Communicaton apparatus and comunicaton method for detecting and / or tracking sensing targets

Abstract

COMMUNICATON APPARATUS AND COMUNICATON METHOD FOR DETECTING AND / OR TRACKING SENSING TARGETS A first communication apparatus is disclosed, and it comprises: circuitry, which in operation, determines a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and a transmitter, which in operation, transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

Description

COMMUNICATON APPARATUS AND COMUNICATON METHOD FOR DETECTING AND / OR TRACKING SENSING TARGETSTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The following relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically, it relates to communication apparatuses and communication methods for detecting and / or tracking sensing targets.BACKGROUND

[0002] Present specifications of 5G-Advanced (being the next evolution of 5G new radio (NR)) are designed to support enhanced wireless communications between the various network entities and user equipments (UEs). While there are provisions in the specifications to support positioning capabilities, they however do not extend to support detecting / sensing / tracking of objects not connected to the network. If sensing capabilities are integrated into the future specifications of 5G-Advanced, such capabilities are likely to be offered as an add-on service to supplement the enhanced wireless communications.

[0003] In Release 19 (Rel-19) of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specification, a study item on integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) was agreed to facilitate the studying of channel modeling and deployment scenarios to support object detection and / or tracking for the following types of sensing targets and sensing modes. The sensing targets are: unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), humans at indoor and outdoor settings, automotive vehicles (located at least in outdoor setting), automated guided vehicles (e.g. located in indoor factories), and objects that may create hazards on roads / railways (with a minimum size dependent on frequency). The sensing modes are: transmission reception point (TRP) monostatic sensing, user equipment (UE) monostatic sensing, TRP-TRP bistatic sensing, UE-UE bistatic sensing, UE-TRP bistatic sensing, and TRP-UE bistatic sensing, as respectively depicted in FIGs. 2a-2e.|0004| Separately, uplink (UL) power control is used in current NR specifications to facilitate effective communications, in which UL power control is based on prior measurements (by a receiver, e.g., at a network entity such as an eNB / gNB) of the received power of a most optimal (best) UL beam (transmitted by a transmitter, e.g., a UE). UL power control enables determination of transmit power for physical uplink shared channel(PUSCH), physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), sounding reference signal (SRS), and physical random access channel (PRACH) transmissions.

[0005] In NR, open-loop power control (OLPC) and closed-loop power control (CLPC) are supported. OLPC is based on a targeted UL received power configured by a gNB, and path loss measurement from a downlink (DL) reference signal (RS) at the UE. CLPC is then based on explicit signaling (e.g. a transmit power control (TPC) command) by the gNB. The TPC command is derived based on prior measurements (by the gNB) of the received power of best UL beam. It is to be appreciated the gNB may indicate up to two independent CLPCs, such that a UE is able to communicate with two transmission-reception points (TRPs), or otherwise with a gNB using two panels (of the antenna array of the UE) or with two beams.

[0006] Notwithstanding, a best UL beam identified by the above manner (in NR) may not provide good performance for sensing and tracking (e.g. UE-TRP bistatic sensing), since a best beam for communication may not necessarily be the best beam for detecting and / or tracking (a sensing target, e.g. a UAV, or a vehicle), as depicted by an example scenario between a network entity 305 and a UE 315 in FIG. 3. This is because the sensing target may be in a state of travel, i.e. flying or moving. So, the features set out in the current NR specifications may be inadequate to support tracking moving sensing targets (i.e. not stationary targets).

[0007] So, there is a need for a solution that may address at least one of the problems of the prior art, and / or to provide a choice that is useful in the art.SUMMARY

[0008] The described techniques herein may relate to detecting and / or tracking sensing target(s), based on using ISAC transmissions.

[0009] According to a 1staspect, there is disclosed a first communication apparatus, comprising: circuitry, which in operation, determines a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and a transmitter, which in operation, transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.|0010| According to a 2ndaspect, there is disclosed a second communication apparatus, comprising: a transmitter, which in operation, transmits control information indicating atransmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; a receiver, which in operation, receives reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and a circuitry, which in operation, detects and / or tracks the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

[0011] According to a 3rdaspect, there is disclosed a method at a first communication apparatus, comprising: determining a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and transmitting the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0012] According to a 4thaspect, there is disclosed a method at a second communication apparatus, comprising: transmitting control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; receiving reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and detecting and / or tracking the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

[0013] Additional benefits and advantages of the disclosed aspects may become apparent from the specification and drawings. The benefits and / or advantages may be individually obtained by the various aspects and features of the specification and drawings, which need not all be provided in order to obtain one or more of such benefits and / or advantages.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The accompanying figures, where like reference numerals refer to identical or functionally similar elements throughout the separate views and which together with the detailed description below are incorporated in and form part of the specification, serve to illustrate various aspects and to explain various principles and advantages in accordance with the present disclosure

[0015] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary architecture for a 3GPP new radio (NR) system, in which aspects of the present disclosure may be performed.|0016| FIGs. 2a-2e illustrate respective sensing modes available under the concept of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) as defined by 3GPP, according to prior art.

[0017] FIG. 3 illustrates an example scenario showing a best beam for communication between a user equipment (UE) and a gNB may not be the best beam for detecting and / or tracking a sensing target.

[0018] FIG. 4 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating a design of an example of a communication apparatus, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.|0019| FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method at a first communication apparatus, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method at a second communication apparatus, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 7 illustrates an example scenario for detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 8 is a table on mapping of transmit power control (TPC) command field in downlink control information (DCI) to accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] per sensing target, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 9 is a table on mapping of TPC command field in DCI to accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] per sensing target, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 10 illustrates an example scenario for detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0025] FIGs. 11 and 12 are block diagrams of devices that support detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, where the device may be a network entity or a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0026] FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a communications manager that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0027] FIGs. 14 and 15 are block diagrams of devices that support detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, where the device may be a UE, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0028] FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a communications manager that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0029] FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram illustrating exemplary functional split options in 5G open-radio access network (O-RAN) to which various aspects of the present disclosure may apply.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] Aspects of the present disclosure provide methods and corresponding apparatuses (at a network entity and / or at a user equipment (UE)) for detecting and / or tracking sensing target(s), in the context of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) that may be deployed for networks that are based on the 3GPP standards of 5G-Advanced, and beyond. The term “sensing target” is to be understood as a physical object or entity to be detected and / or tracked, and some examples are provided below.

[0031] In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, the network entity and the UEs may each be equipped with a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna array comprising multiple panels (or otherwise known as antenna panels) for wireless communication.

[0032] The following description provides examples of object tracking by a network entity and / or a UE (based on using power control to enable ISAC transmissions), but are not limiting on the scope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration”. Anyaspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects.

[0033] Any number of wireless networks may generally be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless network may support a particular radio access technology (RAT) and may operate on one or more frequencies. A RAT may also be referred to as a radio technology, an air interface, etc. A frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, a subband, and etc. Each frequency may support a single RAT in a given geographic area in order to avoid interference between wireless networks of different RATs.

[0034] The techniques described herein may be used for various wireless networks and radio technologies. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, and / or new radio (e.g., 5G NR) wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure can be applied in other (future) generation-based communication systems configured for MU-MIMO transmissions. Further discussions on 5G NR system architecture and protocol stacks are set out below.

[0035] NR may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. NR may support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD). OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, which are also commonly referred to as tones, bins, and etc. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and in the time domain with SC-FDM. The spacing between adjacent subcarriers may be fixed, and the total number of subcarriers may be dependent on the system bandwidth. The minimum resource allocation, called a resource block (RB), may be 12 consecutive subcarriers. The system bandwidth may also be partitioned into subbands. For example, a subband may cover multiple RBs. NR may support a base subcarrier spacing (SCS) of 15 KHz and other SCS may be defined with respect to the base SCS (e.g., 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, 240 kHz, etc.).

[0036] NR access may support various wireless communication services, such as enhanced mobile broadband (cMBB) targeting wide bandwidth, millimeter wave mmW, massive machine type communications MTC (mMTC) targeting non-backward compatible MTC techniques, and / or mission critical targeting ultra-reliable low-latency communications(URLLC). These services may include latency and reliability requirements. These services may also have different transmission time intervals (TTT) to meet respective quality of service (QoS) requirements. In addition, these services may co-exist in the same subframe.|0037| NR supports beamforming and beam direction may be dynamically configured. MIMO transmissions with precoding may also be supported. MIMO configurations in the downlink (DL) may support up to 8 transmit antennas with multi-layer DL transmissions up to 8 streams and up to 2 streams per UE. Multi-layer transmissions with up to 2 streams per UE may be supported. Aggregation of multiple cells may be supported with up to 8 serving cells.

[0038] Some wireless communication systems may include communication devices, such as UEs and network entities, for example, next-generation NodeBs or giga-NodeBs (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) that may support multiple radio access technologies including fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. Certain wireless communications systems, such as 4G systems and 5G systems, may employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming to support high reliability and high data throughput operations.

[0039] Aspects according to the present disclosure will be described, by way of example only, with reference to the drawings. Like reference numerals and characters in the drawings refer to like elements or equivalents.

[0040] 3GPP has been working at the next release for the 5th generation cellular technology, simply called 5G, including the development of a new radio access technology (NR) operating in frequencies ranging up to 100 GHz. The first version of the 5G standard was completed at the end of 2017, which allows proceeding to 5G NR standard-compliant trials and commercial deployments of smartphones.|0041| The second version of the 5G standard was completed in June 2020, which further expand the reach of 5G to new services, spectrum and deployment such as unlicensed spectrum (NR-U), non-public network (NPN), time sensitive networking (TSN) and cellular-V2X.5G NR system architecture and protocol stacks

[0042] 5G NR system architecture assumes an NG-RAN (Next Generation - Radio Access Network) that comprises gNBs (next generation Node B, which is the base station in NG-RAN), providing the NG-radio access user plane (SDAP / PDCP / RLC / MAC / PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE (user equipment). The gNBs are interconnected with each other by means of the Xn interface. The gNBs are also connected by means of the Next Generation (NG) interface to the NGC (Next Generation Core), more specifically to the AMF (Access and Mobility Management Function) (e.g., a particular core entity performing the AMF) by means of the NG-C interface and to the UPF (User Plane Function) (e.g., a particular core entity performing the UPF) by means of the NG-U interface. The NG-RAN architecture is illustrated in Figure 1 (see e.g., 3GPP TS 38.300 v15.6.0, section 4).

[0043] The user plane protocol stack for NR (see e.g. 3GPP TS 38.300, section 4.4.1) comprises the PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol, see section 6.4 of 3GPP TS 38.300), RLC (Radio Link Control, sec section 6.3 of 3GPP TS 38.300) and MAC (Medium Access Control, see section 6.2 of 3GPP TS 38.300) sublayers, which are terminated in the gNB on the network side. Additionally, a new access stratum (AS) sublayer (SDAP, Service Data Adaptation Protocol) is introduced above PDCP (see e.g., sub-clause 6.5 of 3GPP TS 38.300). A control plane protocol stack is also defined for NR (see for instance 3GPP TS 38.300, section 4.4.2). An overview of the Layer 2 functions is given in sub-clause 6 of 3GPP TS 38.300. The functions of the PDCP, RLC and MAC sublayers are listed respectively in sections 6.4, 6.3, and 6.2 of 3GPP TS 38.300. The functions of the RRC layer are listed in sub-clause 7 of 3GPP TS 38.300.

[0044] For instance, the Medium-Access-Control layer handles logical-channel multiplexing, and scheduling and scheduling-related functions, including handling of different numerologies.|0045| The physical layer (PHY) is for example responsible for coding, PHY hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) processing, modulation, multi-antenna processing, and mapping of the signal to the appropriate physical time -frequency resources. It also handles mapping of transport channels to physical channels. The physical layer provides services to the MAC layer in the form of transport channels. A physical channel corresponds to the set oftime-frequency resources used for transmission of a particular transport channel, and each transport channel is mapped to a corresponding physical channel. For instance, the physical channels are PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel), PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) and PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) for uplink, PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel), PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) and PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) for downlink, PRDCH (Physical Reader-to-Device Channel) and PDRCH (Physical Device-to-Reader Channel) for A-IoT, and PSSCH (Physical Sidelink Shared Channel), PSCCH (Physical Sidelink Control Channel) and Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) for sidelink (SL).

[0046] For cross division duplex (XDD) operation, the frequency domain (or frequency resource or frequency bandwidth) is divided into a plurality of frequency domains (also referred to as, for example, sub-bands, RB sets, sub-bandwidths, or sub-BWPs (Bandwidth parts)). The terminal performs transmission and reception in a direction (for example, a downlink or uplink direction) in units of sub-bands that are the divided domains. For subband non-overlapping full duplex (SBFD) symbols, the terminal may perform transmission / reception in one direction of uplink and downlink directions, and may not perform transmission / reception in the other direction. The base station, on the other hand, may be capable of performing both uplink and downlink transmissions / receptions simultaneously. SBFD symbols may have a fewer frequency domain usable for downlink compared to symbols for which only downlink transmission / reception is performed. Further, SBFD symbols may have a fewer frequency domain usable for uplink compared to symbol for which only uplink transmission / reception is performed.

[0047] Further, for SBFD symbols, the terminal may perform uplink and downlink transmissions / receptions simultaneously. At this time, the frequency domain transmitted by the terminal and the frequency domain received by the terminal may not be adjacent and a frequency interval (also referred to as a frequency gap) may be provided therebetween.|0048| Further, sidelink transmission / reception may also be included as a transmission / reception direction in units of sub-bands which are the divided domains.

[0049] Use cases / deployment scenarios for NR could include enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), massive machine type communication (mMTC), which have diverse requirements in terms of data rates,latency, and coverage. For example, eMBB is expected to support peak data rates (20 Gbps for downlink and lOGbps for uplink) and user-experienced data rates in the order of three times what is offered by IMT-Advanced. On the other hand, in case of URLLC, the tighter requirements are put on ultra-low latency (0.5 ms for UL and DL each for user plane latency) and high reliability (e.g., 99.999%). Finally, mMTC may preferably require high connection density (e.g., 1,000,000 devices / km2in an urban environment), large coverage in harsh environments, and extremely long-life battery for low-cost devices (e.g. 15 years).

[0050] Therefore, the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) numerology (e.g., subcarrier spacing, OFDM symbol duration, cyclic prefix (CP) duration, number of symbols per scheduling interval) that is suitable for one use case might not work well for another. For example, low-latency services may preferably require a shorter symbol duration (and thus larger subcarrier spacing) and / or fewer symbols per scheduling interval (also known as transmission time interval (TTI)) than an mMTC service. Furthermore, deployment scenarios with large channel delay spreads may preferably require a longer CP duration than scenarios with short delay spreads. The subcarrier spacing should be optimized accordingly to retain the similar CP overhead. NR may support more than one value of subcarrier spacing. Correspondingly, subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz,..., etc., are being considered at the moment. The symbol duration Tu and the subcarrier spacing Af are directly related through the formula Δf = 1 / Tu. In a similar manner as in LTE systems, the term "resource element" can be used to denote a minimum resource unit being composed of one subcarrier for the length of one OFDM / SC-FDMA symbol.

[0051] In the new radio system 5G-NR for each numerology and carrier a resource grid of subcarriers and OFDM symbols is defined respectively for uplink and downlink. Each element in the resource grid is called a resource element and is identified based on the frequency index in the frequency domain and the symbol position in the time domain (see 3GPP TS 38.211 V16.3.0).

[0052] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of example components of a communication apparatus 400 configured to enable detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communication apparatus 400 may be a network entity 305 or a UE 315 (arranged in the wireless communications system 100 of FIG. 1),which may be used to implement aspects of the present disclosure. Each of these components may be in electronic communication with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0053] It is to be appreciated that the term “network entity” 305 described herein may include or may be referred to by a person having ordinary skill in the art as a base transceiver station, a radio network entity, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or a giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a gNB centralized unit (gNB-CU), a gNB distributed unit (gNB-DU), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, a transmission reception point (TRP), or other suitable terminology.

[0054] Also, the term “UE” 315 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 315 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 315 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (loT) device, an Internet of Everything (loE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, or vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), meters, among other examples. The UEs 315 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as other UEs 315 that may sometimes act as relays as well as the network entities 305 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay network entities.

[0055] In the case of the network entity 305, circuitry 414, at least one radio transmitter 402, at least one radio receiver 404, and at least one antenna 412 may be included in the communication apparatus 400. The at least one antenna 412, in some implementations, may include multiple antennas, which are capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions (e.g. for MIMO communications). More specifically, the multiple antennas may be implemented in the form of a MU-MIMO antenna array, which is equipped to include multiple panels, according to an example.

[0056] The circuitry 414 may include at least one controller 406 for use in software and / or hardware-aided execution of tasks that the at least one controller 406 is designed toperform, including control of communications with other communication apparatuses in, for example, a MIMO wireless network. The circuitry 414 may further include at least one transmission signal generator 408 and at least one receive signal processor 410.

[0057] The controller 406 may generate control information, which may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid ARQ indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), and etc. The controller 406 may also receive data from a data source (not shown), and the data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), and etc. The circuitry 414 may further include at least one memory (not shown) to store data and program codes for the network entity 305. The memory may be (communicatively) coupled to the controller 406.

[0058] The memory may include RAM, ROM, or a combination thereof. The memory may store computer-readable code including instructions that, when executed by a processor (e.g. the controller 406) cause the communication apparatus 400 to perform various functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory may contain, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0059] The controller 406 may process (e.g. encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The controller 406 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0060] The controller 406 may control the transmission signal generator 408 for generating signals (e.g., a reader-to-device (R2D) signal, a device-to-reader (D2R) signal, an uplink (UL) signal, a downlink (DL) signal, a sidelink (SL) signal, etc.) to be transmitted via the radio transmitter 402 to other communication apparatuses and the receive signal processor 410 for processing signals (e.g., a R2D signal, a D2R signal, an UL signal, a DL signal, a SL signal, etc.) received via the radio receiver 404 from other communication apparatuses. The transmission signal generator 408 and the receive signal processor 410 may be implemented as independent, stand-alone modules of the network entity 305 that communicate with the controller 406 for the above-mentioned functions, as depicted in FIG. 4.

[0061] The controller 406 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g. a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the controller 406 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some implementations, a memory controller may further be integrated into controller 406. The controller 406 may be configured to execute computer-readable code stored in a memory (arranged either internal or external to the controller 406) to cause the communication apparatus 400 to perform various functions (e.g. functions or tasks that support detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure).

[0062] The computer-readable code may include instructions to implement aspects of the present disclosure, including instructions to support detecting and / or tracking sensing targets. The computer-readable code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or other type of memory. In some implementations, the computer-readable code may not be directly executable by the controller 406 but may cause a computing device (e.g. when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein.

[0063] In some examples, the radio transmitter 402 and the radio receiver 404 may together be collocated and implemented as a single module, which may be termed a transceiver. The transceiver may communicate bi-directionally, via one or more antennas, wired, wireless links, or the like. For example, the transceiver may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver may also include a modem to modulate packets and provide the modulated packets to the antenna 412 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the antenna 412.

[0064] The circuitry 414, the radio transmitter 402, the radio receiver 404, and the antenna 412 of the UE 315 may be used to perform the various techniques and methods described herein. For example, the controller 406 of the UE 315 may include a UE communications manager 1115, 1215 that may be configured to perform the operations shown in FIG. 5, as well as other operations described herein.

[0065] Alternatively, the transmission signal generator 408 and the receive signal processor 410 may also be arranged within the controller 406. In various examples, the radiotransmitter 402, the radio receiver 404, and the antenna 412 may be arranged to be controlled collectively by the controller 406.

[0066] FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method 500 at a first communication apparatus (that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets), in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 500 may be implemented by a UE 315 or its components. For example, the operations of method 500 may be performed by a UE communications manager as described with reference to FIGs. 11-13. In some examples, a UE 315 may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE 315 to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, a UE 315 may perform aspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

[0067] At 505, the UE 315 may determine a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal. The operations of 505 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 505 may be performed by a determination component as described with reference to FIGs. 12-13.

[0068] At 510, the UE 315 may transmit the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power. The operations of 510 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 510 may be performed by a transmit component as described with reference to FIGs. 12-13.

[0069] In some implementations, the operations of the method 500 may be programmed into, and stored as corresponding computer-readable code that is executable by the first communication apparatus. The above description for the various components in FIG. 4 apply, mutatis mutandis, for an example implementation at the network entity 305. In this case, the controller 406 of the network entity305 may include a network entity communications manager 1415, 1515 that may be configured to perform the operations depicted in FIG. 6. In this case, the UE 315 may also perform the operations illustrated in FIG. 6, as set out by the discussions below, with reference to FIGs. 14-16.

[0070] FIG. 6 is a flowchart illustrating a method 600 at a second communication apparatus (that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets), in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of method 600 may be implemented by a network entity 305 or its components. For example, the operations of method 600 may be performedby a network entity communications manager as described with reference to FIGs. 14-16. In some examples, a network entity 305 may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity 305 to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, a network entity 305 may perform aspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

[0071] Alternatively, the operations of method 600 may also be implemented by a UE 315 or its components. In this case, the operations of method 600 may be performed by a UE communications manager as described with reference to FIGs. 14-16. Similarly, in some examples, a UE 315 may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE 315 to perform the functions described below. Additionally or alternatively, a UE 315 may perform aspects of the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

[0072] At 605, the network entity 305 / UE 315 may transmit control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus. The operations of 605 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 605 may be performed by a transmit component as described with reference to FIGs. 15-16.

[0073] At 610, the network entity 305 / UE 315 may receive reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus. The operations of 610 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a receive component as described with reference to FIGs. 15-16.

[0074] At 615, the network entity 305 / UE 315 may detect and / or track at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal. The operations of 615 may be performed according to the methods described herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 615 may be performed by a detect / track component as described with reference to FIGs. 15-16.

[0075] In some implementations, the operations of the method 600 may be programmed into, and stored as corresponding computer-readable code that is executable by the second communication apparatus.

[0076] In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, there is disclosed a first communication apparatus, comprising: circuitry, which in operation, determines a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and a transmitter, which in operation, transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power. The circuitry and the transmitter may be referenced to the corresponding components afore described with FIG. 4.

[0077] In accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, there is disclosed a corresponding second communication apparatus, which comprises: a transmitter, which in operation, transmits control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; a receiver, which in operation, receives reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and a circuitry, which in operation, detects and / or tracks the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal. Similarly, the circuitry, the transmitter and the receiver may be referenced to the corresponding components afore described with FIG. 4.

[0078] For avoidance of doubt, according to the context of the disclosure, to detect may mean to detect the presence of the sensing target, and to track may mean to continuously monitor and follow the movement or location of the sensing target, e.g. with the goal of predicting a future position or behavior of the sensing target.

[0079] In various examples, depending on the sensing mode to be applied, the second communication apparatus and the first communication apparatus may respectively be a network entity, and a UE. This includes deployment under UE monostatic sensing, and UE-TRP bistatic sensing, and further details are provided in the discussions to follow.

[0080] In other examples, depending on the sensing mode to be deployed, the second communication apparatus and the first communication apparatus may alternatively be respective UEs (i.e. first and second UEs). This includes deployment under UE-UE bistatic sensing, wherein there may be two different use cases. In a first use case, there is a network entity configured to transmit a message instructing performance of beam sweeping (by the second UE), so that the first UE may detect any sensing target(s). That is to say, the network entity triggers the procedure of UE-UE bistatic sensing. When the sensing target(s) areidentified by the first UE, the first UE requests the network entity to configure / indicate sensing target power control for the second UE, in order that the first UE may subsequently detect and / or track the identified sensing target(s). In a second use case, it is the first UE that triggers the procedure of UE-UE bistatic sensing, and so in this case, the first UE is configured to transmit, to the second UE, a message instructing performance of beam sweeping. More discussions on the first and second use cases are provided below.

[0081] For the first and second communication apparatuses to detect and / or track sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, there are two class of solutions that may be implemented: (1). the first communication apparatus (e.g., UE) is configured to determine uplink (UL) transmit (Tx) power for ISAC signals, based on power control for each sensing target to be tracked (i.e., hereinafter referred to as first scheme of: “per sensing target power control” - refer to an example scenario 700 depicted in FIG. 7); and (2) the first communication apparatus (e.g., UE) is configured to determine UL Tx power for ISAC signals, based on power control for each sensing mode (i.e., hereinafter referred to as second scheme of: “per sensing mode power control”) to be deployed.

[0082] An advantage of the method to detect and / or track sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure, is that improved sensing performance may be obtained through appropriate adjustment of Tx power accordingly. Accordingly, consequential improvements to power consumption, spectral efficiency, and enhanced efficiency for high reliability, among other benefits, may further be attained for communications in 5G systems.

[0083] ISAC signals (in the UL direction) may comprise signal transmissions of any of the following (but not limited to): PUCCH, PUSCH, PRACH, SRS, or ISAC-specific reference signals. It is appreciated that the ISAC signals may partially or fully be overlapping in the time-domain. While it may be understood that a sensing target may be detected and tracked via one ISAC signal, it is not limited as such, as multiple ISAC signals may also be used to improve the accuracy of tracking of said sensing target.

[0084] In the first scheme, three different options (i.e., first, second, and third options) may be deployed, and are described below. Under the first option, a maximum Tx power per sensing target (e.g., PST_max t,f,c, where t denotes a sensing target (e.g., an identification or an index), f denotes a carrier frequency, and c denotes a serving cell) is determined (by the first communication apparatus) such that the sum of the total maximum transmit power fortransmissions of the ISAC signals (e.g., t=i Ps_max_t,f,c) to respectively track N sensing targets does not exceed a maximum power (e.g., PCMAX. / . C, where f denotes a carrier frequency, and c denotes a serving cell) available for transmission at the first communication apparatus. A value of PCMAX,f,c may alternatively be specified / pre-configured in the 3GPP standards, and so the value may be obtained therefrom. This relationship may be expressed as equation (1):

[0085] Ht=l PsT_max_t,f,c ^ PcMAX,f.c (1)

[0086] That is to say, the at least one sensing target includes the N sensing targets, and N represents the number of sensing targets. So, to enable the maximum Tx power per sensing target to be derivable at the first communication apparatus, the circuitry (of the second communication apparatus) is configured to further: determine respective transmit power for transmission of respective ISAC signals to detect and / or track the respective N sensing targets, wherein each determined transmit power corresponds to a maximum transmit power for transmitting an ISAC signal. On the other hand, if the sum of the total maximum transmit powers (∑t=1 PST_max_t,f,c) related to the N sensing targets, which may be configured by the second communication apparatus, exceeds a maximum power (PCMAX,f,c) for transmission at the first communication apparatus, the first communication apparatus may normalize these configured maximum transmit powers for related to the N sensing targets to satisfy such a limitation, based on its own implementation. The first communication apparatus may reduce these configured maximum transmit powers related to the N sensing targets equally or may reduce some of these configured maximum transmit powers related to the N sensing targets.

[0087] In an example, each maximum Tx power (Psr max _t, / ,c) is configured to be associated with at least one of: a specific sounding reference signal (SRS) resource indicator (SRI), a specific transmitted precoding matrix indicator (TPMI), and a specific SRS resource set. The UE may use the at least one of: a specific SRI, a specific TPMI, and a specific SRS resource set to determine a specific beam (aka a spatial direction) which is used to transmit the ISAC signal by the UE. The specific beam may be based on a codebook-based uplink transmission or a non-codebook-based uplink transmission. In other words, each maximum Tx power (PST maxc) is associated with the specific beam that is directional to a sensing target. This enables the spatial direction of the ISAC signal to be purposely changed to track and follow up on the sensing target, as desired, in order the network entity may improvedetection and / or tracking of the sensing target. The association may be provided via explicit indication, or implicit indication (by the second communication apparatus) to the first communication apparatus. In this context, the maximum Tx power(PST_maxisassociated with a specific SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set, through the explicit or implicit indication.

[0088] For explicit indication, each maximum Tx power (PsT_max_t,f,c) is configured together with an index of SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set. For implicit indication, each maximum Tx power (Psr_max_t, f.c) is configured to be sequentially or cyclically mapped with an increasing or decreasing order of an index of SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set.

[0089] In an example, each maximum Tx power PST_max_t,f,c) may be predefined in the specification, or alternatively, may be configured by the network entity (i.e., the second communication apparatus). In an example, the specification may predefine N sensing targets that can be detected and / or tracked, and it specifies that a UE may preferably equally distribute same transmit power related to each of the N sensing targets. In another example, the network entity may configure a maximum Tx power (PST max tfC) per sensing target, wherein PST max_t,f,c may be the same or different among N sensing targets, depending on circumstances, such as for example, based on the physical size, the locale, or the material construction of an associated sensing target to be detected and / or tracked.

[0090] In respect of the first option (of the first scheme), an advantage is that it incurs low complexity in terms of implementation.

[0091] For the second option (of the first scheme), the determination of the transmit power is based on open loop power control (OLPC). In this option, the second communication apparatus configures control information indicating: OLPC parameter set per sensing target to the first communication apparatus via radio resource control (RRC) signaling. The first communication apparatus determines a transmit powers for transmission of the ISAC signal based on the OLPC parameter per sensing target. It is to be appreciated that other forms of higher layer signalling (besides RRC) may also be used.

[0092] In this case, the OLPC parameter set per sensing target is to be associated with a specific SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set, based similarly on explicit or implicitindication (as afore described in the first option of the first scheme). Particularly, for explicit indication, the OLPC parameter set per sensing target is configured together with an index of SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set. For implicit indication, the OLPC parameter set per sensing target is sequentially or cyclically mapped with an increasing or decreasing order of an index of SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set. By doing so, the OLPC parameter set of a sensing target is associated with a specific beam that is directional to the sensing target. Therefore, the network entity may improve detection and / or tracking of the sensing target. In an example, for tracking up to two sensing targets (N ≤ 2), the OLPC parameter sets (e.g., pO-PUSCH-Alpha and powerControlLoopToUse), as known in the art, may be reinterpreted to provide the indication. For instance, when there is one sensing target (N = 1), current OLPC parameter set (e.g., pO-PUSCH-Alpha and powerControlLoopToUse may be re-used to provide the indication, when monostatic / bistatic sensing (based on ISAC signal transmissions) is triggered. A benefit of this implementation is that it provides compatibility with current specifications, since parameters defined in said specifications may be repurposed to implement the second option.

[0093] In an example, where it is required to track more than two sensing targets N > 2), two existing OLPC parameter sets may be re-interpreted to provide the indication for the first two sensing targets, while additional OLPC parameter set(s) (e.g., pO-PUSCH- Alpha target t and powerControlLoopToUse_target_t) may further be used to provide the respective indications for the remaining sensing targets. More specifically, the N sensing targets may be identified as respective indexes, and the first two sensing targets may be defined as the two lowest (or highest) indexes. A benefit of this implementation is that it provides compatibility with current specifications, since parameters defined in said specifications may be repurposed to implement the second option.

[0094] In an example, new OLPC parameter sets (e.g. pO-PUSCH-Alpha_target_t and powerControlLoopToUse_target_t) are used to provide indication for each sensing target. A benefit of this implementation is that it provides compatibility with Rel. 15-19 of the 3GPP specifications, and does not impact legacy UEs that operate based on said specifications.

[0095] For the third option (of the first scheme), the determination of the transmit power is based on close loop power control (CLPC). In this option, the second communication apparatus configures control information indicating: CLPC parameter set per sensing target tothe first communication apparatus via downlink control information (DO). The first communication apparatus determines a transmit power for transmission of the ISAC signal, based on the CLPC parameter per sensing target in DCI. Alternatively, physical layer signalling may also be used in place of DCI for this purpose.

[0096] In this case, CLPC parameter set per sensing target is to be associated with a specific SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set, based similarly on explicit or implicit indication (as afore described in the first option of the first scheme). Particularly, for explicit indication, the CLPC parameter set per sensing target is indicated together with an index of SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set. For implicit indication, the CLPC parameter set per sensing target is sequentially or cyclically mapped with an increasing or decreasing order of an index of SRI, and / or TPMI, and / or SRS resource set. By doing so, the CLPC parameter set of a sensing target is associated with a specific beam that is directional to the sensing target. Therefore, the network entity may improve detection and / or tracking of the sensing target. In an example, for tracking up to two sensing targets (N < 2), existing transmit power control (TPC) command indicators in DCI, as known in the art, may be re-interpreted to provide the indication. An advantage of this implementation is that it allows a sensing target to be tracked dynamically, and provides compatibility with current specifications, since parameters defined in said specifications may be re-purposed to implement the third option.

[0097] In an example, where it is required to track more than two sensing targets (N > 2), two existing TPC command indicators (in DCI) may be re-interpreted to provide the indication for the first two sensing targets, while additional TPC command indicators (in DCI) may further be used to provide the respective indications for the remaining sensing targets. More specifically, the N sensing targets may be identified as respective indexes, and the first two sensing targets may be defined as the two lowest (or highest) indexes. An advantage of this implementation is that it allows a sensing target to be tracked dynamically, and provides compatibility with current specifications, since parameters defined in said specifications may be re-purposed to implement the third option.

[0098] In an example, new TPC command indicators in a new DCI format (or new control information) are used to provide indication for each sensing target. A benefit of this implementation is that it provides compatibility with Rel. 15-19 of the 3GPP specifications, and does not materially impact operations of legacy UEs based on said specifications.

[0099] It is to be appreciated that a single option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme) may be deployed for tracking the N sensing targets. For instance, when N = 3 (i.e. first, second and third sensing targets), the first sensing target may be tracked based on using the first option, the second sensing target may be tracked based on using the second option, and the third sensing target may be tracked based on using the third option. Optionally, all three sensing targets may also be tracked based on, for instance, using the first option or the third option. There is flexibility in deploying the various options (of the first scheme) for tracking a plurality of sensing targets. This may be advantageous in providing improved sensing performance for tracking the individual sensing target.

[0100] In an example, the first scheme may be extended to be applied for power control of more than two beams. In this context, power control is on basis of each beam, rather than on basis of each sensing target. Each beam may be used to transmit ISAC signals by the first communication apparatus to support to detect and / or track one or more sensing targets.

[0101] In an example, the first scheme may be extended to be applied for power control of respective sets of beams, where each set comprises a plurality of beams. The first communication apparatus may use a set of beams to transmit an ISAC signal in such as a time division multiplexed (TDM’ed) scheme or a frequency division multiplexed (FDM’ed) scheme or a code division multiplexed (CDM’ed) scheme. Alternatively, it may repeatedly transmit a same ISAC signal over a set of beams in parallel. This scheme extension is suitable, wherein different sets of beams may be used to provide coverage for tracking respective sensing targets over different directions / sectors (e.g. a direction or sector of 30 / 60 / 90 degrees).

[0102] Possible scenarios of operations between a UE, and a network entity for tracking sensing targets are described below. gNB is used as an example of the network entity in this context, but is not construed to be limiting as such. In the case of UE-gNB bistatic sensing, where the network entity and the UE are respectively the first communication device and the second communication device, the gNB first triggers a procedure to invoke UE-gNB bistatic sensing, and then transmits a message to the UE to sweep its own beams to transmit the ISAC signal in the time domain (e.g., the UE uses multiple beams to transmit ISAC signal over multiple time instances) so that the gNB may detect presence of any potential sensing targets (e.g. UAV, vehicle and etc.) to be tracked in a coverage area.

[0103] Upon identifying there are N sensing targets to be tracked, based on the beam sweeping performed by the UE(s), the gNB determines respective Tx power for transmission of respective ISAC signals to detect and / or track the respective N sensing targets. The determination of the respective Tx power may be exercised based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme) vis-a-vis tracking the respective N sensing targets. The gNB then transmits, to the UE, control information on indications about the determined respective Tx power to enable tracking of the N sensing targets. The indications may be formulated based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme).

[0104] Upon receiving the indications, the UE determines the respective Tx power for the respective ISAC signals to be transmitted. The UE subsequently transmits, based on the determined respective Tx power, the respective ISAC signals for tracking the respective N sensing targets. Due to possible mobility of the sensing targets, and / or mobility of the UE, and / or channel condition, the gNB may subsequently update the initially determined respective Tx power with new values, so that the UE may improve adjustment of UL Tx power for transmitting the respective ISAC signals to improve accuracy for tracking the respective N sensing targets.

[0105] It is to be appreciated that the above descriptions are also applicable to a UE-gNB multi-static sensing mode, where a UE determines a transmit power per sensing target and transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power. One or more gNBs receive reflections of the ISAC signal to detect and / or track N sensing targets.

[0106] In the case of UE-UE bistatic sensing, there are two different example scenarios. In a first scenario, where the network entity and the (first) UE are respectively the second communication device and the first communication device, there is also a third communication apparatus being a (second) UE. The gNB triggers a procedure to invoke UE-UE bistatic sensing. The gNB transmits a message to the first UE to sweep its own beams so that the second UE may detect presence of any potential sensing targets (e.g. UAV, vehicle and etc.) to be tracked in a coverage area. The second UE may then feedback the detection of the presence of any potential sensing targets to the gNB.

[0107] Upon identifying there are N sensing targets to be tracked, based on the beam sweeping performed by the first UE, the second UE transmits a request to the gNB todetermine respective Tx power for transmission of respective ISAC signals to detect and / or track the respective N sensing targets, by the second UE. The determination of the respective Tx power may be exercised based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme) vis-a-vis tracking the respective N sensing targets. The gNB then transmits, to the first UE, control information on indications about the determined respective Tx power to enable tracking of the N sensing targets. The indications may be formulated based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme).

[0108] Subsequent to receiving the indications, the first UE determines the respective Tx power for the respective ISAC signals to be transmitted. The first UE then transmits, based on the determined respective Tx power, the respective ISAC signals for tracking the respective N sensing targets. Due to possible mobility of the sensing targets, and / or mobility of the first and second UEs, and / or channel condition, the gNB may subsequently update the initially determined respective Tx power with new values, so that the first UE may improve adjustment of UL Tx power for transmitting the respective ISAC signals to improve accuracy for tracking the respective N sensing targets (by the second UE).

[0109] It is to be appreciated that the above descriptions are also applicable to a UE-UE multi-static sensing mode, where a first UE determines a transmit power per sensing target and transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power. One or more second UEs then receive reflections of the transmitted ISAC signal to detect and / or track N sensing targets.

[0110] Under a second scenario, where the first communication apparatus and the second communication apparatus each is a UE (i.e. first and second UEs), the first UE triggers a procedure to invoke UE-UE bistatic sensing. The first UE transmits a message to the second UE to sweep its own beams to transmit ISAC signal in time domain (e.g., the second UE uses multiple beams to transmit the ISAC signal over multiple time instances) so that the first UE may detect presence of any potential sensing targets (e.g., UAV, vehicle and etc.) to be tracked in a coverage area.

[0111] When N sensing targets to be detected and / or tracked are identified by the first UE, the first UE determines respective Tx power control to be applied, by the second UE, for transmission of respective ISAC signals for tracking the respective N sensing targets by the first UE. The determination of the Tx power may be exercised based on one option, ordifferent combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme) vis-a-vis tracking the respective N sensing targets. The first UE then transmits, to the second UE, control information on indications about the determined respective Tx power. The indications may be formulated based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme).

[0112] Due to possible mobility of the sensing targets, and / or mobility of the first and second UEs, and / or channel condition, the first UE may subsequently update the initially determined respective Tx power with new values, so that the second UE may improve adjustment of UL Tx power for transmitting the respective ISAC signals to improve accuracy for tracking the respective N sensing targets.

[0113] In the case of UE monostatic sensing mode, the network entity and the UE are respectively the second communication device and the first communication device. The gNB triggers a procedure to invoke monostatic sensing. The gNB transmits a message to the UE to sweep its own beams to transmit the ISAC signal in the time domain (e.g., the UE uses multiple beams to transmit the ISAC signal over multiple time instances), so that the UE may detect presence of any potential sensing targets (e.g. UAV, vehicle and etc.) to be tracked in a coverage area. The UE may then feedback the detection of any potential sensing targets to the gNB.

[0114] When N sensing targets to be tracked are identified, the gNB determines respective Tx power to be applied, by the UE, for transmission of respective ISAC signals for tracking the respective N sensing targets by the UE in this case. The determination of the Tx power may be exercised based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme) vis-a-vis tracking the respective N sensing targets. The gNB then transmits, to the UE, control information on indications associated with information about the determined respective Tx power to enable tracking of the N sensing targets. The indications may be formulated based on one option, or different combination(s) of the three options (of the first scheme).

[0115] Subsequent to receiving the indications, the UE determines the respective Tx power for the respective ISAC signals to be transmitted. The UE transmits, based on the determined respective transmit power, the respective ISAC signals for tracking the respective N sensing targets by the UE itself. Due to possible mobility of the sensing targets, and / ormobility of the UE, and / or channel condition, the gNB may subsequently update the initially determined respective Tx power with new values, so that the UE may improve adjustment of UL Tx power for transmitting the respective ISAC signals to improve accuracy for tracking the respective N sensing targets.

[0116] FIG. 8 depicts a mapping 800 of TPC command field in DCI to accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] per sensing target. Discussion below is made referring to the third option (of the first scheme), in which existing TPC command indicators utilised in DCI are used to communicate the determined Tx power to the second communication apparatus. Tn an example, a TPC command field of an existing TPC command indicator is repurposed, so that it may be reinterpreted to indicate respective N TPC values that may be applied to the respective N sensing targets.

[0117] Specifically, the mapping 800 comprises a first table 802 and a second table 804. The first table 802 includes known (legacy) TPC values defined in Rel. 15-19 of the 3GPP specifications, and legacy UEs (i.e. UEs that are not configured with capability to detect and / or track sensing targets, in accordance with the disclosure) may read a TPC command field to obtain the corresponding mapped (legacy) accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] defined in the first table 502.

[0118] On the other hand, the second table 804 is a mapping of TPC command field in DCI to newly defined accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] per sensing target, which may be communicated to the UE via RRC for instance. Particularly, under respective TPC command fields, the second table 604 defines respective sets of accumulated and absolute 8PUSCli b cor / >SfiS,c[dB] for respective sensing targets. Hence, UEs with capability to detect and / or track sensing targets, in accordance with the disclosure, may read a TPC command field to concurrently obtain the corresponding sets of mapped accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] for the respective sensing targets, as defined by the second table 804. This is advantageous in promoting compatibility with legacy specifications.

[0119] FIG. 9 depicts a mapping 900 of TPC command field in DCI to accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] per sensing target. Discussion is also made referring to the third option (of the first scheme). In an example, a TPC command field of an existingTPC command indicator is re-purposed, so that it may be reinterpreted to indicate the same TPC values applicable to all the N sensing targets, under said TPC command field.

[0120] The mapping 900 comprises a first table 902 and a second table 904. The first table 902 includes known (legacy) TPC values defined in Rel. 15-19 of the 3GPP specifications, and legacy UEs read a TPC command field to obtain the corresponding mapped (legacy) accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] defined in the first table 902.

[0121] The second table 904 is a new mapping of TPC command field in DCI to newly defined accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB], which may be communicated to the UE via RRC for instance. Particularly, the newly defined accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,cor δSRS,b,f,c[dB] associated with a TPC command field are applicable for all sensing targets. UEs with capability to detect and / or track sensing targets, in accordance with the disclosure, may read a TPC command field to obtain the corresponding mapped accumulated and absolute δPUSCH,b,f,cor δSRS,b,c[dB], defined by the second table 904. This is beneficial in promoting compatibility with legacy specifications.

[0122] In an example, when sensing targets to be tracked are distributed or located closely to one another, the sensing targets may be semantically grouped together to form one or more clusters of sensing targets. Accordingly, the UE (i.e. as the second communication apparatus) is configured to determine UL Tx power for ISAC transmissions, based on the power control to be applied to each cluster of sensing targets, and the Tx power may be determined according to one option, or different combination(s) of the three options of the first scheme, as afore described. Hence, the gNB may track the one or more clusters of sensing targets in this manner.

[0123] Now referring to the second scheme, the UE may be configured by the gNB to perform a plurality of sensing modes via different concurrent UL signals. For example, as illustrated by the scenario 1000 in FIG. 10, a UE (e.g. vehicle) is configured to utilise a first UL signal by using a first beam (c.g., a specific spatial transmission direction, or SSB-bascd beam, or CSI-RS-based beam), so that the gNB is able to detect and / or track a UAV flying in the sky in the UE-gNB bistatic sensing mode, and to further utilise a second UL signal by using a second beam (e.g., another specific spatial transmission direction, or SSB-based beam, or CSI-RS-based beam) for the UE to detect and / or track a ground-based vehicle in theUE monostatic sensing mode. The second scheme is advantageous in that sensing / tracking performance may be achieved on a per sensing mode basis, which may enable simplification of operation complexity of tracking sensing targets using ISAC signals.[01241 More specifically, a UE is configured to determine the UE Tx power, in relation to power control, for an ISAC signal, based on a sensing mode to be applied vis-a-vis a sensing target. Contrasting with the first scheme, in the second scheme, the three options described under the first scheme are revised to be applied on the basis of each sensing mode to be used, rather than on the basis of each sensing target to be tracked. The second scheme may be viewed as an extension of the first scheme. This enables the spatial direction of an ISAC signal to be purposely changed to detect and / or track a sensing target. It is to be appreciated that multiple ISAC signals may be made in respect of the deployment of multiple sensing modes, and the signals may partially or fully be overlapping in the time-domain.

[0125] For the second scheme, power sharing between the different sensing modes may be configured or indicated by the gNB. In an example, semi-static power sharing between the sensing modes may be configured, which provides the benefit of enabling sensing targets with low mobility to be tracked in a semi-static manner, and thereby minimizes signalling overheads.

[0126] Particularly, a maximum Tx power for each sensing mode (Pss_max_m, f,c> where m denotes a sensing mode, f denotes a carrier frequency, and c denotes a serving cell) may be configured and determined, such that the sum of the total maximum Tx power for transmission of the ISAC beams under all the sensing modes (i.c. Xm=i Pss_max_m,f,c)torespectively track N sensing targets does not exceed a maximum power (e.g. PCMAX.. C) available for transmission at the second communication apparatus. It is to be appreciated that M is the number of sensing modes to be deployed. The above relationship is expressed in equation (2):|0127| Xm=l PsS_max_m, f,c — PcMAX, f,c (2)

[0128] The methods described in the three options under the first scheme for communicating control information on indications on the determined respective Tx power are applicable, mutatis mutandis, to the second scheme as well, except in this context, the detemiined respective Tx power are associated with the respective sensing modes to bedeployed. On the other hand, if the sum of the total maximum transmit powers (Xm=i Pss_max_m, f,c) related to the M sensing modes, which may be configured by the second communication apparatus, exceeds a maximum power (PCM X. / . C) the first communication apparatus, the first communication apparatus may normalize these configured maximum transmit powers for related to the M sensing modes to satisfy such limitation, based on its own implementation.

[0129] In an example, dynamic power sharing between sensing modes may be configured too, which in turn provides the benefit of enabling sensing targets with medium or high mobility to be tracked in a dynamic manner. For instance, a maximum Tx power for each sensing mode (Pss_max mmay be indicated in DCI (or via new control information) to the UE, such that the sum of the total maximum Tx power for transmission of the ISAC signals under all the sensing modes (i.e. Σm=1 Pss_max_m,f,c) to respectively track N sensing targets does not exceed a maximum power (e.g. PCMAX. C) available for transmission at the first communication apparatus. Reserved bit(s) in DCI may be utilised as a new indicator, or existing bit field can be reinterpreted to provide the indications. Similarly, M is the number of sensing modes to be deployed. Equation (3) defines the above relationship:

[0130] ^im=l Pss_max_m, f,c — PcMAX, f,c 0)

[0131] Notwithstanding the above, it is to be appreciated that the methods described in the three options under the first scheme for communicating control information on indications on the determined respective Tx power are applicable, mutatis mutandis, in this case too. It is to be appreciated that a sensing mode may be indicated to the UE, based on: an explicit indication, or an implicit indication (i.e. may be based on a configuration mode (e.g. as conveyed via a set of configuration values). The configuration mode is usable to differentiate between operation under different sensing modes.

[0132] In an example, under the second scheme, one or more power control loops for different spatial ISAC signals may be implemented within a sensing mode. One or more power control loops may be configured / indicated for each of the different spatial ISAC signals. In this case, the total Tx power as it pertains to be applied for the one or more power control loops is configured not to exceed the maximum Tx power for the associated sensing mode (Pssmax_m, f,c -

[0133] In an example, artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) based solution(s) may further be adopted by the second communication apparatus to predict possible paths of mobility for the sensing target(s) and / or mobility of the first communication apparatus. Based on the derived prediction, and in conjunction with the first or second scheme (as afore described), this may assist the second communication apparatus (e.g., gNB / UE) to improve updating of the initially determined respective Tx power with new values for improved tracking of one or more of those sensing target(s).

[0134] While it is appreciated the above discussions arc in the context of applying power control to UL Tx power for ISAC signals, the first and second schemes are, mutatis mutandis, are applicable also to downlink (DL) Tx power for ISAC signals, and will be understood accordingly as such.

[0135] FIG. 11 is block diagram of a device 1105 that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1105 may be an example of aspects of UE 315, and is an implementation of the first communication apparatus as the communication apparatus 400 of FIG. 4. The device 1105 may include a receiver 1110, a UE communications manager 1115, and a transmitter 1120. The UE communications manager 1115 can be implemented, at least in part, by one or both of a modem and a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0136] The receiver 1110 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g. control channels, data channels, or the like). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1105. The receiver 1110 may be an example of aspects of the radio receiver 404 described with reference to FIG. 4. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications).

[0137] The UE communications manager 1115 may determine a transmit power for transmission of an ISAC signal to detect and / or track at least one sensing target, wherein the transmit power is associated with the at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode; and may transmit the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0138] The transmitter 1120 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1105. For example, the transmitter 920 may be an example of aspects of the radiotransmitter 402 described with reference to FIG. 4. The transmitter 1120 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications). In some examples, the transmitter 1120 may be collocated with the receiver 1110 in a transceiver component.[01391 FIG. 12 is block diagram of a device 1205 that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of aspects of a device 1105, or a UE 315. The device 1205 may include a receiver 1210, a UE communications manager 1215, and a transmitter 1230. The UE communications manager 1215 can be implemented, at least in part, by one or both of a modem and a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0140] The receiver 1210 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g. control channels, data channels, or the like). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1205. The receiver 1210 may be an example of aspects of the radio receiver 404 described with reference to FIG. 4. The receiver 1210 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications).

[0141] The UE communications manager 1215 may include a determination component 1220 and a transmit component 1225.

[0142] The determination component 1220 may determine a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal.

[0143] The transmit component 1225 may transmit the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0144] The transmitter 1230 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1205. For example, the transmitter 1235 may be an example of aspects of the radio transmitter 402 described with reference to FIG. 4. The transmitter 1235 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications). In some examples, the transmitter 1235 may be collocated with the receiver 1210 in a transceiver component.|0145| FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a communications manager 1305 that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.The communications manager 1305 may be an example of aspects of a UE communications manager 1115, or a UE communications manager 1215 described herein. The communications manager 1305 may include a determination component 1310 and a transmit component 1315. Each of these components may communicate 1320, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0146] The determination component 1310 may determine a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal.

[0147] The transmit component 1315 may transmit the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0148] FIG. 14 is block diagram of a device 1405 that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1405 may be an example of aspects of a network entity 305, or a UE 315, and implements the second communication apparatus as the communication apparatus 400 of FIG. 4. The device 1405 may include a receiver 1410, a network entity / UE communications manager 1415, and a transmitter 1420. The network entity / UE communications manager 1415 can be implemented, at least in part, by one or both of a modem and a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0149] The receiver 1410 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g. control channels, data channels, or the like). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1405. The receiver 1410 may be an example of aspects of the radio receiver 404 described with reference to FIG. 4. The receiver 1410 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications).

[0150] The network entity / UE communications manager 1415 may transmit control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; may receive reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and may detect and / or track the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

[0151] The transmitter 1420 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1405. For example, the transmitter 1420 may be an example of aspects of the radio transmitter 402 described with reference to FIG. 4. The transmitter 1420 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications). In some examples, the transmitter 1420 may be collocated with the receiver 1410 in a transceiver component.

[0152] FIG. 15 is block diagram of a device 1505 that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1505 may be an example of aspects of a device 1505, or network entity 305, or a UE 315. The device 1505 may include a receiver 1510, a network entity / UE communications manager 1515, and a transmitter 1535. The network entity / UE communications manager 1515 can be implemented, at least in part, by one or both of a modem and a processor. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0153] The receiver 1510 may receive information such as packets, user data, or control information associated with various information channels (e.g. control channels, data channels, or the like). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1505. The receiver 1510 may be an example of aspects of the radio receiver 404 described with reference to FIG. 4. The receiver 1510 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications).

[0154] The network entity / UE communications manager 1515 may include a transmit component 1520, a receive component 1525 and a detect / track component 1530.

[0155] The transmit component 1520 may transmit control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus. In some examples, the transmit component 1520 may be part of the transmitter 1535.

[0156] The receive component 1525 may receive reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus. In some examples, the receive component 1525 maybe part of the receiver 1510.

[0157] The detect / track component 1530 may detect and / or track the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal. In some examples, the transmit component 1530 may be part of the transmitter 1535.

[0158] The transmitter 1535 may transmit signals generated by other components of the device 1505. For example, the transmitter 1535 may be an example of aspects of the radio transmitter 402 described with reference to FIG. 4. The transmitter 1535 may utilize a single antenna or a set of antennas (e.g. for MIMO communications). In some examples, the transmitter 1535 may be collocated with the receiver 1510 in a transceiver component.

[0159] FIG. 16 is a block diagram of a communications manager 1605 that supports detecting and / or tracking sensing targets, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1605 may be an example of aspects of a network entity / UE communications manager 1415, or a network entity / UE communications manager 1515 described herein. The communications manager 1605 may include a transmit component 1610, a receive component 1615, and a detect / track component 1620. Each of these components may communicate 1625, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g. via one or more buses).

[0160] The transmit component 1610 may transmit control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus.

[0161] The receive component 1615 may reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus.

[0162] The detect / track component 1620 may detect and / or track the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

[0163] In the following paragraphs, certain exemplifying embodiments are explained with reference to terms related to 5G core network and the present disclosure, namely:• RRC connection setup and reconfiguration procedures

[0164] Interactions between a UE, gNB, and AMF (an 5G core (5GC) entity) in the context of a transition of the UE from RRC IDLE to RRC CONNECTED for the NAS part are described (see 3GPP TS 38.300 v15.6.0).

[0165] RRC is a higher layer signaling (protocol) used for UE and gNB configuration. In particular, this transition involves that the AMF prepares the UE context data (including e.g. PDU session context, the Security Key, UE Radio Capability and UE Security Capabilities,etc.) and sends it to the gNB with the INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST. Then, the gNB activates the AS security with the UE, which is performed by the gNB transmitting to the UE a SecurityModeCommand message and by the UE responding to the gNB with the SecurityModeComplete message. Afterwards, the gNB performs the reconfiguration to setup the Signaling Radio Bearer 2, SRB2, and Data Radio Bearer(s), DRB(s) by means of transmitting to the UE the RRCReconfiguration message and, in response, receiving by the gNB the RRCReconfigurationComplete from the UE. For a signalling-only connection, the steps relating to the RRCReconfiguration are skipped since SRB2 and DRBs are not setup. Finally, the gNB informs the AMF that the setup procedure is completed with the INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP RESPONSE.

[0166] Tn the present disclosure, thus, an entity (for example Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF), Session Management Function (SMF), etc.) of a 5th Generation Core (5GC) is provided that comprises control circuitry which, in operation, establishes a Next Generation (NG) connection with a gNodeB, and a transmitter which, in operation, transmits an initial context setup message, via the NG connection, to the gNodeB to cause a signaling radio bearer setup between the gNodeB and a user equipment (UE). In particular, the gNodeB transmits a Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling containing a resource allocation configuration information element to the UE via the signaling radio bearer. The UE then performs an uplink transmission or a downlink reception based on the resource allocation configuration.• QoS control

[0167] The 5G QoS (Quality of Service) model is based on QoS flows and supports both QoS flows that require guaranteed flow bit rate (GBR QoS flows) and QoS flows that do not require guaranteed flow bit rate (non-GBR QoS Flows). At NAS level, the QoS flow is thus the finest granularity of QoS differentiation in a PDU session. A QoS flow is identified within a PDU session by a QoS flow ID (QF1) carried in an encapsulation header over NG-U interface.

[0168] For each UE, 5GC establishes one or more PDU Sessions. For each UE, the NG-RAN establishes at least one Data Radio Bearers (DRB) together with the PDU Session, and additional DRB(s) for QoS flow(s) of that PDU session can be subsequently configured (it is up to NG-RAN when to do so). The NG-RAN maps packets belonging to different PDUsessions to different DRBs. NAS level packet filters in the UE and in the 5GC associate UL and DL packets with QoS Flows, whereas AS-level mapping rules in the UE and in the NG-RAN associate UL and DL QoS Flows with DRBs.• Open-RAN

[0169] The base station described in each exemplary embodiment (for example, a 5G NR base station called gNB) may be formed of three functional modules: Centralized Unit (CU), Distributed Unit (DU), and Radio Unit (RU).

[0170] CU may also be referred as, for example, a centralized node, an aggregated node, a centralized station, an aggregated station, or a central unit. DU may also be referred as, for example, O-DU (O-RAN Distributed Unit), a distributed node, a distributed station, or a distributed unit. RU may also be referred as, for example, O-RU (O-RAN Radio Unit), a radio apparatus, a radio node, a radio station, an antenna unit, or a radio unit.

[0171] Several split options are defined for the functional split configuration (or functional split point) between CU, DU, and RU. The term “functional split point” may also be referred to as "split", "option", or "split option".

[0172] Examples of the “split option” include the following split options 1 to 8. The functionality of the base station described in each exemplary embodiment may be split into functions as CU, DU, and RU by one of the following split options 1 to 8. For example, each of CU, DU, and RU may be subjected to functional splitting or functional splitting only between CU and DU or only between DU and RU is possible.

[0173] Split Option 1: between RRC (radio resource control) and PDCP

[0174] Split Option 2: between PDCP and RLC (High-RLC)

[0175] Split Option 3: between High-RLC and Low-RLC

[0176] Split Option 4: between RLC (Low-RLC) and MAC (High-MAC)

[0177] Split Option 5: between High-MAC and Low-MAC

[0178] Split Option 6: between MAC (Low-MAC) and PHY (High-PHY)

[0179] Split Option 7: between High-PHY and Low-PHY

[0180] Split Option 8: between PHY (Low-PHY) and RF

[0181] The functional split point between CU and O-DU may be Split Option 2. The link between CU and O-DU is referred to as midhaul and the Fl interface is defined by the 3GPP. Further, the link between O-DU and O-RU is referred to as fronthaul and its functional split point may be Split Option 7-2x adopted as the O-RAN fronthaul specifications.|0182| FIG. 17 illustrates an example in which the base station functionality of the gNB is subjected to functional splitting into CU, O-DU, O-RU by Split Option 2 and Split Option 7-2x.

[0183] CU may include, for example, an RRC (radio resource control) function, an SDAP (service data adaptation protocol) function, and a PDCP (packet data convergence protocol) function.

[0184] O-DU may include, for example, an RLC (radio link control) function, a MAC function, and a higher physical layer (HIGH-PHY) function. Further, the HIGH-PHY function may include an encoding function, a scrambling function, a modulation function, a layer mapping function, a precoding function, and an RE (resource element) mapping function for downlink (DL) transmission. The HIGH-PHY function may also include a decoding function, a descrambling function, a demodulation function, a layer demapping function, and an RE (resource element) demapping function for uplink (UL) reception.

[0185] O-RU may include, for example, a LOW-PHY function and an RF function. Further, the LOW-PHY function may include a beamforming function, IFFT (Inverse First Fourier Transform) + CP (Cyclic Prefix) addition functions, and a D / A (Digital to Analog) conversion function for downlink transmission. Further, the LOW-PHY function may include an A / D (Analog to Digital) conversion function, CP removal + FFT (First Fourier Transform) functions, and a beamforming function for uplink reception.

[0186] Note that, in a case where O-DU does not include the precoding function, O-RU may include the precoding function.

[0187] O-RU may include an LBT (listen before Talk)-related function.

[0188] eCPRI (Evolved Common Public Radio Interface) is defined as a communication scheme between O-DU and O-RU in Split Option 7-2x.

[0189] In Split Option 7-2x, a sampling sequence of the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of an OFDM signal in the frequency domain as well as information used for beamforming in the antenna, a time synchronization signal, and the like are transmitted and received by eCPRI.

[0190] Information transmitted by signals (PDCCH, PUCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH, MAC CE, RRC, and the like) described in each exemplary embodiment may be transmitted by using the User Plane (U-Plan) or Control Plane (C-Plane) of eCPRI between O-DU and O-RU.

[0191] In a case where a function described in each exemplary embodiment is executed in O-RU by function splitting, O-DU may control O-RU by transmitting information for controlling the function by means of a control signal (for example, eCPRl) between O-DU and O-RU.

[0192] In a case where a function described in each exemplary embodiment is executed by function splitting in O-DU, O-RU may receive a result of the execution of the function in O-DU by means of a control signal (for example, eCPRI) and may control O-RU based on the received result.

[0193] CU, O-DU, and O-RU may be deployed in physically different apparatuses, the respective functions of which are connected by optical fibers or the like, or some or all of the functions may be deployed in a physically identical apparatus.

[0194] CU and O-DU may be logical entities implemented as software operating on a server, such as a cloud, as a virtual Radio Access Network (vRAN). Further, some or all of the functions of CU and O-DU may be provided as services of a Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) function.

[0195] The transceiver may not be a radio transceiver and may be, for example, a network transceiver, an optical transceiver, or the like. The radio resource allocated by O-DU may be a resource for radio communication between O-RU and the UE.• SBFD|0196| Operations on uplink, downlink, and sidelink symbols in one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may be applied to symbols (for example, SBFD(Subband non-overlapping full duplex) symbols, Subband full duplex) on which an SBFD operation or control is performed. For SBFD symbols, the frequency domain (or frequency resource or frequency bandwidth) is divided into a plurality of frequency domains (also referred to as, for example, sub-bands, RB sets, sub-bandwidths, or sub-BWPs (Bandwidth parts)). The terminal performs transmission and reception in a direction (for example, a downlink or uplink direction) in units of sub-bands that are the divided domains. For SBFD symbols, the terminal may perform transmission / reception in one direction of uplink and downlink directions, and may not perform transmission / reception in the other direction. The base station, on the other hand, may be capable of performing both uplink and downlink transmissions / receptions simultaneously. SBFD symbols may have a fewer frequency domain usable for downlink compared to symbols for which only downlink transmission / reception is performed. Further, SBFD symbols may have a fewer frequency domain usable for uplink compared to symbol for which only uplink transmission / reception is performed.

[0197] Further, for SBFD symbols, the terminal may perform uplink and downlink transmissions / receptions simultaneously. At this time, the frequency domain transmitted by the terminal and the frequency domain received by the terminal may not be adjacent and a frequency interval (also referred to as a frequency gap) may be provided therebetween.

[0198] Further, sidelink transmission / reception may also be included as a transmission / reception direction in units of sub-bands which are the divided domains.• XDD: Cross Division Duplex

[0199] Operations on uplink, downlink, and sidelink symbols in one exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure may be applied to symbols (for example, Full duplex symbols) on which a Full duplex operation or control is performed. For Full duplex symbols, both the terminal and the base station are capable of performing uplink and downlink transmissions / receptions simultaneously. For Full duplex symbols, the terminal and the base station may operate to perform transmission / reception simultaneously in available frequency domains (or frequency resources or frequency bandwidths) or may operate to perform transmission / reception simultaneously in one or some of frequency domains (that is, may operate to perform transmission or reception in the other frequency domains). At this time, the frequency domain transmitted by the base station or the terminal and the frequencydomain received by the base station or the terminal may not be adjacent and a frequency interval (also referred to as a frequency gap) may be provided therebetween. Further, for example, for the purpose of reduction in interference or the like, one of the terminal and the base station may operate to perform transmission / reception simultaneously (that is, the other may operate to perform transmission or reception).

[0200] Further, the full duplex operation may be applied to an operation in which the terminal is capable of performing sidelink transmission / reception simultaneously. Further, the full duplex operation may be applied to an operation in which the terminal is capable of performing sidelink transmission / reception and uplink or downlink transmission / reception simultaneously.• Control Signals|0201| In the present disclosure, the downlink control signal (information) related to the present disclosure may be a signal (information) transmitted through PDCCH of the physical layer or may be a signal (information) transmitted through a MAC Control Element (CE) of the higher layer or the RRC. The downlink control signal may be a pre-defined signal (information).

[0202] The uplink control signal (information) related to the present disclosure may be a signal (information) transmitted through PUCCH of the physical layer or may be a signal (information) transmitted through a MAC CE of the higher layer or the RRC. Further, the uplink control signal may be a pre-defined signal (information). The uplink control signal may be replaced with uplink control information (UCI), the 1st stage sidelink control information (SCI) or the 2nd stage SCI.• Base Station

[0203] In the present disclosure, the base station may be a Transmission Reception Point (TRP), a clusterhead, an access point, a Remote Radio Head (RRH), an eNodeB (eNB), a gNodeB (gNB), a Base Station (BS), a Base Transceiver Station (BTS), a base unit or a gateway, for example. Further, in sidelink communication, a terminal may be adopted instead of a base station. The base station may be a relay apparatus that relays communication between a higher node and a terminal. The base station may be a roadside unit as well.Uplink / Downlink / Sidelink

[0204] The present disclosure may be applied to any of uplink, downlink and sidelink.

[0205] The present disclosure may be applied to, for example, uplink channels, such as PUSCH, PUCCH, and PRACH, downlink channels, such as PDSCH, PDCCH, and PBCH, and side link channels, such as Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH), Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH), and Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH).

[0206] PDCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH, and PUCCH are examples of a downlink control channel, a downlink data channel, an uplink data channel, and an uplink control channel, respectively. PSCCH and PSSCH arc examples of a sidelink control channel and a sidelink data channel, respectively. PBCH and PSBCH are examples of broadcast channels, respectively, and PRACH is an example of a random access channel.• Data Channels / Control Channels

[0207] The present disclosure may be applied to any of data channels and control channels. The channels in the present disclosure may be replaced with data channels including PDSCH, PUSCH and PSSCH and / or control channels including PDCCH, PUCCH, PBCH, PSCCH, and PSBCH.• Reference Signals

[0208] In the present disclosure, the reference signals are signals known to both a base station and a mobile station and each reference signal may be referred to as a Reference Signal (RS) or sometimes a pilot signal. The reference signal may be any of a DMRS, a Channel State Information – Reference Signal (CSI-RS), a Tracking Reference Signal (TRS), a Phase Tracking Reference Signal (PTRS), a Cell-specific Reference Signal (CRS), and a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS).• Time Intervals

[0209] In the present disclosure, time resource units are not limited to one or a combination of slots and symbols, and may be time resource units, such as frames, superframes, subframes, slots, time slots, subslots, minislots, or time resource units, such as symbols, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier-Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, or other time resource units. Thenumber of symbols included in one slot is not limited to any number of symbols exemplified in the embodiment(s) described above, and may be other numbers of symbols.• Frequency Bands

[0210] The present disclosure may be applied to any of a licensed band and an unlicensed band.• Communication

[0211] The present disclosure may be applied to any of communication between a base station and a terminal (Uu-link communication), communication between a terminal and a terminal (Sidelink communication), Vehicle to Everything (V2X) communication, and communication between an Ambient IoT Reader and an Ambient IoT Device. The channels in the present disclosure may be replaced with PSCCH, PSSCH, Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH), PSBCH, PRDCH (Physical Reader-to-Device Channel), PDRCH (Physical Device-to-Reader Channel), PDCCH, PUCCH, PDSCH, PUSCH, and PBCH. For example, control information of the present disclosure may be replaced with any of DCI, UCI, SCI (Sidelink Control Information), R2D Control Information and D2R Control Information.

[0212] In addition, the present disclosure may be applied to any of a terrestrial network or a network other than a terrestrial network (NTN: Non -Terrestrial Network) using a satellite or a High Altitude Pseudo Satellite (HAPS). In addition, the present disclosure may be applied to a network having a large cell size, and a terrestrial network with a large delay compared with a symbol length or a slot length, such as an ultra-wideband transmission network.• Antenna Ports

[0213] An antenna port refers to a logical antenna (antenna group) formed of one or more physical antenna(s). That is, the antenna port does not necessarily refer to one physical antenna and sometimes refers to an array antenna formed of multiple antennas or the like. For example, it is not defined how many physical antennas form the antenna port, and instead, the antenna port is defined as the minimum unit through which a terminal is allowed to transmit a reference signal. The antenna port may also be defined as the minimum unit for multiplication of a precoding vector weighting.Ambient IoT (A-IoT)

[0214] The terminal and the base station in one exemplary embodiment of the preset disclosure may be replaced with any of an Ambient IoT Device or an Ambient IoT Reader. The Ambient IoT Device may be a wireless communication device having a backscattering function or having a transmission / reception bandwidth of several resource blocks or less. Further, the Ambient loT Reader may be a wireless communication device having a communication function with an Ambient IoT Device. The Ambient IoT Device may also be referred to as an Ambient IoT terminal, an IoT terminal, an LPWA terminal, or a Tag.

[0215] It is to be appreciated that according to aspects of the disclosure, the communication apparatus may comprise a transceiver and processing / control circuitry, as afore described. The transceiver may comprise and / or function as a receiver and a transmitter. The transceiver, as the transmitter and receiver, may include an RF (radio frequency) module including amplifiers, RF modulators / demodulators and the like, and one or more antennas.

[0216] Some non-limiting examples of such a communication apparatus include a phone (e.g., cellular (cell) phone, smart phone), a tablet, a personal computer (PC) (e.g., laptop, desktop, netbook), a camera (e.g., digital still / video camera), a digital player (digital audio / video player), a wearable device (e.g., wearable camera, smart watch, tracking device), a game console, a digital book reader, a telehealth / telemedicine (remote health and medicine) device, and a vehicle providing communication functionality (e.g., automotive, airplane, ship), and various combinations thereof.

[0217] The communication apparatus is not limited to be portable or movable, and may also include any kind of apparatus, device or system being non-portable or stationary, such as a smart home device (e.g., an appliance, lighting, smart meter, control panel), a vending machine, and any other "things" in a network of an " Internet of Things (loT)".

[0218] The communication may include exchanging data through, for example, a cellular system, a wireless LAN system, a satellite system, etc., and various combinations thereof.

[0219] The communication apparatus may comprise a device such as a controller or a sensor which is coupled to a communication device performing a function of communication described in the present disclosure. For example, the communication apparatus maycomprise a controller or a sensor that generates control signals or data signals which are used by a communication device performing a communication function of the communication apparatus.

[0220] The communication apparatus also may include an infrastructure facility, such as a base station, an access point, and any other apparatus, device or system that communicates with or controls apparatuses such as those in the above non-limiting examples.

[0221] It will be understood that while some properties of the various embodiments have been described with reference to a device, corresponding properties also apply to the methods of various embodiments, and vice versa.

[0222] All of the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods, if applicable, may be combined.

[0223] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0224] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0225] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed toperform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration).

[0226] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer- readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.

[0227] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general -purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray discwhere disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0228] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (for example, a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (such as, A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on”.

[0229] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label, or other subsequent reference label.

[0230] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples”. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.

[0231] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, thedisclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein, but to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.EXAMPLES[

[0232] The following examples are disclosed, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0233] Example 1: A first communication apparatus, comprising: circuitry, which in operation, determines a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and a transmitter, which in operation, transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0234] Example 2: The first communication apparatus of example 1, further comprising a receiver, wherein the transmit power is determined based on control information received by the receiver, and the control information is transmitted from a second communication apparatus, wherein the second communication apparatus is a user equipment (UE), or a device, or a terminal, or a gNB centralized unit (gNB-CU), a gNB distributed unit (gNB-DU), a TRP, a base station, or an entity of network, and the first communication apparatus is a UE.

[0235] Example 3: The first communication apparatus of example 2, wherein second communication apparatus receives reflection of the ISAC signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and the circuitry, which in operation, detects and / or tracks at least one sensing target based on the reflection of ISAC signal

[0236] Example 4: The first communication apparatus of example 2, wherein the control information further indicates explicitly or implicitly an association of the transmit power with specific sounding reference signal (SRS) resource indicator (SRI), and / or transmitted precoding matrix indicator (TPMI), and / or SRS resource set.

[0237] Example 5: The first communication apparatus of example 1, wherein the transmit power is a maximum transmit power related to the at least one sensing target, and / or open loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing target, and / or close loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing target.

[0238] Example 6: The first communication apparatus of example 1, wherein the transmit power is a maximum transmit power related to the at least one sensing mode, and / or open loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing mode, and / or close loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing mode.

[0239] Example 7: The first communication apparatus of example 2, wherein the control information is included in one of or in a combination of downlink control information (DCI), medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), and higher layer signalling.

[0240] Example 8: The first communication apparatus of example 2, wherein the at least one sensing target includes N sensing targets; and the control information indicating a transmit power related to each of N sensing targets that is same or different from transmit power related to other sensing targets in the N sensing targets; and the circuitry, which in operation, determines the transmit power related to each of N sensing targets, wherein N is the number of sensing targets.

[0241] Example 9: The first communication apparatus of example 8, wherein a total of the transmit power related to the N sensing targets does not exceed a maximum transmit power at the first communication apparatus.

[0242] Example 10: The first communication apparatus of example 2, wherein the at least one sensing mode includes M sensing modes; and the control information indicating a transmit power related to each of M sensing modes that is same or different from transmit power related to other sensing modes in the M sensing modes; and circuitry, which in operation, determines the transmit power related to each of M sensing modes, wherein M is the number of sensing modes.

[0243] Example 11: The first communication apparatus of example 10, wherein a total of the transmit powers related to the M sensing modes does not exceed a maximum transmit power at the first communication apparatus.

[0244] Example 12: The first communication apparatus of example 1, wherein the at least one sensing mode is one of: a monostatic sensing mode at the first communication apparatus, a monostatic sensing mode at the second communication apparatus, and a bistatic sensing mode between the first communication apparatus and the second communication apparatus.

[0245] Example 13: A second communication apparatus, comprising: a transmitter, which in operation, transmits control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; a receiver, which in operation, receives reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and a circuitry, which in operation, detects and / or tracks the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

[0246] Example 14: The second communication apparatus of example 13, wherein the circuitry, which in operation, uses an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model to predict mobility of the first communication apparatus and / or mobility of the at least one sensing target to determine a predicted transmit power related to the at least one sensing target and / or the at least one sensing mode.

[0247] Example 15: A method at a first communication apparatus, comprising: determining a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and transmitting the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0248] Example 16: A method at a second communication apparatus, comprising: transmitting control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; receiving reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and detecting and / or tracking the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

[0249] Example 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising executable instructions, which when executed by a processor of the first communication apparatus of any of examples 1-12, cause the first communication apparatus to perform the method of example 15.

[0250] Example 18. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising executable instructions, which when executed by a processor of the second communication apparatus of example 13, cause the second communication apparatus to perform the method of example 16.

[0251] Example 19: A first communication apparatus, comprising: memory circuitry arranged to store executable code; and processor circuitry coupled to the memory circuitry, and arranged to execute the code to cause the apparatus to: determine a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; and transmit the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

[0252] Example 20: A second communication apparatus, comprising: memory circuitry arranged to store executable code; and processor circuitry coupled to the memory circuitry, and arranged to execute the code to cause the apparatus to: transmit control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus; receive reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and detect and / or track the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

Claims

CLAIMS1. A first communication apparatus, comprising:circuitry, which in operation, determines a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; anda transmitter, which in operation, transmits the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

2. The first communication apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a receiver, wherein the transmit power is determined based on control information received by the receiver, and the control information is transmitted from a second communication apparatus, wherein the second communication apparatus is a user equipment (UE), or a device, or a terminal, or a gNB centralized unit (gNB-CU), a gNB distributed unit (gNB-DU), a TRP, a base station, or an entity of network, and the first communication apparatus is a UE.

3. The first communication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the second communication apparatus receives reflection of the ISAC signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; and the circuitry, which in operation, detects and / or tracks the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of ISAC signal.

4. The first communication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the control information further indicates explicitly or implicitly an association of the transmit power with specific sounding reference signal (SRS) resource indicator (SRI), and / or transmitted precoding matrix indicator (TPMI), and / or SRS resource set.

5. The first communication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is a maximum transmit power related to the at least one sensing target, and / or open loop power control parameter related to the at least one sensing target, and / or close loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing target.

6. The first communication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit power is a maximum transmit power related to the at least one sensing mode, and / or open loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing mode, and / or close loop power control parameter set related to the at least one sensing mode.

7. The first communication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the control information is included in one of or in a combination of downlink control information (DCI), medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), and higher layer signalling.

8. The first communication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one sensing target includes N sensing targets; and the control information indicating a transmit power related to each of N sensing targets that is same or different from transmit power related to other sensing targets in the N sensing targets; and the circuitry, which in operation, determines the transmit power related to each of N sensing targets, wherein N is the number of sensing targets.

9. The first communication apparatus of claim 8, wherein a total of the transmit power related to the N sensing targets does not exceed a maximum transmit power at the first communication apparatus.

10. The first communication apparatus of claim 2, wherein the at least one sensing mode includes M sensing modes; and the control information indicating a transmit power related to each of M sensing modes that is same or different from transmit power related to other sensing modes in the M sensing modes; and circuitry, which in operation, determines the transmit power related to each of M sensing modes, wherein M is the number of sensing modes.

11. The first communication apparatus of claim 10, wherein a total of the transmit powers related to the M sensing modes does not exceed a maximum transmit power at the first communication apparatus.

12. The first communication apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one sensing mode is one of: a monostatic sensing mode at the first communication apparatus, a monostaticsensing mode at the second communication apparatus, and a bistatic sensing mode between the first communication apparatus and the second communication apparatus.

13. A second communication apparatus, comprising:a transmitter, which in operation, transmits control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus;a receiver, which in operation, receives reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; anda circuitry, which in operation, detects and / or tracks the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

14. The second communication apparatus of claim 13, wherein the circuitry, which in operation, uses an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) model to predict mobility of the first communication apparatus and / or mobility of the at least one sensing target to determine a predicted transmit power related to the at least one sensing target and / or the at least one sensing mode.

15. A method at a first communication apparatus, comprising:determining a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode for transmission of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal; andtransmitting the ISAC signal based on the determined transmit power.

16. A method at a second communication apparatus, comprising:transmitting control information indicating a transmit power related to at least one sensing target and / or at least one sensing mode to a first communication apparatus;receiving reflection of an integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) signal transmitted by the first communication apparatus; anddetecting and / or tracking the at least one sensing target based on the reflection of the ISAC signal.

Images