current disclosure include a method for the UE to receive a first and second measurement configuration as part of a L3 measurement configuration, wherein the first measurement configuration is associated with a L3 data collection configuration (for AIML model training) and the second measurement configuration is associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration. In the two measurement configurations different L3 filter coefficients are used.

[0064] The UE reports the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network. The UE reports the measurements in RRC messages, e.g., MeasurementReport or in UEInformationRespone after a request in UEInformationRequest.

[0065] In an alternative method, the UE receives a first L3 measurement configuration and also an indication to save the unfiltered measurements which are the input to the L3 measurements. This indication may comprise a direct indication to save and report unfiltered measurements, or be based on another indication, e.g., that the measurements are for data collection for AI / ML. The indication may comprise storing the unfiltered measurements in a UE variable for reporting together with the L3 measurement results.

[0066] In one method the filter coefficient for data collection is included in the MeasObjectNR IE configured for the first measurement configuration for data collection for model training purpose (Figure 3). In this case the UE uses the value of the filter in measObjectNR IE instead of the ones present in quantityConfig IE when performing measurement for data logging.

[0067] In an embodiment of this method, the network configures a first filtering co-efficient index (e.g., logFil terCoefficientindex as shown in the example implementation herein) referring to a first filtering co-efficient in the set of the filtering coefficient configured as part of measConfig IE. The first filtering co-efficient index logFilterCoefficientlndex, refers to the filtering co-efficient the UE shall apply when collecting measurements for the data collection for AIML model training purpose (i.e., based on the first configuration). The UE uses the second filtering coefficient index (quanti tyConf iglndex) to refer to the filtering co-efficient to be applied for the RRM measurements based on the second configuration.

[0068] In another embodiment of this method, the network configures only one filtering coefficient index (e.g., quantityConfiglndex) and the second filtering co-efficient index is missing. The UE applies the filtering co-efficient for the RRM measurement purpose based on the second configuration. The UE for the data collection for AIML model training purpose sets the filtering co-efficient to zero i.e., collect non-filtered measurements. In an option of this embodiment the UE collects the LI filtered RSRP measurements. In an option the UE is explicitly configured to collect non-filtered measurements for the AIML for mobility purpose. In some embodiments, the filtering co-efficient for data collection is set to 0 and that it is missing. In some embodiments, the filtering co-efficient for data collection is set to 0 if it is mandatory in the message, and omitted if it is optional.

[0069] In another method the filter coefficient for data collection is included the ReportConfigNR IE, configured for the first measurement configuration. Depending on if periodical or event triggered reporting is defined for the first measurement configuration, the new logFilterCoefficient IE is placed respectively in the periodic report configuration or event-triggered report configuration of the ReportConfigNR IE (Figure 4). The UE uses the value specified in the new L3 filtering coefficient when performing the radio measurements for data collection purpose, instead of using the value defined in quantityConfig IE for RRM measurements.

[0070] In one method, the first measurement configuration may be transmitted by the gNB within the IE MeasConfig and the additional L3 filtering coefficient (e.g., logFilterCoefficient IE), is included in the quantityConfig IE in additionto the other filtering coefficients for RRM measurement purpose. Figure 5 shows the placement of the new filtering coefficient IE in the MeasConfig structure.

[0071] The presence of the additional filter coefficient indicates the UE to perform measurements for the data collection (for AIML model training) using the filtering coefficient value instead of the legacy RRM filter coefficient value, when performing the radio measurements which will be stored / logged.

[0072] In another method the presence of the new logFilterCoefficient IE in the measObjectNR or reportConfigNR, indicates to the UE that the measurement configuration identified by the triplet measObjectNR, measld, reportConfigNR is associated with the first measurement configuration (i.e., associated to AIML measurements) and not with the conventional RRM L3 measurement. Then the radio measurements performed by the UE will be filtered using the new added filtering coefficient and stored / logged and not reported using the RRC message ofthe RRM measurements (e.g., IE MeasurementReport), but reported instead via e.g., UEInformationResponse RRC message.

[0073] Figure 6 illustrates a method of operating a wireless device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a method performed by a wireless device (e.g., a UE), includes one or more of: receiving (step 600) a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; a measurement object configuration comprised in any of the first or second measurement configuration and comprising at least a measurement quantity configuration; and reporting (step 602) the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

[0074] Figure 7 illustrates a method of operating a network node in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a method performed by a network node includes one or more of: transmitting (step 700) a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; a measurement object configuration comprised in any of the first or second measurement configuration and comprising at least a measurement quantity configuration; and receiving (step 702), from the wireless device, the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results.

[0075] Figure 8 shows an example of a communication system 800 in accordance with some embodiments.

[0076] In the example, the communication system 800 includes a telecommunications network 802 that includes an access network 804, such as a radio access network (RAN), and a core network 806, which includes one or more core network nodes 808. The access network 804 includes one or more access network nodes or base stations of various types, access network nodes 810A and 810B are depicted (which may be collectively referred to as network nodes 810), or any other similar 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) access nodes or non-3GPP access points (APs). Some embodiments of the access network 804 may include more than one access network technology. The network nodes 810 of access network 804 facilitate direct or indirect connection of wireless devices, also referred to as user equipments (UEs), such as by connecting UEs 812A,812B, 812C, and 812D (one or more of which may be generally referred to as UEs 812) to the core network 806 over one or more wireless connections.

[0077] Moreover, a network node is not necessarily limited to an implementation in which a radio portion and a baseband portion are supplied and integrated by a single vendor. Thus, it will be understood that network nodes include disaggregated implementations or portions thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the telecommunications network 802 includes one or more Open-RAN (ORAN) network nodes. An ORAN network node is a network node in the telecommunications network 802 that supports an ORAN specification (e.g., a specification published by the O-RAN Alliance, or any similar organization) and may operate alone or together with other network nodes to implement one or more functionalities of any network node in the telecommunications network 802, including one or more access network nodes 810 and / or core network nodes 808.

[0078] Examples of an ORAN network node include an open radio unit (O-RU), an open distributed unit (O-DU), an open central unit (O-CU), including an O-CU control plane (O-CU-CP) or an O-CU user plane (O-CU-UP), a RAN intelligent controller (near-real time or non-real time) hosting software or software plug-ins, such as a near-real time control application (e.g., xApp) or a non-real time control application (e.g., rApp), or any combination thereof (the adjective “open” designating support of an ORAN specification). An ORAN network node may support a specification by, for example, supporting an interface defined by the ORAN specification, such as an Al, Fl, Wl, El, E2, X2, Xn interface, an open fronthaul user plane interface, or an open fronthaul management plane interface. Moreover, an ORAN network node may be a logical node in a physical node. Furthermore, an ORAN network node may be implemented in a virtualization environment (described further below) in which one or more network functions are virtualized. For example, the virtualization environment may include an O-Cloud computing platform orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface defined by the O-RAN Alliance or comparable technologies.

[0079] The network nodes 810 facilitate direct or indirect connection of one or more UEs 812 to the core network 806 over one or more wireless connections. Example wireless communications over a wireless connection include transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic waves, radio waves, infrared waves, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information without the use of wires, cables, or other material conductors. Moreover, in different embodiments, the communication system 800 may include any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, UEs, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals whether via wired or wirelessconnections. The communication system 800 may include and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, radio network, and / or other similar type of system.

[0080] The UEs 812 may be any of a wide variety of communication devices, including wireless devices arranged, configured, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with the network nodes 810 and other communication devices. Similarly, the network nodes 808, 810 are arranged, capable, configured, and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., via other devices of telecommunications network 802) with the UEs 812 and / or with other network nodes or equipment in the telecommunications network 802 to enable and / or provide network access, such as wireless network access, and / or to perform other functions, such as administration in the telecommunications network 802. More specifically, UEs 812 may send messages, data, and / or other signals to network nodes 808, 810 or other elements of the telecommunications network 802 by transmitting such signals to the relevant device directly without the signals passing through any intervening devices or by transmitting such signals to the relevant device indirectly through an intervening device (or multiple intervening devices) that then transmit the signal to the relevant device. Similarly, network nodes 808, 810 may send messages, data, and other signals to UEs 8122, other network nodes 808, 810, and other devices in telecommunications network 802 directly or indirectly. As one specific example, a core network node 108 may transmit a particular message to a UE 812 by transmitting the message to an access network node 810 that will then transmit the message to the intended UE 812. Similarly, a core network node 108 may receive a particular message from a UE 812 by receiving the message from an access network node 810 that itself received the message from the UE 812.

[0081] In the depicted example, the core network 806 connects elements of the access network 804 (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 810) to one or more host computing systems, such as host 816. These connections may be direct or indirect via one or more intermediary networks or devices. In other examples, network nodes may be directly coupled to hosts. The core network 806 includes one or more core network nodes (e.g., core network node 808) of various types, one or more of which may be generally referred to as network nodes 808. Network nodes 808 are structured with hardware and software components. Features of these components may be substantially similar to those described with respect to the UEs, access network nodes, and / or hosts, such that the descriptions thereof are generally applicable to the corresponding components of the core network node 808. Example core network nodes provide functions of one or more of a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), Mobility Management Entity (MME), Home Subscriber Server (HSS), Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function(SMF), Authentication Server Function (AUSF), Subscription Identifier De-concealing function (SIDF), Unified Data Management (UDM), Security Edge Protection Proxy (SEPP), Network Exposure Function (NEF), and / or a User Plane Function (UPF).

[0082] The host 816 may be under the ownership or control of a service provider other than an operator or provider of the access network 804 and / or the telecommunications network 802. The host 816 may be operated by the service provider or on behalf of the service provider. The host 816 may host a variety of applications to provide one or more service. Examples of such applications include live and pre-recorded audio / video content, data collection services such as retrieving and compiling data on various ambient conditions detected by a plurality of UEs, analytics functionality, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such function performed by a server.

[0083] As a whole, the communication system 800 of Figure 8 enables connectivity between the UEs, network nodes, and hosts. In that sense, the communication system 800 may be configured to operate according to predefined rules or procedures, such as specific standards that include, but are not limited to: Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G standards, or any applicable future generation standard (e.g., 6G); wireless local area network (WLAN) standards, such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standards (Wi-Fi); and / or any other appropriate wireless communication standard, such as the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (Wi-Max), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, Near Field Communication (NFC) ZigBee, Li-Fi, and / or any low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards such as LoRa and Sigfox. Moreover, the communication system 800 may be configured to support multiple different standards, protocols, or other rule sets, with individual components supporting all of the relevant rule sets or with different components or sub-systems within the communication system 800 supporting different standards, protocols, or rule sets.

[0084] As one example, in certain embodiments, access network 804 may contain some access network nodes 810 that support 3 GPP radio access technologies (RAT), such as LTE or NR, while other access network nodes 810 support (or the same access network nodes 810 additionally support) non-3GPP RATs, such as Wi-Fi or a proprietary RAT. As another example, telecommunications network 802 may support multiple generations of related communication standards (e.g., 4G and 5G 3 GPP communication standards) and, as a result, may include an access network 104 and / or a core network 106 that supports multiple different standard generations ormay include multiple access networks 104 and / or multiple core networks 106 with individual networks 104, 106 supporting different standard generations.

[0085] Telecommunications network 802 may support network slicing to provide different logical networks to different devices that are connected to the telecommunications network 802. For example, the telecommunications network 802 may provide Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC) services to some UEs, while providing Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) services to other UEs, and / or Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC) / Massive loT services to yet further UEs.

[0086] In some examples, one or more of the UEs 812 are configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For instance, a UE may be designed to transmit information to the access network 804 on a predetermined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to requests from the access network 804. Additionally, a UE may be configured for operating in single- or multi-RAT or multi-standard mode. For example, a UE may operate with any one or combination of Wi-Fi, NR (New Radio) and LTE, i.e., being configured for multi -radio dual connectivity (MR-DC), such as E-UTRAN (Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) New Radio - Dual Connectivity (EN-DC).

[0087] In the example, the hub 814 communicates with the access network 804 to facilitate indirect communication between one or more UEs (e.g., UE 812C and / or 812D) and network nodes (e.g., network node 810B). In some examples, the hub 814 may be a controller, router, content source and analytics, or any of the other communication devices described herein regarding UEs. For example, the hub 814 may be a broadband router enabling access to the core network 806 for the UEs. As another example, the hub 814 may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators in the UEs. Commands or instructions may be received from the UEs, network nodes 810, or by executable code, script, process, or other instructions in the hub 814.

[0088] As another example, the hub 814 may be a data collector that acts as temporary storage for UE data and, in some embodiments, may perform analysis or other processing of the data. As another example, the hub 814 may be a content source. For example, for a UE that is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker or other media delivery device, the hub 814 may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media or data related to sensory information via a network node, which the hub 814 then provides to the UE either directly, after performing local processing, and / or after adding additional local content. In still another example, the hub 814 acts as a proxy server or orchestrator for the UEs, in particular if one or more of the UEs are low energy loT devices.

[0089] The hub 814 may have a constant / persistent or intermittent connection to the network node 810B. The hub 814 may also allow for a different communication scheme and / or schedulebetween the hub 814 and UEs (e.g., UE 812C and / or 812D), and between the hub 814 and the core network 806. In other examples, the hub 814 is connected to the core network 806 and / or one or more UEs via a wired connection. Moreover, the hub 814 may be configured to connect to an M2M service provider over the access network 804 and / or to another UE over a direct connection. In some scenarios, UEs may establish a wireless connection with the network nodes 810 while still connected via the hub 814 via a wired or wireless connection. In some embodiments, the hub 814 may be a dedicated hub - that is, a hub whose primary function is to route communications to / from the UEs from / to the network node 810B. In other embodiments, the hub 814 may be a nondedicated hub - that is, a device which is capable of operating to route communications between the UEs and network node 810B, but which is additionally capable of operating as a communication start and / or end point for certain data channels.

[0090] Figure 9 is another example of a communication system 900 according to some embodiments. As used herein, the communication system 900 includes multiple access points (APs) 910 (with four exemplary APs 910A, 910B, 910C, and 910D being depicted) and multiple wireless devices, referred to in the context of communication system 900 as stations (STAs) 912 (referred to individually as STA 912A, STA 912B, STA 912C, STA 912D, and STA 912E). STA 912A is served by AP 910A in a first basic service set (BSS) 920A. STA 910B and STA 910C are served by AP 910B in a second BSS, BSS 920B. STA 912D is served by AP 910C in a third BSS, BSS 920C. STA 912E is served by AP 910D in a fourth BSS, BSS 920D. Stations 912 may be non-AP STAs and correspond to various kinds of wireless devices, for example, user terminals, such as mobile or stationary computing devices like smartphones, laptop computers, desktop computers, tablet computers, gaming devices, head-mounted displays (HMDs) for Augmented Reality (AR) or Virtual Reality (VR), or the like. Further, stations 912 could, for example, correspond to other kinds of equipment like smart home devices, printers, multimedia devices, data storage devices, or the like.

[0091] Each of STAs 912 may connect through a radio link to one of APs 910. For example, depending on location or channel conditions experienced by a given STA 912, the STA may select an appropriate AP and BSS for establishing the radio link. The radio link may be based on one or more orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) carriers from a frequency spectrum that is shared on the basis of a contention-based mechanism, e.g., an unlicensed or license exempt band like 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) band, the 5 GHz band, the 6 GHz band, or the 60 GHz band.

[0092] Each AP 910 may provide data connectivity to STAs 912 connected to a particular AP 910. As illustrated, APs 910 may be connected to a data network 930. In this way, APs 910 mayalso provide data connectivity between STAs 912 and other entities, e.g., to one or more servers, service providers, data sources, data sinks, user terminals, or the like. Accordingly, the radio link established between a given STA 912 and its serving AP 910 may be used for providing various kinds of services to STA 912, e.g., a voice service, a multimedia service, or other data service. Such services may be based on applications that are executed on STA 912 and / or on a device linked to STA 912. By way of example, Figure 9 illustrates an application service platform 932 provided in data network 930. The application(s) executed on STA 912 and / or on one or more other devices linked to STA 912 may use the radio link for data communication with one or more other STA 912 and / or the application service platform 932, thereby enabling utilization of the corresponding service(s) at STA 912.

[0093] Figure 10 shows a wireless device 1000, which may be configured to operate in communication system 800 of Figure 8 or in communication system 900 of Figure 9. The wireless device 1000 may be alternatively referred to as a UE 1000, like a UE 812 within the context of communication system 800, or as a station (STA) 1000 or as a non-access-point station (non-AP STA) 1000, like a STA 912 within the context of the communication system 900, in accordance with respective embodiments. As used herein, a wireless device refers to a device capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Examples of a wireless device include, but are not limited to, a smart phone, mobile phone, cell phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phone, wireless local loop phone, desktop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless cameras, gaming console or device, music storage device, playback appliance, wearable terminal device, wireless endpoint, mobile station, tablet, laptop, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), smart device, wireless customer-premise equipment (CPE), vehicle, vehicle-mounted or vehicle embedded / integrated wireless device, and wireless terminal. Other examples include any type of UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including a narrow band internet of things (NB-IoT) UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE.

[0094] A wireless device 1000 may support device-to-device (D2D) communication, for example by implementing a 3 GPP standard for sidelink communication, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), or vehicle-to-everything (V2X). In other examples, wireless device 1000 may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates the relevant device. Instead, wireless device 1000 may represent a device that is intended for sale to, or operation by, a human user but which may not, or which may not initially, be associated with a specific human user (e.g., a smart sprinklercontroller). Alternatively, wireless device 1000 may represent a device that is not intended for sale to, or operation by, an end user but which may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user (e.g., a smart power meter).

[0095] In particular embodiments, wireless device 1000 includes processing circuitry 1002 that is operatively coupled via a bus 1004 to an input / output interface 1006, a power source 1008, a memory 1010, a communication interface 1012, and / or any other component, or any combination thereof. Certain embodiments of wireless device 1000 may include all or a subset of the components shown in Figure 10. The level of integration between the components may vary from one embodiment of wireless device 1000 to another. In general, in a particular embodiment of wireless device 1000, processing circuitry 1002, input / output interface 1006, power source 1008, memory 1010, and communication interface 1012 may, in whole or in part, represent or include physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of wireless device 1000. Further, certain embodiments of wireless devices 1000 may contain multiple instances of a component, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0096] The processing circuitry 1002 is configured to process instructions and data and may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operative to execute instructions stored as machine-readable computer programs in the memory 1010. The processing circuitry 1002 may be implemented as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), etc.); programmable logic together with appropriate firmware; one or more stored computer programs, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP), together with appropriate software; or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuitry 1002 may include multiple central processing units (CPUs).

[0097] In the example, the input / output interface 1006 may be configured to provide an interface or interfaces to an input device, output device, or one or more input and / or output devices. Examples of an output device include a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smartcard, another output device, or any combination thereof. An input device may allow a user to capture information into wireless device 1000. Examples of an input device include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a web camera, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smartcard, and the like. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from a user. A sensor may be, for instance, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, an optical sensor, a proximity sensor, a biometric sensor, etc., or any combination thereof. An outputdevice may use the same type of interface port as an input device. For example, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) port may be used to provide an input device and an output device.

[0098] In some embodiments, the power source 1008 is structured as a battery or battery pack. Other types of power sources, such as an external power source (e.g., an electricity outlet), photovoltaic device, or power cell, may be used to supply power to circuitry or to charge an associated battery. The power source 1008 may further include power circuitry for delivering power from the power source 1008 itself, and / or an external power source, to the various parts of wireless device 1000 via input circuitry or an interface such as an electrical power cable. Power source 1008 may perform any formatting, converting, or other modification to make accessible power suitable for the respective components of the wireless device 1000 to which power is supplied.

[0099] The memory 1010 may be or be configured to include memory such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disks, optical disks, hard disks, removable cartridges, flash drives, and so forth. In one example, the memory 1010 includes one or more programs 1014, such as an operating system, web browser application, a widget, gadget engine, or other application, and corresponding data 1016. The memory 1010 may store, for use by wireless device 1000, any of a variety of various operating systems or combinations of operating systems.

[0100] The memory 1010 may be configured to include a number of physical drive units, such as redundant array of independent disks (RAID), flash memory, USB flash drive, external hard disk drive, thumb drive, pen drive, key drive, high-density digital versatile disc (HD-DVD) optical disc drive, internal hard disk drive, Blu-Ray optical disc drive, holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disc drive, external mini-dual in-line memory module (DIMM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), external micro-DIMM SDRAM, smartcard memory such as tamper resistant module in the form of a universal integrated circuit card (UICC) including one or more subscriber identity modules (SIMs), such as a USIM and / or ISIM, other memory, or any combination thereof. The UICC may for example be an embedded UICC (eUICC), integrated UICC (iUICC) or a removable UICC commonly known as ‘SIM card.’ The memory 1010 may allow wireless device 1000 to access instructions, programs, and the like, stored on transitory or non-transitory memory media, to off-load data, or to upload data. An article of manufacture, such as one utilizing a communication system may be tangibly embodied as or in the memory 1010, which may be or comprise a device-readable storage medium.

[0101] The processing circuitry 1002 may be configured to communicate with an access network or other network via or using the communication interface 1012. The communication interface 1012 may comprise one or more communication subsystems and may include or be communicatively coupled to an antenna 1022. The communication interface 1012 may include one or more transceivers used to communicate, such as by communicating with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication (e.g., another wireless device or a network node in an access network). Each transceiver may include a transmitter 1018 and / or a receiver 1020 appropriate to provide network communications (e.g., optical, electrical, frequency allocations, and so forth). Moreover, the transmitter 1018 and receiver 1020 may be coupled to one or more antennas (e.g., antenna 1022) and may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or alternatively be implemented separately.

[0102] In the illustrated embodiment, communication functions of the communication interface 1012 may include cellular communication, Wi-Fi communication (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard), LPWAN communication, data communication, voice communication, multimedia communication, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communication, location-based communication such as the use of the global positioning system (GPS) to determine a location, another like communication function, or any combination thereof. Communications may be implemented according to one or more communication protocols and / or standards, such as IEEE 802.11, Code Division Multiplexing Access (CDMA), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), GSM, LTE, New Radio (NR), UMTS, WiMax, Ethernet, transmission control protocol / internet protocol (TCP / IP), synchronous optical networking (SONET), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), QUIC, Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and so forth.

[0103] In particular embodiments, wireless device 1000 may provide an output of data captured via a sensor, through its communication interface 1012, via a wireless connection to a network node, and / or in any appropriate manner. Data captured by sensors of a wireless device 1000 can be communicated through a wireless connection to a network node via another wireless device 1000. In particular embodiments, such output may be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes if it reports the sensed temperature), random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors), in response to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected, an alert is sent), in response to a request (e.g., a user initiated request), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of a patient).

[0104] As another example, wireless device 1000 comprises an actuator, a motor, or a switch, related to a communication interface configured to receive wireless input from a network node viaa wireless connection. In response to the received wireless input the states of the actuator, the motor, or the switch may change. For example, wireless device 1000 may comprise a motor that adjusts the control surfaces or rotors of a drone in flight according to the received input or to a robotic arm performing a medical procedure according to the received input.

[0105] Wireless device 1000, when in the form of an Internet of Things (loT) device, may be a device for use in one or more application domains, these domains comprising, but not limited to, wearable technology, extended industrial application and healthcare. Non-limiting examples of such an loT device are a device which is or which is embedded in: a connected refrigerator or freezer, a TV, a connected lighting device, an electricity meter, a robot vacuum cleaner, a voice controlled smart speaker, a home security camera, a motion detector, a thermostat, a smoke detector, a door / window sensor, a flood / moisture sensor, an electrical door lock, a connected doorbell, an air conditioning system like a heat pump, an autonomous vehicle, a surveillance system, a weather monitoring device, a vehicle parking monitoring device, an electric vehicle charging station, a smart watch, a fitness tracker, a wearable for tactile augmentation or sensory enhancement, a water sprinkler, an animal- or item-tracking device, a sensor for monitoring a plant or animal, an industrial robot, an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), and any kind of medical device, like a heart rate monitor or a remote controlled surgical robot. In particular embodiments, wireless device 1000 represents an loT device that comprises circuitry and / or software in dependence of the intended application of the loT device in addition to other components as described in relation to the example embodiment of wireless device 1000 shown in Figure 10.

[0106] As yet another specific example, in an loT scenario, wireless device 1000 may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements, and transmits the results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another wireless device and / or a network node. Wireless device 1000 may in this case be an M2M device, which may in a 3GPP context be referred to as an MTC device. As one particular example, wireless device 1000 may implement the 3GPP NB-IoT standard. In other scenarios, wireless device 1000 may represent a vehicle, such as a car, a bus, a truck, a ship and an airplane, or other equipment that is capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation.

[0107] In practice, any number of wireless devices 1000 may be used together with respect to a single use case. For example, a first wireless device 1000 might be or be integrated in a drone and provide the drone’s speed information (obtained through a speed sensor) to a second wireless device 1000 that is a remote controller operating the drone. When a user makes changes from the remote controller, the first wireless device 1000 may adjust the throttle on the drone (e.g., by controlling an actuator) to increase or decrease the drone’s speed. The first and / or the secondwireless device 1000 can also include more than one of the functionalities described above. For example, wireless device 1000 might comprise the sensor and the actuator, and handle communication of data for both the speed sensor and the actuators.

[0108] Figure 11 shows a network node 1100 in accordance with some embodiments. As used herein, network node refers to equipment capable, configured, arranged and / or operable to communicate directly or indirectly with a UE and / or with other network nodes or equipment, in a telecommunications network. In accordance with respective embodiments, network node 1100 may be configured to operate in communication system 800 of Figure 8, like network nodes 808 or 810, or in communication system 900 of Figure 9, like an AP 910 or a station 912. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., radio access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR NodeBs (gNBs)), O-RAN nodes or components of an O-RAN node (e.g., O-RU, O-DU, O-CU).

[0109] Network nodes 1100 may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated differently, their transmit power level) and so, depending on the provided amount of coverage, may be referred to as femto base stations, pico base stations, micro base stations, or macro base stations. Network node 1100 may be a relay node or a relay donor node controlling a relay. Network nodes 1100 may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station such as centralized digital units, distributed units (e.g., in an O-RAN access node) and / or remote radio units (RRUs), sometimes referred to as Remote Radio Heads (RRHs). Such remote radio units may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna integrated radio. Parts of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as nodes in a distributed antenna system (DAS).

[0110] Other examples of network nodes 1100 include multiple transmission point (multi -TRP) 5G access nodes, multi-standard radio (MSR) equipment such as MSR BSs, network controllers such as radio network controllers (RNCs) or base station controllers (BSCs), base transceiver stations (BTSs), transmission points, transmission nodes, multi-cell / multicast coordination entities (MCEs), Operation and Maintenance (O&M) nodes, Operations Support System (OSS) nodes, Self-Organizing Network (SON) nodes, positioning nodes (e.g., Evolved Serving Mobile Location Centers (E-SMLCs)), and / or Minimization of Drive Tests (MDTs).[OHl] In particular embodiments, network node 1100 includes a processing circuitry 1102, a memory 1104, a communication interface 1106, and a power source 1108. In general, in a particular embodiment of network node 1100, processing circuitry 1102, memory 1104, communication interface 1106, and power source 1108 may, in whole or in part, represent orinclude physical components common to or shared by one or more of the other elements of network node 1100.

[0112] The network node 1100 may be composed of multiple distinct network entities (e.g., a NodeB entity and an RNC entity, or a BTS entity and a BSC entity, etc.), which may each have or utilize their own respective physical components. In certain scenarios in which the network node 1100 comprises multiple such entities (e.g., BTS and BSC), one or more of the separate entities may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple NodeBs. In such a scenario, each unique NodeB and RNC pair, may in some instances be considered a single separate network node. In some embodiments, the network node 1100 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate memories 1104 or portions of memory 1104 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., a same antenna 1110 may be shared by different RATs). The network node 1100 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies integrated into network node 1100, for example GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, Wi-Fi (e.g., according to an IEEE 802.11 family standard), Zigbee, Z-wave, LoRaWAN, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) or Bluetooth wireless technologies. These wireless technologies may be integrated into the same or different chip or set of chips and other components within network node 1100.

[0113] The processing circuitry 1102 may comprise a combination of one or more of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application-specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software and / or encoded logic operable to provide, either alone or in conjunction with other components, such as the memory 1104, to provide network node 1100 functionality.

[0114] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 includes a system on a chip (SOC). In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 includes one or more of radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 1112 and baseband processing circuitry 1114. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 1112 and the baseband processing circuitry 1114 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as radio units and digital units. In alternative embodiments, part or all of RF transceiver circuitry 1112 and baseband processing circuitry 1114 may be on the same chip or set of chips, boards, or units.

[0115] The memory 1104 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer-readable memory including, without limitation, persistent storage, solid-state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read-onlymemory (ROM), mass storage media (for example, a hard disk), removable storage media (for example, a flash drive, a Compact Disk (CD) or a Digital Video Disk (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory devices that store information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuitry 1102. The memory 1104 may store any suitable instructions, data, or information, including a computer program, software, an application including one or more of logic, rules, code, tables, and / or other instructions capable of being executed by the processing circuitry 1102 and utilized by the network node 1100. The memory 1104 may be used to store any calculations made by the processing circuitry 1102 and / or any data received via the communication interface 1106. In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 1102 and memory 1104 is integrated.

[0116] The communication interface 1106 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data with UEs, other network nodes, and / or any other network equipment. In the illustrated embodiment, communication interface 1106 comprises port(s) / terminal(s) 1116 to send and receive data, for example to and from a network over a wired connection. In particular embodiments, network node 1000 may be capable of wireless communication and communication interface 1106 may also include radio front-end circuitry 1118 that may be coupled to, or in certain embodiments a part of, an antenna 1110. Particular embodiments of radio front-end circuitry 1118 include filter(s) 1120 and amplifier(s) 1122. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may be connected to an antenna 1110 and processing circuitry 1102. The radio front-end circuitry may be configured to condition signals communicated between antenna 1110 and processing circuitry 1102. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may receive digital data that is to be sent out to other network nodes or UEs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 1118 may convert the digital data into a radio signal(s) having the appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 1120 and / or amplifiers 1122. The radio signal(s) may then be transmitted via the antenna 1110. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 1110 may collect radio signals which are then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 1118. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 1102. In other embodiments, the communication interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0117] In certain alternative embodiments, network node 1100 may be capable of wireless communication but does not include separate radio front-end circuitry 1118, instead, the processing circuitry 1102 includes radio front-end circuitry and is connected to the antenna 1110. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or some of the RF transceiver circuitry 1112 is part of the communication interface 1106. In still other embodiments, the communication interface 1106 includes one or more ports or terminals 1116, the radio front-end circuitry 1118, and the RFtransceiver circuitry 1112, as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the communication interface 1106 communicates with the baseband processing circuitry 1114, which is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0118] The antenna 1110 may include one or more antennas, or antenna arrays, configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. The antenna 1110 may be coupled to the radio front-end circuitry 1118 and may be any type of antenna capable of transmitting and receiving data and / or signals wirelessly. In certain embodiments, the antenna 1110 is separate from the network node 1100 and connectable to the network node 1100 through one or more interfaces or ports.

[0119] The antenna 1110, communication interface 1106, and / or the processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to perform some or all of the receiving operations and / or obtaining operations described herein as being performed by the network node 1100. Any information, data, and / or signals may be received from a UE, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 1110, the communication interface 1106, and / or the processing circuitry 1102 may be configured to perform some or all of the transmitting or sending operations described herein as being performed by the network node 1100. Any information, data and / or signals may be transmitted to a UE, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0120] The power source 1108 provides power to the various components of network node 1100 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at a voltage and current level needed for each respective component). The power source 1108 may further comprise, or be coupled to, power management circuitry to supply the components of the network node 1100 with power for performing the functionality described herein. For example, the network node 1100 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., the power grid, an electricity outlet) via an input circuitry or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source supplies power to power circuitry of the power source 1108. As a further example, the power source 1108 may comprise a source of power in the form of a battery or battery pack which is connected to, or integrated in, power circuitry. The battery may provide backup power should the external power source fail.

[0121] Embodiments of the network node 1100 may include additional components beyond those shown in Figure 11 for providing certain aspects of the network node’s functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or any functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, the network node 1100 may include user interface equipment to allow input of information into the network node 1100 and to allow output of information from the network node 1100. This may allow a user to perform diagnostic, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for the network node 1100.

[0122] Figure 12 is a block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 1200 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In the present context, virtualizing means creating virtual versions of apparatuses or devices which may include virtualizing hardware platforms, storage devices and networking resources. As used herein, virtualization can be applied to any device described herein, or components thereof, and relates to an implementation in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components. Some or all of the functions described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines (VMs) implemented in one or more virtual environments 1200 hosted by one or more of hardware nodes, such as a hardware computing device that operates as an access network node, UE, core network node, or host. Further, in embodiments in which a virtual node does not require radio connectivity (e.g., a core network node or host), then the node may be entirely virtualized. In some embodiments, the virtualization environment 1200 includes components defined by the O-RAN Alliance, such as an O-Cloud environment orchestrated by a Service Management and Orchestration Framework via an O-2 interface.

[0123] Applications 1202 (which may alternatively be called software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) are run in the virtualization environment 1100 to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0124] Hardware 1204 includes processing circuitry, memory that stores software and / or instructions executable by hardware processing circuitry, and / or other hardware devices as described herein, such as a network interface, input / output interface, and so forth. Software may be executed by the processing circuitry to instantiate one or more virtualization layers 1206 (also referred to as hypervisors or virtual machine monitors (VMMs)), provide VM 1208A and VM 1208B (which may be collectively referred to as VMs 1208), and / or perform any of the functions, features and / or benefits described in relation with some embodiments described herein. The virtualization layer 1206 may present a virtual operating platform that appears like networking hardware to one or more of the VMs 1208.

[0125] The VMs 1208 comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interface and virtual storage, and may be run by virtualization layer 1206. Different embodiments of the instance of a virtual appliance 1202 may be implemented on one or more of VMs 1208, and the implementations may be made in different ways. Virtualization of the hardware is in some contexts referred to as network function virtualization (NFV). NFV may be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry standard high volume server hardware, physicalswitches, and physical storage, which can be located in data centers, and customer premise equipment.

[0126] In the context of NFV, each of the VMs 1208 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if they were executing on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each of the VMs 1208, and that part of hardware 1204 that executes that VM, be it hardware dedicated to that VM and / or hardware shared by that VM with others of the VMs, forms separate virtual network elements. Still in the context of NFV, a virtual network function is responsible for handling specific network functions that run in one or more of the VMs 1208 on top of the hardware 1204 and corresponds to an application 1202.

[0127] Hardware 1204 may be implemented in a standalone network node with generic or specific components. Hardware 1204 may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, hardware 1204 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., such as in a data center or CPE) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via management and orchestration 1210, which, among others, oversees lifecycle management of applications 1202. In some embodiments, hardware 1204 is coupled to one or more radio units that each include one or more transmitters and one or more receivers that may be coupled to one or more antennas. Radio units may communicate directly with other hardware nodes via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with the virtual components to provide a virtual node with radio capabilities, such as a radio access node or a base station. In some embodiments, some signaling can be provided with the use of a control system 1212 which may alternatively be used for communication between hardware nodes and radio units.

[0128] Although the computing devices described herein (e.g., UEs, network nodes, hosts) may include the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise computing devices with different combinations of components. It is to be understood that these computing devices may comprise any suitable combination of hardware and / or software needed to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Determining, calculating, obtaining or similar operations described herein may be performed by processing circuitry, which may process information by, for example, converting the obtained information into other information, comparing the obtained information or converted information to information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the obtained information or converted information, and as a result of said processing making a determination. Moreover, while components are depicted as single boxes located within a larger box, or nested within multiple boxes, in practice, computing devices may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component, and functionality maybe partitioned between separate components. For example, a communication interface may be configured to include any of the components described herein, and / or the functionality of the components may be partitioned between the processing circuitry and the communication interface. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0129] In certain embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be provided by processing circuitry executing instructions stored on in memory, which in certain embodiments may be a computer program product in the form of a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry without executing instructions stored on a separate or discrete device-readable storage medium, such as in a hard-wired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, whether executing instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or not, the processing circuitry can be configured to perform the described functionality. The benefits provided by such functionality are not limited to the processing circuitry alone or to other components of the computing device, but are enjoyed by the computing device as a whole, and / or by end users and a wireless network generally.

[0130] Those skilled in the art will recognize improvements and modifications to the embodiments of the present disclosure. All such improvements and modifications are considered within the scope of the concepts disclosed herein.

[0131] EMBODIMENTS

[0132] Group A Embodiments

[0133] Embodiment 1: A method performed by a wireless device (e.g., a User Equipment, UE), the method comprising one or more of: receiving a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; a measurement object configuration comprised in any of the first or second measurement configuration and comprising at least a measurement quantity configuration; and reporting the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

[0134] Embodiment 2: The method of the previous embodiment wherein the data collection configuration comprises a data collection configuration for Artificial Intelligence, Al, / Machine Learning, ML, model training.

[0135] Embodiment 3 : The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the measurement configuration comprises an L3 measurement configuration.

[0136] Embodiment 4: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration comprises a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML RRM measurement configuration.

[0137] Embodiment 5 : The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein UE reports the measurements in RRC messages, e.g., MeasurementReport or in UEInformationRespone after a request in UEInformationRequest.

[0138] Embodiment 6: The method of any of the previous embodiments the UE is configured with a first filtering co-efficient index (e.g., logFilterCoefficientlndex) referring to a first filtering co-efficient in the set of the filtering coefficient configured as part of measConfig IE

[0139] Embodiment 7: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the first filtering co-efficient index refers to the filtering co-efficient the UE shall apply when collecting measurements for the data collection for AIML model training purpose.

[0140] Embodiment 8: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE uses the second filtering coefficient index (quantityConfiglndex) to refer to the filtering coefficient to be applied for the RRM measurements based on the second configuration.

[0141] Embodiment 9: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE is configured with only one filtering coefficient index (e.g., quantityConfiglndex) and the second filtering co-efficient index is missing.

[0142] Embodiment 10: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE applies the filtering co-efficient for the RRM measurement purpose based on the second configuration.

[0143] Embodiment 11 : The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein filter coefficient for data collection is included the ReportConfigNR IE, configured for the first measurement configuration.

[0144] Embodiment 12: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the first measurement configuration may be transmitted by the gNB within the IE MeasConfig and the additional L3 filtering coefficient (e.g., logFilterCoefficient IE), is included in the quantityConfig IE in additionto the other filtering coefficients for RRM measurement purpose.

[0145] Embodiment 13: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the presence of the additional filter coefficient indicates the UE to perform measurements for the data collection (for AIML model training) using the filtering coefficient value instead of the legacyRRM filter coefficient value, when performing the radio measurements which will be stored / logged.

[0146] Embodiment 14: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the presence of the new logFilterCoefficient IE in the measObjectNR or reportConfigNR, indicates to the UE that the measurement configuration identified by the triplet measObjectNR, measld, reportConfigNR is associated with the first measurement configuration (i.e., associated with AIML measurements) and not with the conventional RRM L3 measurement.

[0147] Embodiment 15: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the measurement object configuration comprises a first measurement quantity configuration to be used when performing measurements according to the L3 data collection configuration and a second measurement quantity configuration to be used when performing measurements according to conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration.

[0148] Embodiment 16: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE does not select any measurement quantity configuration when the UE performs that collection according to the first measurement configuration comprising the measurement object configuration, wherein not selecting comprising ignoring or discarding or not applying the measurement quantity configuration, or setting the associated filtering coefficients to zero.

[0149] Embodiment 17: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE selects the first measurement quantity configuration, if configured, when the UE performs that collection according to the first measurement configuration comprising the measurement object configuration including the first measurement quantity.

[0150] Embodiment 18: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE selects the second measurement quantity configuration when the UE performs that collection according to the second measurement configuration comprising the measurement object configuration including the second measurement quantity.

[0151] Embodiment 19: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE does not select or ignore or not apply the first measurement quantity configuration, if configured, when the UE performs that collection according to the second measurement configuration.

[0152] Embodiment 20: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the first measurement configuration associated with a L3 data collection configuration includes a L3 filter configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration includes another L3 filter configuration.

[0153] Embodiment 21: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE uses first measurement configuration to perform AIML L3 data collection and second measurement configuration to perform conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement.

[0154] Embodiment 22: The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE receiving a first L3 measurement configuration and an indication to save the unfiltered measurements, wherein the saved unfiltered measurements are second the radio measurement results.

[0155] Embodiment 23 : The method of any of the previous embodiments wherein the UE reports the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and reports the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

[0156] Embodiment 24: The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising: providing user data; and forwarding the user data to a host via the transmission to the network node.

[0157] Group B Embodiments

[0158] Embodiment 25 : A method performed by a network node, the method comprising: any of the features from the Group A Embodiments.

[0159] Embodiment 26: The method of any of the previous embodiments, further comprising: obtaining user data; and forwarding the user data to a host or a user equipment.

[0160] Group C Embodiments

[0161] Embodiment 27: A wireless device, comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the operations of any of the Group A embodiments; and a power source configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.

[0162] Embodiment 28: A network node, the network node comprising: processing circuitry configured to perform any of the operations of any of the Group B embodiments; a power source circuitry configured to supply power to the processing circuitry.

[0163] Embodiment 29: A wireless device, the wireless device comprising: one or more antennas; communication interface connected to the one or more antennas and to processing circuitry; the processing circuitry being configured to perform any of the operations of any of the Group A embodiments; an input interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to allow input of information into the UE to be processed by the processing circuitry; an output interface connected to the processing circuitry and configured to output information from the UE that has been processed by the processing circuitry; and a power source connected to the processing circuitry and configured to supply power to the UE.ABBREVIATIONSAt least some of the following abbreviations may be used in this disclosure. If there is an inconsistency between abbreviations, preference should be given to how it is used above. If listed multiple times below, the first listing should be preferred over any subsequent listing(s).3 GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project5G 5th Generation6G 6thGenerationABS Almost Blank SubframeARQ Automatic Repeat RequestAWGN Additive White Gaussian NoiseBCCH Broadcast Control ChannelBCH Broadcast ChannelCA Carrier AggregationCC Carrier ComponentCCCH SDU Common Control Channel SDUCDMA Code Division Multiplex AccessCGI Cell Global IdentityCIR Channel Impulse ResponseCP Cyclic PrefixCPICH Common Pilot ChannelCQI Channel Quality InformationC-RNTI Cell RNTICSI Channel State InformationDCCH Dedicated Control ChannelDL DownlinkDM DemodulationDMRS Demodulation Reference SignalDRX Discontinuous ReceptionDTX Discontinuous TransmissionDTCH Dedicated Traffic ChannelDUT Device Under TestE-CID Enhanced Cell-ID (positioning method)Ec / No Received energy per chip divided by the power density in the band eMBMS Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast ServicesECGI Evolved CGIeNB E-UTRAN NodeBePDCCH Enhanced Physical Downlink Control ChannelE-SMLC Evolved Serving Mobile Location CenterE-UTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkFDD Frequency Division DuplexFFS For Further StudyBase station in NRGNSS Global Navigation Satellite SystemHARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat RequestHO HandoverHSPA High Speed Packet AccessHRPD High Rate Packet DataLOS Line of SightLPP LTE Positioning ProtocolLTE Long-Term EvolutionMAC Medium Access ControlMAC Message Authentication CodeMBSFN Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency Network MBSFN ABS MBSFN Almost Blank SubframeMDT Minimization of Drive TestsMIB Master Information BlockMME Mobility Management EntityMSC Mobile Switching CenterNPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control ChannelNR New RadioOCNG OFDMA Channel Noise GeneratorOFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division MultiplexingOFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple AccessOSS Operations Support SystemOTDOA Observed Time Difference of ArrivalO&M Operation and MaintenancePBCH Physical Broadcast ChannelP-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical ChannelPCell Primary CellPCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator ChannelPDCCH Physical Downlink Control ChannelPDCP Packet Data Convergence ProtocolPDP Power Delay ProfilePDSCH Physical Downlink Shared ChannelPGW Packet GatewayPHICH Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator ChannelPLMN Public Land Mobile NetworkPMI Precoding Matrix IndicatorPRACH Physical Random Access ChannelPRS Positioning Reference SignalPSS Primary Synchronization SignalPUCCH Physical Uplink Control ChannelPUSCH Physical Uplink Shared ChannelRACH Random Access ChannelQAM Quadrature Amplitude ModulationRAN Radio Access NetworkRAT Radio Access TechnologyRLC Radio Link ControlRLM Radio Link MonitoringRNC Radio Network ControllerRNTI Radio Network Temporary IdentifierRRC Radio Resource ControlRRM Radio Resource ManagementRS Reference SignalRSCP Received Signal Code PowerRSRP Reference Symbol Received Power ORReference Signal Received PowerRSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality OR Reference Symbol Received QualityRS SI Received Signal Strength IndicatorRSTD Reference Signal Time DifferenceSCH Synchronization ChannelSCell Secondary CellSDAP Service Data Adaptation ProtocolSDU Service Data UnitSFN System Frame NumberSGW Serving GatewaySI System InformationSIB System Information BlockSNR Signal to Noise RatioSON Self-Organizing Networkss Synchronization Signalsss Secondary Synchronization SignalTDD Time Division DuplexTDOA Time Difference of ArrivalTOA Time of ArrivalTSS Tertiary Synchronization SignalTTI Transmission Time IntervalUE User EquipmentUL UplinkUMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module UTDOA Uplink Time Difference of Arrival WCDMA Wideband CDMAWLAN Wireless Local Area NetworkREFERENCES TS 38.300 v.18.5.0, NR andNG-RAN Overall descriptionTS 38.331 v.18.5.1, Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification

Claims

CLAIMS1. A method performed by a wireless device, the method comprising:receiving (600) a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; andreporting (602) the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the data collection configuration comprises a data collection configuration for Artificial Intelligence, Al, / Machine Learning, ML, model training.

3. The method of any of claims 1-2 wherein the measurement configuration comprises an L3 measurement configuration.

4. The method of any of claims 1-3 wherein the second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration comprises a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML RRM measurement configuration.

5. The method of any of claims 1-4 wherein the wireless device reports the measurements in RRC messages.

6. The method of any of claims 1-5 the wireless device is configured with a first filtering coefficient index referring to a first filtering co-efficient in the set of the filtering coefficient configured as part of a measConfig IE.

7. The method of any of claims 1-6 wherein the first filtering co-efficient index refers to the filtering co-efficient the wireless device shall apply when collecting measurements for the data collection for AIML model training purpose.

8. The method of any of claims 1-7 wherein the wireless device uses the second filtering coefficient index to refer to the filtering co-efficient to be applied for the RRM measurements based on the second configuration.

9. The method of any of claims 1-8 wherein the wireless device is configured with only one filtering coefficient index and the other filtering co-efficient index is missing.

10. The method of any of claims 1-9 wherein the wireless device applies the filtering coefficient for the RRM measurement purpose based on the second configuration.

11. The method of any of claims 1-10 wherein a filter coefficient for data collection is included in a ReportConfigNR IE configured for the first measurement configuration.

12. The method of any of claims 1-11 wherein the first measurement configuration is included within a IE MeasConfig and the additional L3 filtering coefficient is included in a quantityConfig IE in addition to the other filtering coefficients for RRM measurement purpose.

13. The method of any of claims 1-12 wherein the presence of the additional filter coefficient indicates the wireless device to perform measurements for the data collection using the filtering coefficient value instead of the legacy RRM filter coefficient value, when performing the radio measurements which will be stored / logged.

14. The method of any of claims 1-13 wherein the presence of a new filter coefficient in the measObjectNR or reportConfigNR, indicates to the wireless device that the measurement configuration identified by the triplet measObjectNR, measld, reportConfigNR is associated with the first measurement configuration and not with the conventional RRM L3 measurement.

15. The method of any of claims 1-14 wherein the first measurement configuration associated with a L3 data collection configuration includes a L3 filter configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration includes another L3 filter configuration.

16. The method of any of claims 1-15 wherein the wireless device receiving a first L3 measurement configuration and an indication to save the unfiltered measurements, wherein the saved unfiltered measurements are second the radio measurement results.

17. The method of any of claims 1-16 wherein the wireless device reports the radiomeasurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and reports the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

18. A method performed by a wireless device, the method comprising:receiving a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration; and receiving an indication to save the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration.

19. The method of claim 18 further comprising:reporting the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration to the network.

20. The method of any of claims 18-19 further comprising:receiving an indication to send the reporting the unfiltered measurements; and reporting the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration to the network.

21. A method performed by a network node, the method comprising:transmitting (700) a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration associated with a data collection configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional measurement configuration; andreceiving (702) the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

22. The method of claim 21 wherein the data collection configuration comprises a data collection configuration for Artificial Intelligence, Al, / Machine Learning, ML, model training.

23. The method of any of claims 21-22 wherein the measurement configuration comprises an L3 measurement configuration.

24. The method of any of claims 21-23 wherein the second measurement configurationassociated with a conventional measurement configuration comprises a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML RRM measurement configuration.

25. The method of any of claims 21-24 wherein the wireless device reports the measurements in RRC messages.

26. The method of any of claims 21-25 the wireless device is configured with a first filtering co-efficient index referring to a first filtering co-efficient in the set of the filtering coefficient configured as part of a measConfig IE.

27. The method of any of claims 21-26 wherein the first filtering co-efficient index refers to the filtering co-efficient the wireless device shall apply when collecting measurements for the data collection for AIML model training purpose.

28. The method of any of claims 21-27 wherein the wireless device uses the second filtering coefficient index to refer to the filtering co-efficient to be applied for the RRM measurements based on the second configuration.

29. The method of any of claims 21-28 wherein the wireless device is configured with only one filtering coefficient index and the other filtering co-efficient index is missing.

30. The method of any of claims 21-29 wherein the wireless device applies the filtering coefficient for the RRM measurement purpose based on the second configuration.

31. The method of any of claims 21-30 wherein a filter coefficient for data collection is included in a ReportConfigNR IE configured for the first measurement configuration.

32. The method of any of claims 21-31 wherein the first measurement configuration is included within a IE MeasConfig and the additional L3 filtering coefficient is included in a quantityConfig IE in addition to the other filtering coefficients for RRM measurement purpose.

33. The method of any of claims 21-32 wherein the presence of the additional filter coefficient indicates the wireless device to perform measurements for the data collection using the filtering coefficient value instead of the legacy RRM filter coefficient value, when performing the radiomeasurements which will be stored / logged.

34. The method of any of claims 21-33 wherein the presence of a new filter coefficient in the measObjectNR or reportConfigNR, indicates to the wireless device that the measurement configuration identified by the triplet measObjectNR, measld, reportConfigNR is associated with the first measurement configuration and not with the conventional RRM L3 measurement.

35. The method of any of claims 21-34 wherein the first measurement configuration associated with a L3 data collection configuration includes a L3 filter configuration and a second measurement configuration associated with a conventional non-AIML L3 RRM measurement configuration includes another L3 filter configuration.

36. The method of any of claims 21-35 wherein the wireless device receiving a first L3 measurement configuration and an indication to save the unfiltered measurements, wherein the saved unfiltered measurements are second the radio measurement results.

37. The method of any of claims 21-36 wherein the wireless device reports the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and reports the radio measurement results associated with the second measurement configuration or stored unfiltered measurement results to the network.

38. A method performed by a network node, the method comprising:transmitting, to a wireless device, a measurement configuration including a first measurement configuration; andtransmitting, to the wireless device, an indication to save the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration.

39. The method of claim 38 further comprising:receiving, from the wireless device, the radio measurement results associated with the first measurement configuration and the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration.

40. The method of any of claims 38-39 further comprising:transmitting, to the wireless device, an indication to send the reporting the unfilteredmeasurements; andreceiving, from the wireless device, the unfiltered measurements associated with the first measurement configuration to the network.

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