Sounding reference signal beam procedure for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC)

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for sensing. In an aspect, a sensing node may transmit assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO1 / 91SOUNDING REFERENCE SIGNAL BEAM PROCEDURE FOR INTEGRATED SENSING AND COMMUNICATION (ISAC)TECHNICAL FIELD|00011 Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA). time division multiple access (TDMA). the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as dow nlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), RF sensing, and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, enable improved RF sensing and 5G-based positioning.SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summan be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO2 / 91scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method performed by a sensing node includes transmitting assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and transmitting the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

[0006] In an aspect, a method at a sensing node includes receiving assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; measuring at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and transmitting feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0007] In an aspect, a method at a sensing node includes transmitting a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; measuring one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and transmitting one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0008] In an aspect, a sensing node includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, assistance QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO3 / 91information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

[0009] In an aspect, a sensing node includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; measure at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0010] In an aspect, a sensing node includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; measure one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0011] In an aspect, a sensing node includes means for transmitting assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO4 / 91between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; means for transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and means for transmitting the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

[0012] In an aspect, a sensing node includes means for receiving assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; means for measuring at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and means for transmitting feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0013] In an aspect, a sensing node includes means for transmitting a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; means for measuring one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and means for transmitting one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0014] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: transmit assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; transmit the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and transmit the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO5 / 91

[0015] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; measure at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and transmit feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0016] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: transmit a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; measure one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and transmit one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0017] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0021] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO6 / 91

[0022] FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate different types of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 5 illustrates an example call flow for a New Radio (NR)-based sensing procedure in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure.|0024| FIG. 6 shows an illustration of monostatic and bi-static sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0025] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example single stage sensing scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0026] FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate an example two stage sensing scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0027] FIG. 9 illustrates an example process incorporating a measurement phase and an execution phase, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0028] FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate an example of measurement and execution phases for User Equipment-Transmission Reception Point (UE-TRP) bistatic sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure

[0029] FIG. 11 illustrates a measurement phase in which measurement signal(s) are transmitted using a wide beam, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0030] FIGS. 12 to 14 illustrate example methods of sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.|0032] Various aspects relate generally to efficient beam procedures for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC). Some aspects more specifically relate to implementing a measurement phase prior to an execution phase in which sensing operations using sensing signal(s) are performed. In some examples, in the measurement phase, one or more measurement signals such as Sounding Reference Signals (SRS) are transmitted using one or more measurement beams with a set of beam characteristics. The measurement QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO7 / 91beams have a known relationship and mapping to one or more sensing signals to be transmitted in the execution phase. Based on the correspondence of the measurement signal(s) to the sensing signal(s), a receive node can infer parameters of the sensing signals based on one or more measured parameters of the measurement signals. The transmit sensing node can receive feedback based on the measurements and in some cases modify a transmit power amount, time resources, frequency resources, and / or sensing beam characteristics when transmitting the sensing signals.

[0033] Some aspects more specifically relate to providing assistance information to a receive sensing node to infer parameters of the sensing signals based on one or more parameters of the measurement signals. For example, the assistance information may be based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams in the measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to be transmitted in the sensing phase.

[0034] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by implementing a measurement phase, fewer resources can be consumed to measure signal parameters that enable interference mitigation and better sensing performance. Based on the measurements, feedback can be provided to a transmit sensing node and / or one or more other nodes to enable cross-link interference to be mitigated during the execution phase.

[0035] The words "exemplary'' and / or ‘'example” are used herein to mean '‘serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as ‘'exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0036] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety7of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0037] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO8 / 91described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, '‘logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0038] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology' (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g.. at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term '‘UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a '‘mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0039] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP). a network node, a NodeB. an evolved NodeB (eNB). a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO9 / 91gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc ). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0040] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs. the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.|00411 In some implementations that support positioning of UEs. a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs). QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO10 / 91

[0042] An “RF signal" comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a "wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100. according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR netw ork, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0044] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between aUE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., throughQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO11 / 91the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0045] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0046] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g.. a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term "cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0047] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO12 / 91may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled "SC” for "small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0048] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0049] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.

[0050] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0051] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO13 / 91electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0052] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction.Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0053] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g..a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four ty pes of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO14 / 91if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A. the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0054] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP). reference signal received qualify (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0055] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0056] Note that a '‘downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the dow nlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO15 / 91beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0057] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wav elength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0058] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies.Recent 5GNR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0059] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1 , or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0060] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary’ serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO16 / 91serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are ty pically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a ‘'serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term '‘cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency.” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0061] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by7the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple earners enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.|0062| The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO17 / 91

[0063] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication.Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink’’) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0064] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A ‘'medium’7may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO18 / 91(U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.1 lx WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.|0065| Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0066] In the example of FIG. 1 , any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter ty pically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0067] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MS AS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO19 / 91(GAGAN). and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0068] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In anNTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station. NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0069] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to asc‘sidelinks’?). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0070] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO20 / 91Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0071] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0072] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility7management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message sen ice function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to denve QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO21 / 91access-network specific keys. The functionality’ of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory- services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS. and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access netyvorks.

[0073] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (yvhen applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality- of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and dow nlink, downlink packet buffering and doyvnlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers'’ to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0074] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates yy-ith the AMF 264 is referred to as the Nil interface.

[0075] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, y hich may be in communication yvith the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core netyvork, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO22 / 91illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG- RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0076] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0077] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the ”N2" interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the '‘N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the "Uu“ interface.

[0078] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO23 / 91the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “Fl” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality7of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0079] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0080] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically7distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0081] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality7. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access netw ork (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access netw ork (C- QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO24 / 91RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.|0082| FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Sendee Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g.. gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0083] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0084] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO25 / 91communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0085] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0086] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0087] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO26 / 91network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an 01 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an 02 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN. such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261. via an 01 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an 01 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include aNon-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality' of the SMO Framework 255.

[0088] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0089] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMOQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO27 / 91Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via 01) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as Al policies).

[0090] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0091] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means fortuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not show n), such as an NR netw ork, an LTE network, a GSM netw ork, and / or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO28 / 91and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0092] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTEI®, ZIGBEE®. Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g.. messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368. respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362. respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0093] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, which each include one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, respectively, and may optionally include one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, the base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that may communicate with space vehicles (e.g., space vehicles 112) via the satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, the base station 304 may be a space vehicle (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other space vehicles.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO29 / 91

[0094] The satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are nonterrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and. at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0095] The optional satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374, when present, may be connected to the one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 374 are satellite positioning system transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 378 may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals. Galileo signals, Beidou signals, NAVIC, QZSS signals, etc. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e g., carry ing control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems.

[0096] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO30 / 91stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0097] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324. 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312.322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry' and separate receiver circuitry' in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit ■‘beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry7(e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0098] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO31 / 91transceivers / ’ As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0099] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 342, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0100] The UE 302. the base station 304. and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include sensing component(s) 348, 388, and 398, respectively. The sensing component(s) 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the sensing component(s) 348, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc ). Alternatively, the sensing component(s) 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386. and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO32 / 91system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the sensing component(s) 348, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the sensing component(s) 388. which may be. for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3C illustrates possible locations of the sensing component(s) 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390. the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0101] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 342 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal interface 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0102] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0103] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink. IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO33 / 91(MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority' handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0104] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. TheQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO34 / 91transmiter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0105] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316.The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 342. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer- 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmited by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 342, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0106] In the downlink, the one or more processors 342 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0107] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 342 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality’ associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO35 / 91MAC SDUs from TBs. scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0108] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0109] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0110] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0111] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3 A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH® capability’ without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e g., cellular-only, etc ), or may omit the satellite signal interface 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi "‘hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless trans ceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO36 / 91omit the satellite signal interface 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0112] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 308, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of. a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 308. 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0113] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory' component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by aUE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 342, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the sensing component(s) 348, 388, and 398, etc.

[0114] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO37 / 91operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).|0115| Wireless communication signals (e.g.. radio frequency (RF) signals configured to carry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in accordance with a wireless communications standard, such as LTE, NR, etc.) transmitted between a UE and a base station can be used for environment sensing (also referred to as “RF sensing” or “wireless sensing”). Using wireless communication signals for environment sensing can be regarded as consumer-level wireless sensing with advanced detection capabilities that enable, among other things, touchless / device-free interaction with a device / system. The wireless communication signals may be cellular communication signals, such as LTE or NR signals, WLAN signals, such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a particular example, the wireless communication signals may be an OFDM waveform as utilized in LTE and NR. High-frequency communication signals, such as millimeter wave (mmW) RF signals, are especially beneficial to use as sensing signals because the higher frequency provides, at least, more accurate range (distance) detection.

[0116] Possible use cases of RF sensing include health monitoring use cases, such as heartbeat detection, respiration rate monitoring, and the like, gesture recognition use cases, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, sign language recognition, and the like, contextual information acquisition use cases, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, range estimation, and the like, and automotive sensing use cases, such as smart cruise control, collision avoidance, and the like.

[0117] There are different types of sensing, including monostatic sensing (also referred to as “active sensing”) and bistatic sensing (also referred to as “passive sensing”). FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate these different types of sensing. Specifically, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating a monostatic sensing scenario and FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating a bistatic sensing scenario. In FIG. 4A, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are colocated in the same sensing device 404 (e.g., a UE). The sensing device 404 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 434 (e.g., uplink or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS) where the sensing device 404 is a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 434 reflect off a target object 406 (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). The sensing QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO38 / 91device 404 can measure various properties (e.g., times of arrival (ToAs), angles of arrival (AoAs), phase shift, etc.) of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 to determine characteristics of the target object 406 (e.g., size, shape, speed, motion state, etc ).

[0118] In FIG. 4B, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located, that is, they are separate devices (e.g., a UE and a base station). Note that while FIG. 4B illustrates using a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 432. uplink RF signals or sidelink RF signals can also be used as RF sensing signals 432. In a downlink scenario, as shown, the transmitter device 402 is a base station (e.g., a gNB) and the receiver device 408 is a UE (e.g., a mobile phone, a V2X-capable vehicle, a roadside unit (RSU), etc.), whereas in an uplink scenario, the transmitter device 402 is a UE and the receiver device 408 is a base station. Where the transmitter device 402 is a base station and the receiver device 408 a UE, the sensing is referred to as UE-assisted sensing. In UE-assisted sensing, the position of receiver device 408 should be known by the network (e.g., by GPS or other UE positioning method).

[0119] Referring to FIG. 4B in greater detail, the transmitter device 402 transmits RF sensing signals 432 and 434 (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) to the receiver device 408, but some of the RF sensing signals 434 reflect off a target object 406. The receiver device 408 (also referred to as the “sensing device”) can measure the times of arrival (ToAs) of the RF sensing signals 432 received directly from the transmitter device 402 and the ToAs of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 reflected from the target object 406.

[0120] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver device (e.g., a UE). However, the receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. Each path may be associated with a cluster of one or more channel taps. Generally, the time at which the receiver detects the first cluster of channel taps is considered the ToA of the RF signal on the line-of-sight (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the transmitter and the receiver). Later clusters of channel taps are considered to have reflected off objects between the transmitter and the receiver and therefore to have followed non-LOS (NLOS) paths between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0121] Thus, referring back to FIG. 4B, the RF sensing signals 432 followed the LOS path between the transmitter device 402 and the receiver device 408. and the RF sensing signals 434 followed an NLOS path between the transmitter device 402 and the receiver QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO39 / 91device 408 due to reflecting off the target object 406. The transmitter device 402 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 432, 434, some of which followed the LOS path and others of which followed the NLOS path. Alternatively, the transmitter device 402 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a broad enough beam that a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the LOS path (RF sensing signal 432) and a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 434).

[0122] Based on the ToA of the LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, the receiver device 408 can determine the distance to the target object(s). For example, the receiver device 408 can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speed of light. In addition, if the receiver device 408 is capable of receive beamforming, the receiver device 408 may be able to determine the general direction to a target object 406 as the direction (angle) of the receive beam on which the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path was received. That is, the receiver device 408 may determine the direction to the target object 406 as the AoA of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the receive beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. The receiver device 408 may then optionally report this information to the transmitter device 402, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or some other sensing entity. Alternatively, the receiver device 408 may report the ToA measurements to the transmitter device 402, or other sensing entity (e.g., if the receiver device 408 does not have the processing capability to perform the calculations itself), and the transmitter device 402 may determine the distance and, optionally, the direction to the target object 406.

[0123] Note that if the RF sensing signals are uplink RF signals transmitted by a UE to a base station, the base station would perform object detect on based on the uplink RF signals just like the UE does based on the downlink RF signals.

[0124] Like conventional wireless sensing, wireless communication-based sensing signals can be used to estimate the range (distance), velocity (Doppler), and angle (AoA) of a target object. However, the performance (e g., resolution and maximum values of range, velocity, and angle) may depend on the design of the reference signal.

[0125] FIG. 5 illustrates an example call flow 500 for an NR-based sensing procedure (e.g., a bistatic sensing procedure) in which the network configures the sensing parameters.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO40 / 91according to aspects of the disclosure. Although FIG. 5 illustrates a network-coordinated sensing procedure, the sensing procedure could be coordinated over sidehnk channels.

[0126] At stage 505, a sensing server 570 (e.g., inside or outside the core network) sends a request for network (NW) information to a gNB 522 (e.g., the serving gNB of a UE 504). The request may be for a list of the UE’s 504 serving cell and any neighboring cells. At stage 510, the gNB 522 sends the requested information to the sensing server 570. At stage 515, the sensing server 570 sends a request for sensing capabilities to the UE 504. At stage 520, the UE 504 provides its sensing capabilities to the sensing server 570.

[0127] At stage 525, the sensing server 570 sends a configuration to the UE 504 indicating one or more reference signal (RS) resources that will be transmitted for sensing. The reference signal resources may be transmitted by the serving and / or neighboring cells identified at stage 510. In some cases, the NR-based sensing procedure illustrated in FIG.5 may be a sensing-only procedure or a joint communication and sensing (JCS) procedure. In the case of a sensing-only procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources specifically configured for sensing purposes. In the case of a JCS procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources for communication that can also be used for sensing purposes. Alternatively, the reference signal resources for sensing may be multiplexed (e.g., time-division multiplexed) with reference signal resources for communication. For example, the reference signal resources for communication may be an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, while the reference signal resources for sensing may be a frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) waveform.

[0128] At stage 530, the sensing server 570 sends a request for sensing information to the UE 504. The UE 504 then measures the transmitted reference signals and, at stage 535, sends the measurements, or any sensing results determined from the measurements, to the sensing server 570.

[0129] In an aspect, the communication between the UE 504 and the sensing server 570 may be via the LTE positioning protocol (LPP). The communication between the sensing server 570 and the gNB may be via NR positioning protocol type A (NRPPa).

[0130] One type of resource signal is the Sounding Resource Signal, which is an uplink signal enabling analysis of the uplink channel by the base station or other network infrastructure. For example, SRS transmitted by a UE may be used by a base station to obtain the channel state information (CSI) for the transmitting UE. CSI describes how an RF signal QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO41 / 91propagates from the UE to the base station and represents the combined effect of scattering, fading, and power decay with distance. The system uses the SRS for resource scheduling, link adaptation, massive MIMO, beam management, etc.

[0131] A collection of REs that are used for transmission of SRS is referred to as an “SRS resource,” and may be identified by the parameter “SRS-Resourceld.” The collection of resource elements can span multiple PRBs in the frequency domain and ’N’ (e.g., one or more) consecutive symbol(s) within a slot in the time domain. In a given OFDM symbol, an SRS resource occupies one or more consecutive PRBs. An “SRS resource set” is a set of SRS resources used for the transmission of SRS signals, and is identified by an SRS resource set ID (“SRS-ResourceSetld”).

[0132] The transmission of SRS resources within a given PRB has a particular comb size (also referred to as the “comb density”). A comb size ‘N’ represents the subcarrier spacing (or frequency / tone spacing) within each symbol of an SRS resource configuration. Specifically, for a comb size ‘N,‘ SRS are transmitted in every Nth subcarrier of a symbol of a PRB. For example, for comb-4, for each symbol of the SRS resource configuration. REs corresponding to every fourth subcarrier (such as subcarriers 0, 4, 8) are used to transmit SRS of the SRS resource.

[0133] Currently, an SRS resource may span 1, 2, 4, 8, or 12 consecutive symbols within a slot with a comb size of comb-2, comb-4, or comb-8. The following are the frequency offsets from symbol to symbol for the SRS comb patterns that are currently supported. 1 -symbol comb-2: {0}; 2-symbol comb-2: {0, 1}; 2-symbol comb-4: {0, 2} 4-symbol comb-2: {0, 1, 0, 1}; 4-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3}; 8-symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 12- symbol comb-4: {0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3, 0, 2, 1, 3}; 4-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2, 6}; 8-symbol comb-8: {0, 4, 2. 6, 1, 5. 3. 7); and 12-symbol comb-8: {0, 4. 2, 6, 1. 5. 3, 7, 0. 4, 2, 6}.

[0134] Generally, as noted above, a UE transmits SRS to enable the receiving base station (either the serving base station or a neighboring base station) to measure the channel quality (i.e., CSI) between the UE and the base station. However, SRS can also be specifically configured as uplink positioning reference signals for uplink-based positioning procedures, such as uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), round-trip-time (RTT), uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA), etc. As used herein, the term “SRS” may refer to SRS configured for channel quality measurements or SRS configured for positioning purposes. The former may be referred to herein as “SRS-for-communication” and / or the latter mayQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO42 / 91be referred to as “SRS for positioning"’ or “positioning SRS” when needed to distinguish the two types of SRS.

[0135] Several enhancements over the previous definition of SRS may be available for SRS for positioning (also referred to as “UL-PRS”), such as a new staggered pattern within an SRS resource (except for single-symbol / comb-2), a new comb type for SRS. new sequences for SRS, a higher number of SRS resource sets per component carrier, and a higher number of SRS resources per component carrier. In addition, the parameters “SpatialRelationlnfo” and “PathLossReference” are to be configured based on a downlink reference signal or SSB from a neighboring TRP. Further still, one SRS resource may be transmitted outside the active bandwidth part (BWP), and one SRS resource may span across multiple component carriers. Also, SRS may be configured in RRC connected state and only transmitted within an active BWP. Further, there may be no frequency hopping, no repetition factor, a single antenna port, and new' lengths for SRS (e.g., 8 and 12 symbols). There also may be open-loop power control and not closed-loop power control, and comb-8 (i.e., an SRS transmitted every eighth subcarrier in the same symbol) may be used. Lastly, the UE may transmit through the same transmit beam from multiple SRS resources for UL-AoA. These features may be configured through RRC higher layer signaling (and potentially triggered or activated through a MAC control element (MAC- CE) or downlink control information (DCI)).

[0136] One emerging 5G / 6G technology is integrated sensing and communications (ISAC).Applications of ISAC include automotive, airborne vehicles, railways, indoor factories, human motion recognition (e.g., gesture recognition, health monitoring, etc.), or sensing- assisted communication such as beam management. Benefits of integrated sensing and communication include reuse of communication framework (e.g., hardware, spectrum, signaling design, and specs) with minimal modifications for sensing applications.

[0137] To enable UE side ISAC sensing, such as for vehicle UEs in automotive application, UL resources can be reused for sensing. For example, UL resources may be shared between communication and sensing modes, such as in TDM mode. In some cases, SRS can be utilized as a sensing waveform.

[0138] As described above and illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, a sensing mode can be either monostatic, with co-located Tx / Rx pair, or bistatic with w idely separated Tx-Rx pair, or multi-static with multiple widely separated transmitters and receivers. FIG. 6 shows another illustration 600 of monostatic and bi-static sensing, with transmit / receive node QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO43 / 91608 having receive Rx-1 and transmit Tx-1 capability to perform monostatic sensing (using both Rx-1 and Tx-1) or bistatic sensing (using Tx-1) with receive node 602 having at least Rx-2 capability. For the example of FIG. 6, node 608 transmits sensing signals, which are reflected by target 606 and received by node 608 (for monostatic sensing) or node 602 (for bistatic sensing). The transmit beam can be narrow or wide beam, depending on the application and sensing Quality of Service (QoS).

[0139] For some applications, balancing resource use and sensing precision can be difficult. For example, automative applications may need to provide precise positioning with a high update rate to meet safety requirements. Table 1 shows example parameters and automotive radar Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), for illustrative purposes.Table 1

[0140] For some sensing applications, high resolution and high update rates are used in dense radar environments. Single stage sensing with narrow beams can provide needed resolution and update rates, but suffer from large overhead and latency, making it unsuitable. FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example single stage sensing scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG. 7, the sensing device (e.g., sensing device 404) beam sweeps over four coherent processing intervals (CPIs), also referred to as radar frames. Each CPI (per beam) may occupy, for example, 5.1 ms, for 120 kHz subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a bandwidth of 0.5GHz (for a velocity resolution Au = 0.4 m / s, center frequency fc= 73 GHz, and range resolution AR = 30 cm). Thus, for a 20 frames per second (fps) update rate (i.e., a 50 ms sensing period), the CPIs wouldQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO44 / 91occupy more than 10% of the system resources per beam and per user. This is a significant overhead on communication and causes a large latency for transmitting data for communication. Such overhead and latency can potentially disrupt communication assistance functionalities, such as beam management and synchronization.

[0141] In some aspects, two-stage sensing can be used to support multi-radar sensing over shared uplink communication resources with relatively low overhead compared to single stage sensing. In two stage sensing, a first scanning stage can detect one or more target objects and a second tracking stage can track detected target objects. FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate an example two stage uplink sensing scenario, according to aspects of the disclosure. FIG. 8A illustrates an example first scanning stage 800, in which the sensing device (e.g.. an automotive sensing device) beam sweeps over five coherent processing intervals using a wide beam. Wide beam scanning allows greater angular coverage with lower resource overhead but provides lower resolution than narrow beam scanning such as that shown in FIG. 7. For example, each CPI (per beam) may occupy, for example, 1 ms, for 120 kHz subcarrier spacing (SCS) and a bandwidth of 150MHz (for An = 2 m / s at fc= 73 GHz, AR = 1 m).

[0142] In the tracking stage, narrower beams and a higher bandwidth may be used to obtain fine range, velocity, and angle estimations of any target objects detected during the scanning stage. FIG. 8B illustrates three tracking CPIs for an example narrow beam tracking stage 850, where each CPI (per beam) may occupy, for example, 5 ms and a bandwidth of 0.5 GHz, with comb-5 decimation in time (one every’ fifth symbol) and comb-4 decimation in frequency (one every' fourth resource element).

[0143] Compared to narrow beam single stage sensing, two stage uplink sensing as described has a significantly smaller resource overhead per sensing node / user. The example of FIGS.8A and 8B with a 20 fps update rate uses 4.5% of the system resources per-user and per- detected-target. For an example implementation with tw o targets within the field of view (FoV), 9% of system resources are used per-user.

[0144] Sensing applications may need to cover a wide field of view to detect target objects and estimate target characteristics such as range, angle, and velocity. In general, sensing techniques may incorporate sweeping beams in multiple directions for target detection and tracking, using narrow beams to achieve high angular resolution sensing.

[0145] In some cases, sensing can cause interference to both communication users and other sensing users. SRS procedures can be used to measure interference and sensing receive QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO45 / 91performance, and the measurements used to adjust transmit resources for sensing to mitigate cross-link interference. However, current SRS procedures can lead to large overhead, particularly in cases where multiple beam directions need to be sensed with a high update rate and high range-velocity-angular resolution.

[0146] According to some aspects of the disclosure, signaling and specification changes are provided to enable efficient beam procedures for ISAC. FIG. 9 shows an example illustration of a method 900 incorporating a measurement phase and an execution phase to efficiently measure and mitigate interference, according to some aspects of the disclosure. Note that in the description herein, information transmitted between nodes may be transmitted directly or through one or more intermediary network nodes. For example, assistance information, feedback, and / or other information transmitted from one sensing node to another may be transmitted via one or more RAN nodes (e.g., a serving gNB of the sensing node(s)). Further, in some aspects, a network entity such as a Sensing Management Function (SnMF) may provide some management / control for the implementation of the techniques disclosed herein. Additionally, although bistatic sensing is discussed herein, the disclosed techniques may be used in multi-static sensing with greater than two sensing nodes. Additionally, the disclosed techniques outlined below can be used for monostatic sensing, where a sensing node includes co-located transmit and sensing node capability, and where the sensing node has access to the parameters for assistance information, feedback, and scheduling.

[0147] The disclosed techniques enable one or more signal parameters to be measured in order to mitigate interference and / or improve sensing performance, with reduced overhead compared to some current techniques. As noted above, sensing may be monostatic or bistatic / multi-static, where the receive sensing node may be co-located with the transmit sensing node for monostatic sensing or located elsewhere for bistatic sensing. At 910, for bistatic / multi-static sensing (e.g., UE-UE, UE-TRP, TRP-UE, or TRP-TRP bistatic sensing), a transmit sensing node may provide assistance information to one or more receive sensing nodes (e.g.. directly or via one or more other nodes). The assistance information may be based on measurement signal(s) to be transmitted on one or more measurement beams and sensing signal(s) to be transmitted on one or more sensing beams. For example, the assistance information enables the receive sensing node to infer characteristics of sensing signals to be transmitted during the execution phase based on measurements made during the measurement phase.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO46 / 91

[0148] The assistance information may include an indication of beam characteristics for the sensing signal(s) (e.g., a set of one or more beam directions / beam indices, beamwidth, etc.), beam characteristics for the measurement signal(s) (e.g., a set of one or more beam directions / beam indices, beamwidth, etc.), a QCL relationship between the measurement beam(s) and sensing beam(s) (e g., a spatial QCL relationship), a mapping relationship between the measurement beam(s) and the sensing beam(s) (e.g., one-to-one, one-to- many, many-to-one, or many-to-many), or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the assistance information may be included in one or more Information Elements (IEs). For example, a power modification IE may indicate an estimated difference in a measured power metric for one or more of the sensing beams and one or more corresponding measurement beams (e.g., using one or more fields of the IE), as explained in more detail below. For monostatic sensing, the sensing node has access to the parameters used to determine assistance information and need not transmit assistance information, feedback, scheduling information, etc. when implementing the techniques described herein.

[0149] At 920, a transmit sensing node transmits measurement signals such as SRS using one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase, where the coverage of the set of measurement beams has a known mapping to the coverage of the (planned) set of sensing beams for the sensing signals. For example. SRS may be transmitted using at least a first wide measurement beam that is Quasi Co-Located (QCLd) with narrow sensing beam directions (e.g., has as least a spatial QCL relationship with the narrow sensing beams to be transmitted in the execution phase), where the plurality of narrow sensing beams have the same or similar (combined) FoV coverage as the first wide measurement beam. By using wide beams in the measurement phase, fewer beams may be used and less time consumed compared to some current techniques in which SRS is transmitted using the same narrow beam scanning that will be used for sensing.

[0150] At 930, the receive sensing node measures one or more parameters of the measurement signal(s). For example, the receive sensing node may measure one or more power statistics of SRS measurement signals, such as RSRP, RSRQ. SINR, or a combination thereof. Based on the measurements and the assistance information, the receive sensing node may predict one or more related parameters of the sensing signals to be transmitted in the execution phase.

[0151] Based on the prediction, the receive sensing node may send feedback to the transmit sensing node and / or other entities that may be causing or experiencing interference, where QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO47 / 91the feedback can enable beter sensing performance, lower interference at the sensing node or other nodes, or a combination thereof. For monostatic sensing, the sensing node (which incorporates both transmit and receive sensing nodes) has access to RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, and / or other parameters. At 940, the transmit sensing node may receive feedback to modify one or more aspects of the sensing signals to be transmited in the execution phase. The feedback may include an indication to modify transmit power, one or more beam characteristics, time and / or frequency resource use, or a combination thereof. Similarly, a monostatic sensing node may transmit sensing signals with transmit power, one or more beam characteristics (e.g., beam direction, beamwidth, etc.), time and / or frequency resource use, or a combination thereof based on one or more parameters which may be derived based on RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, and / or other measurements (for example, as outlined in the examples below).

[0152] For example, in the measurement phase, a receive sensing node may measure one or more power statistics such as RSRP of SRS transmitted on one or more measurement beams. The receive sensing node may generate feedback including transmit power information (e.g., an indication of a power to use, a modification to the transmit power, or other indication for the transmit power to be used in the execution phase based on the SRS measurement). If the RSRP exceeds a threshold (for example, an interference threshold indicating possible interference with other nodes), the transmit power information indicates that the transmit sensing node should lower transmit power when transmiting the sensing signal(s). The RSRP measurement and / or threshold takes into account the difference in beamwidths between the measurement beam(s) and the sensing beam(s). Alternately or additionally, the feedback may indicate that the transmit sensing node should use different time, frequency, and / or spatial resources (e.g., use time / frequency resources that are orthogonal to those of other users in the area, use a narrower beamwidth than planned / indicated in the assistance information for the sensing signal(s), etc.).

[0153] In another example, the RSRP may indicate that the transmit sensing node should increase transmit power when transmiting the sensing signal(s) based on the RSRP measurement being less than a sensing performance threshold, where the threshold indicates a minimum RSRP for sensing performance targets. Additionally or alternatively, the feedback may indicate that the transmit sensing node should use different time / frequency resources, use different beam characteristics (e.g., beam direction and / or beamwidth) than those indicated in the assistance information, or a combination.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO48 / 91

[0154] At 950. the transmit sensing node may transmit the one or more sensing signals using one or more beams to perform sensing operations. For examples in which the transmit sensing node received feedback, the one or more sensing signals may be modified according to the feedback (or for monostatic sensing according to the parameters). For example, the sensing signals may be transmitted at greater or lower transmit power, transmitted using different beam characteristics, transmitted using different time / frequency resources, etc.

[0155] In some cases, the receive sensing node may send assistance feedback information for a subsequent measurement phase based on measurements of the one or more sensing signals. For example, if the assistance information includes a power modification IE, the receive sensing node may send feedback requesting the power modification IE be increased or decreased for a future measurement phase, based on a mismatch between one or more parameters of the sensing signals predicted using the initial power modification and the measured parameter.

[0156] The techniques described herein can be performed with different types of sensing nodes, for example a base station sensing node, a cellular device sensing node, a vehicle device sensing node, or an automated guided vehicle sensing node. Additionally, the measurement signals may be SRS or other uplink signals, while the sensing signals may be suitable cellular signals and / or signals used traditionally for sensing (e.g., continuous wave, pulsed wave, or frequency-modulated continuous wave sensing signals).

[0157] FIGS. 10A and 10B show an example of measurement and execution phases for UE- TRP bistatic sensing, according to some aspects of the disclosure, where FIG. 10A illustrates a measurement phase 1000 and FIG. 10B illustrates an execution phase 1050. Prior to transmitting measurement signal(s) using a first measurement beam 1014, transmit sensing node 1008-1 may send assistance information to receive sensing node 1002-1 (e.g., a gNB including the TRP for the sensing), as outlined above, either directly or via a RAN node 1002-2 (e.g., a serving gNB for transmit sensing node 1008-1). For the example illustrated in FIGS. 10A and 10B, measurement signal(s) (e.g., SRS) are transmitted using a wide measurement beam 1014 that spans a particular field of view, while sensing signals are transmitted using three narrow sensing beams 1016-A, 1016-B, and 1016-C, which are scanned consecutively across the same (or similar) field of view spanned by measurement beam 1014. Because each of the sensing beams 1016-A, 1016- B, and 1016-C is narrower than measurement beam 1014, the assistance information may include a power modification IE (referred to herein as a modPower IE). The modPowerlE QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO49 / 91indicates an estimated modification to a measured power statistic (e.g., RSRP) for measurement beam 1014 to predict a power statistic for the sensing beams 1016-A to C. Since the power is greater in narrow beams, modPower IE indicates a number of decibels (dBs) to add to the measured RSRP for measurement beam 1014 to estimate the RSRP of the narrower sensing beams 1016-A to 1016-C. The assistance information may also indicate the beam direction and beamwidths for wide measurement beam 1014, beam direction and beamwidths for narrow sensing beams 1016-A, 1016-B, and 1016-C, an indication of a one-to-three mapping and a spatial QCL relationship.

[0158] During the measurement phase, transmit sensing node 1008-1 transmits SRS using measurement beam 1014. Receive sensing node 1002-1 receives the SRS and measures at least a first parameter of the measurement signal. For example, the receive node may determine power statistics including RSRP, RSRQ, SINR, or a combination thereof. Based on the measurements and the assistance information, the receive sensing node 1002-1 can predict one or more performance metrics of the planned sensing beams 1016- A, 1016-B. and 1016-C.

[0159] As noted above, in some cases, receive sensing node 1002-1 can send feedback to transmit sensing node 1008-1, and / or other transmit sensing nodes 1008-2 and 1008-3 based on the measurements of the SRS signal(s) in the measurement phase. For example, the receive sensing node 1002-1 may send feedback to increase or decrease transmission power at transmit sensing node for the execution phase, may send feedback to indicate particular time or frequency resources for the sensing signals in the execution phase, may send feedback to indicate one or more other transmit nodes (e.g., UE transmit sensing node 1008-2 and / or UE transmit sensing node 1008-3, which may be performing communication operations, sensing operations, or both) should increase or decrease transmission power, use different resources, etc.

[0160] Referring to FIG. 10B, in the execution stage, the transmit sensing node 1008-1 transmits sensing signals using sensing beams 1016-A, 1016-B, and 1016-C, reflected by target object 1006, and received by receive sensing node 1002-1. The received sensing signals can be used to detect and track one or more target objects such as target object 1006 according to existing techniques; for example, measuring range, velocity, angle, or a combination thereof. The execution phase may include multiple sensing operations for a single measurement phase, depending on the sensing and communication environment, as explained below.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO50 / 91

[0161] The techniques described with reference to FIGS. 10A and 10B can consume fewer resources than sending SRS using the same beam characteristics as the sensing beams. For example, one or more wide beams can be transmitted and measured rather than transmitting multiple narrow beams, while in many cases enabling effective measurement and mitigation of cross-link interference. For the example of FIGS. 10A and 10B, rather than transmitting SRS by scanning three narrow beams to measure performance and / or interference-related parameters, SRS is transmitted using a single wide beam, saving time resources.

[0162] In FIGS. 10A and 10B, a single wide transmit measurement beam is used as an example, but in practice multiple transmit measurement beams may be used, and in different implementations different beamwidths may be used. Additionally, although the measurement phase is used to measure interference-related parameters to mitigate interference during the execution phase, in some aspects measured signal reflections from one or more target objects such as target object 1006 may be used to perform sensing operations based on signals transmitted during the measurement phase.

[0163] In some aspects of the disclosure, a measurement phase such as that illustrated in FIGS.9 and 10B and described above may be implemented as an iterative measurement phase. An iterative measurement phase may include a plurality of measurement stages to manage interference among multiple users efficiently. In a first measurement stage, measurement signal(s) (e.g., SRS) are transmitted by a transmit sensing node using one or more wide measurement beams, with time and frequency resources that are orthogonal to time and frequency resources of other users (“transmitting nodes”), where the other users may be performing communication operations, sensing operations or both. The receive sensing node measures one or more signal parameters (e.g., as outlined above), and in some cases can select one or more narrow beam directions for transmission of measurement signal(s) and using at least some time and frequency resources that are non-orthogonal to those of other users for a second measurement stage. The selected beam direction(s) are those that would lead to relatively low interference (e.g., one or more interference parameters less than a threshold) with other users even with at least some non-orthogonality of time and frequency resources.

[0164] For example, during a first measurement stage, a transmit sensing node transmits one or more first measurement signals using at least a first measurement beam with a first beamwidth and transmitted using first time and frequency resources. The first time and QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO51 / 91frequency resources are orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by one or more other transmitting nodes. Based on measurements of signals from the transmit sensing node and the one or more other transmitting nodes, the transmit sensing node may receive messaging from the receive sensing node indicating one or more transmission parameters for a second measurement stage. The one or more transmission parameters may include at least a beam direction for transmission of at least a second measurement signal using at least one second measurement beam during the second measurement stage, the second measurement beam having a smaller beamwidth than the first beamwidth, second time and frequency resources for the second measurement signal using the at least one second measurement beam, wherein the second time and frequency resources are non-orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by at least one of the one or more other transmitting nodes, or a combination thereof. For multi-static sensing, the above can be implemented with more than two sensing nodes, while for monostatic sensing the above can be implemented by using one or more parameters at the sensing node, without the need for transmission of assistance information and / or feedback.

[0165] In some aspects of the disclosure, different beam characteristics can be used for transmit and / or receive beams, in order to balance resource use and sensing performance needs (including interference management). In the example of FIGS. 10A and 10B, a wide transmit beam (which can be referred to as an L0 beam) is used, and a correspondingly wide receive beam may be used. Although using wide beams for both transmission and reception provides the lowest resource overhead, in some cases it does not provide sufficient performance. In some aspects of the disclosure, a set of narrow receive beams can be used at the receive sensing node during the measurement phase (e.g., LI beams, L2 beams, etc.). FIG. 11 illustrates a measurement phase 1100 in which measurement signal(s) (e.g., SRS) are transmitted by transmit sensing node 1108 using a wide beam 1114. Receive sensing node 1102 uses three narrow receive beams 1118-A, 1118-B, and 1118-C to measure one or more parameters of the measurement signal(s) and can provide feedback based on the measurements; for example, as described above with reference to FIGS. 9, 10A, and 10B.

[0166] For monostatic sensing, transmit sensing node 1108 has access to beam characteristics of the wide beam 1114 and narrow beams 1118-A, 1118-B, and 1118-C, as well as time and frequency resources for transmission of wide beam 1114 for scanning the narrow receive beams. For bistatic / multi-static sensing, the receive sensing node (e.g., a TRP of a gNB QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO52 / 91as illustrated in FIG. 11 or a UE for UE-UE bistatic sensing) can inform transmit sensing node 1108 of the beam indices (direction) of narrow beams 1118-A, 1118-B, and 1118- C that will be used for receiving the measurement signal(s) in the measurement phase. Transmit sensing node 1108 transmits assistance messaging to the receive sensing node that indicates a transmission schedule for repeated transmission of wide beam 1114. The transmission schedule can be periodic or aperiodic, depending on the circumstances. For example, aperiodic transmission may be used, for example, when communication traffic is bursty and a periodic symbol location might already be allocated for communication purposes (or may be assigned for communication use due to higher communication priority).

[0167] For the example of FIG. 11, the assistance information may indicate a period of retransmission T that allows the receive sensing node 1102 to scan each of the receive beams 1118-A, 1118-B, and 1118-C based on consecutive transmissions of wide beam 1114. For aperiodic transmission, the assistance information may indicate one or more time resources for transmission of wide beam 1114. to enable receive sensing node 1102 to scan each of the receive beams 1118-A, 1118-B, and 1118-C.

[0168] For example, a sensing transmit node may transmit measurement signal(s) (e.g., SRS) using one or more measurement beams, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam having a first beamwidth transmitting a first measurement signal. The transmit sensing node may receive messaging from a receive node indicating a set of receive beam directions for one or more receive beams to be used for at least the first measurement beam, wherein each of the set of one or more receive beams have a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth. The transmit sensing node may transmit scheduling information to the receive node, the scheduling information indicating a schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam, where the schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam indicates periodic or aperiodic retransmission of at least the first measurement beam.|0169] In some aspects of the disclosure, the measurement phase may be initiated periodically, dynamically triggered by a transmit sensing node, requested by a receive sensing node or other network node, or a combination thereof. Implementing a measurement phase more frequently may provide higher quality sensing with less interference, while less frequent implementation reduces overhead. In general, each of a plurality of measurement phases can be initiated according to a periodicity, requested by the receive node, requested by QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO53 / 91one or more other network nodes, dynamically triggered by the transmit sensing node, or a combination thereof.

[0170] In some aspects, the triggering / initiation and frequency of triggering / initiation can be based on current or predicted congestion at the transmit sensing node and / or receive sensing node(s) due to communication or sensing needs, with more frequent triggering for high congestion. In some aspects, the triggering / initiation and its frequency can be at least partly based on sensing and communication priority, with higher communication priority corresponding to more frequent use of the measurement phase to reduce sensing overhead. In some aspects, the triggering / initiation and its frequency can be at least partly based on QoS for sensing and / or communication. For example, higher sensing QoS for angular resolution, large data rate requirement with high reliability for communication, etc. may be less interference-tolerant and thereby implement the measurement phase more frequently. In some aspects, the triggering / initiation and its frequency can be at least partly based on determining that sensing performance and / or communication performance has fallen below a threshold. For example, if one or more sensing performance parameters fall below a sensing performance threshold (e.g., angular resolution, range resolution, or velocity7resolution), the frequency of measurement phase use can be increased to mitigate interference more effectively.

[0171] In some aspects, a transmit sensing node may transmit measurement signal(s) using multiple wide beams, where the wide beams may be substantially distinct or may have some overlap. For multiple wide beams, assistance information can be provided to a receive sensing node, where the assistance information indicates how to pair wide and narrow beams along with how to combine the results from the paired wide beams to predict relevant performance metrics for subsequent sensing signals transmitted using narrow beams (e.g. a rule of average or monopulse technique). For a bistatic sensing example where multiple beams have at least some overlap, a transmit sensing node transmits measurement signal(s) in the measurement phase using one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam and a second measurement beam (with at least some overlap). In some aspects, the one or more sensing beams each have a beam width less than a beamwidth of the first measurement beam and a beamwidth of the second measurement beam, and the assistance information includes information indicating mapping between the first measurement beam and the second measurement beam and at least one of the one or more sensing beams.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO54 / 91

[0172] Note that for single wide beam, in some aspects, the wide beam information can be transparent to the receive sensing node (e.g., gNB or receive sensing UE). In this case the assistance information discussed above that allows the receive sensing node to predict one or more measured performance metric(s) (e.g. RSRP) can be sufficient.

[0173] In some aspects of the disclosure, multi-stage assistance information can be provided to a receive sensing node (e.g., a gNB or bistatic sensing receive UEs) for multi-stage sensing during the execution phase (such as scanning with wide beam and tracking with narrow beams as described above with reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B). The assistance information may differentiate between different sensing stages; for example, a “modPower-Ll” IE can be used to associate measurement signal(s) using a wide measurement beam (e.g., spanning the entire FoV for sensing signals transmitted in the execution phase) with a less wide sensing beam in a scanning stage LI of the execution phase. Another IE “modPower-L2” can be used to associate the wide measurement beam in the measurement phase with narrower sensing beams in tracking stage L2 of the execution phase. In general, if the execution phase comprises at least a first scanning stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a first beamwidth and a first tracking stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a second beamwidth less than the first beamwidth, the assistance information can include assistance information for the first scanning phase and assistance information for the first tracking stage.

[0174] In some aspects of the disclosure, a receive sensing node may provide feedback to the transmit sensing node to adjust some assistance information. For example, if the assistance information includes a modPower IE, the receive sensing node may send feedback requesting the modPower IE be increased or decreased, based on a difference between one or more predicted parameters of the sensing signals and corresponding measurements during the execution phase. For example, a receive sensing node (e.g., a gNB or bi-Zmulti-static sensing Rx UEs) may send feedback to adjust assistance information that maps wide measurement beam(s) to narrow sensing beam(s) based on the comparison between sensing node transmission with wide and narrow beams. Metrics that can be used include received power (e.g., RSRP or SINR). In some aspects, sensing / communication performance such as rule mapping between sensing performance and receive power can be employed to calculate the feedback. In one example, if the power modification IE for a first measurement phase indicated that the receive sensing QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO55 / 91node should add 3 dB to a measured RSRP for the wide measurement beam and the receive sensing node determined the power modification was insufficient, the receive sensing node can send assistance feedback information indicating the power modification IE should be increased to 4 dB for a subsequent measurement phase. In general, in cases where the assistance information includes a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam, where the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth. The assistance feedback information indicating a modification to the power modification IE can be determined and feedback information sent to the receive node to update at least the power modification IE.

[0175] In an aspect of the disclosure, assistance information may include a confidence parameter associated with the assistance information (e.g. a mapping IE such as the modPower IE). For example, the assistance information may include a power modification amount for at least a first sensing beam, and may further include a confidence parameter associated with the power modification amount. The confidence parameter may include a predicted error variance for the modPower IE, to enable conversion of the measurements for one or more wide beams in the measurement phase to one or more measurements of narrow sensing beams during the execution phase with a certain confidence. In some cases, the confidence parameter can be calibrated based on back-and-forth between the transmit sensing node and one or more receive sensing nodes.

[0176] FIG. 12 illustrates an example method 1200 of sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1200 may be performed by a user equipment or RAN node / base station (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations descnbed herein).

[0177] At 1210, the sensing node may transmit assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1210 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO56 / 91node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1210 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0178] At 1220, the sensing node may transmit the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1220 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1220 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0179] At 1230, the sensing node may transmit the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1230 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340. and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1230 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0180] FIG. 13 illustrates an example method 1300 of sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1300 may be performed by a user equipment or RAN node / base station (e.g., any of the UEs or base stations described herein).|01811 At 1310, the sensing node may receive assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1310 may be performed by the one QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO57 / 91or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1310 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384. memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0182] At 1320, the sensing node may measure at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1320 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1320 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory' 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0183] At 1330, the sensing node may transmit feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1330 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342. memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1330 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0184] FIG. 14 illustrates an example method 1400 of monostatic sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1400 may be performed by a user equipment or RAN node / base station (e.g.. any of the UEs or base stations described herein).QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO58 / 91

[0185] At 1410, the sensing node may transmit a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1410 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1410 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0186] At 1420, the sensing node may measure one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1420 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1420 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.

[0187] At 1430, the sensing node may transmit one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a UE and operation 1430 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, the one or more processors 342, memory 340, and / or sensing component(s) 348, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation. In an aspect, the sensing node may be a RAN node / base station, and operation 1430 may be performed by one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the one or more processors 384. memory 386, and / or sensing component(s) 388, any or all of which may be considered means (structure) for performing this operation.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO59 / 91

[0188] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the methods 1200, 1300, and 1400 is providing better sensing performance efficiently. For example, by implementing a measurement phase as described herein, fewer resources may be consumed to measure signal parameters that enable interference mitigation and better sensing performance. Based on parameters of the measurement signals, feedback can be provided to a transmit sensing node and / or one or more other nodes to enable cross-link interference to be mitigated during the execution phase.

[0189] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subj ect matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0190] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0191] Clause 1. A method performed by a sensing node, comprising: transmitting assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and transmitting the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO60 / 91

[0192] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the assistance information indicates a beam direction for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more measurement beams, a beam direction for each of the one or more measurement beams, information indicating at least a spatial Quasi co-Location (QCL) relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, a mapping relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, or a combination thereof.

[0193] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein the one or more measurement signals include one or more Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) and wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first SRS measurement beam with a first beamwidth and a first beam direction, and wherein a plurality of the one or more sensing beams map to the first SRS measurement beam and each of the plurality of the one or more sensing beams has a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth.

[0194] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein transmitting the assistance information comprises transmitting one or more Information Elements (IEs), the one or more IEs including a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth.

[0195] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the assistance information indicates a one-to-one. one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams.

[0196] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, further comprising: in response to transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams, receiving feedback from the receive node for transmission of the one or more sensing signals in the execution phase, the feedback indicating: transmit power for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; time resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; frequency resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; beam direction, beamwidth, or both for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; or a combination thereof.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO61 / 91

[0197] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein the measurement phase comprises at least a first measurement stage and a second measurement stage, and wherein transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams comprises: transmitting at least a first measurement signal using at least one first measurement beam having a first beamwidth during the first measurement stage using first time and frequency resources, wherein the first time and frequency resources are orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by one or more other transmitting nodes; and receiving messaging indicating: at least a beam direction for transmission of at least a second measurement signal using at least one second measurement beam during the second measurement stage, the second measurement beam having a smaller beamwidth than the first beamwidth; second time and frequency resources for the second measurement signal using the at least one second measurement beam, wherein the second time and frequency resources are non-orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by at least one of the one or more other transmitting nodes; or a combination thereof.

[0198] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam having a first beamwidth transmitting a first measurement signal, and further comprising: receiving messaging indicating a set of receive beam directions for one or more receive beams to be used for at least the first measurement beam, wherein each of the set of one or more receive beams have a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth; and transmitting scheduling information indicating a schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam, where the schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam indicates periodic or aperiodic retransmission of at least the first measurement beam.

[0199] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam and a second measurement beam with at least some overlap, wherein the one or more sensing beams each have a beamwidth less than a beamwidth of the first measurement beam and a beamwidth of the second measurement beam, and wherein the assistance information further comprises information indicating mapping between the first measurement beam and the second measurement beam and at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0200] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, wherein the execution phase comprises at least a first scanning stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a first beamwidth and a first tracking stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO62 / 91a second beamwidth less than the first beamwidth, and wherein the assistance information comprises assistance information for the first scanning stage and assistance information for the first tracking stage.

[0201] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the assistance information includes a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth and further comprising: receiving assistance feedback information from the receive node to update at least the power modification IE.

[0202] Clause 12. The method of any of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the assistance information includes a power modification amount for at least a first sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, and further includes a confidence parameter associated with the power modification amount.

[0203] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the measurement phase is included in a plurality of measurement phases, wherein each of the plurality' of measurement phases is initiated according to a periodicity, requested by the receive node, requested by one or more other nodes, dynamically triggered by the sensing node, or a combination thereof.

[0204] Clause 14. A method at a sensing node, comprising: receiving assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; measuring at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and transmitting feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0205] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, further comprising: receiving at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information during the execution phase.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO63 / 91

[0206] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 14 to 15. further comprising: predicting at least a first performance metric of at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information.

[0207] Clause 17. The method of clause 16, wherein measuring the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises measuring at least one power statistic, and wherein the feedback is determined using the at least one power statistic.

[0208] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, wherein measuring at least one power statistic comprises measuring received power (RSRP) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for at least the first measurement beam, or a combination thereof.

[0209] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 16 to 18, further comprising: comparing at least a first measured power statistic to one or more thresholds, and wherein the feedback based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises a transmit power amount for at least one of the one or more sensing beams based on the comparing.

[0210] Clause 20. The method of clause 19, wherein the first measured power statistic is less than a sensing performance threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to increase a transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0211] Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 19 to 20, wherein the first measured power statistic is greater than an interference threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to decrease the transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0212] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 16 to 21, wherein the feedback comprises an indication of transmit resources for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0213] Clause 23. The method of clause 22, wherein the indication of transmit resources comprises an indication of one or more time resources, frequency resources, beam characteristics, or a combination thereof for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0214] Clause 24. A method at a sensing node, comprising: transmitting a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; measuring one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO64 / 91a first target object; and transmitting one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0215] Clause 25. The method of clause 24, wherein the sensing node is a base station sensing node, a cellular device sensing node, a vehicle device sensing node, or an automated guided vehicle sensing node.

[0216] Clause 26. The method of any of clauses 24 to 25, wherein the first measurement beam is transmitting a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), and wherein the one or more sensing beams are transmitting continuous wave, pulsed wave, or frequency-modulated continuous wave sensing signals.

[0217] Clause 27. A sensing node, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

[0218] Clause 28. The sensing node of clause 27, wherein the assistance information indicates a beam direction for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more measurement beams, a beam direction for each of the one or more measurement beams, information indicating at least a spatial Quasi co-Location (QCL) relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, a mapping relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, or a combination thereof.

[0219] Clause 29. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 28, wherein the one or more measurement signals include one or more Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) and wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first SRS measurement beam with QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO65 / 91a first beamwidth and a first beam direction, and wherein a plurality of the one or more sensing beams map to the first SRS measurement beam and each of the plurality of the one or more sensing beams has a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth.

[0220] Clause 30. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein, to transmit the assistance information, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to transmit one or more Information Elements (IES), the one or more IES including a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth.

[0221] Clause 31. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 30, wherein the assistance information indicates a one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams.

[0222] Clause 32. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 31, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, in response to transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams, feedback from the receive node for transmission of the one or more sensing signals in the execution phase, the feedback indicating: transmit power for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; time resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; frequencyresources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; beam direction, beamwidth, or both for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; or a combination thereof.

[0223] Clause 33. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 32, wherein the measurement phase comprises at least a first measurement stage and a second measurement stage, and wherein, to transmit the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, at least a first measurement signal using at least one first measurement beam having a first beamwidth during the first measurement stage using first time and frequency resources, wherein the first time and frequency resources are orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by one or more QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO66 / 91other transmitting nodes; and receive, via the one or more transceivers, messaging indicating: at least a beam direction for transmission of at least a second measurement signal using at least one second measurement beam during the second measurement stage, the second measurement beam having a smaller beamwidth than the first beamwidth; second time and frequency resources for the second measurement signal using the at least one second measurement beam, wherein the second time and frequency resources are non-orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by at least one of the one or more other transmitting nodes; or a combination thereof.

[0224] Clause 34. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 33, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam having a first beamwidth to transmit a first measurement signal, and wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, messaging indicating a set of receive beam directions for one or more receive beams to be used for at least the first measurement beam, wherein each of the set of one or more receive beams have a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, scheduling information indicating a schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam, where the schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam indicates periodic or aperiodic retransmission of at least the first measurement beam.

[0225] Clause 35. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 34, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam and a second measurement beam with at least some overlap, wherein the one or more sensing beams each have a beamwidth less than a beamwidth of the first measurement beam and a beamwidth of the second measurement beam, and wherein the assistance information further comprises information indicating mapping between the first measurement beam and the second measurement beam and at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0226] Clause 36. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 35, wherein the execution phase comprises at least a first scanning stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a first beamwidth and a first tracking stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a second beamwidth less than the first beamwidth, and wherein the assistance information comprises assistance information for the first scanning stage and assistance information for the first tracking stage.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO67 / 91

[0227] Clause 37. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 36. wherein the assistance information includes a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth and wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, assistance feedback information from the receive node to update at least the power modification IE.

[0228] Clause 38. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 37. wherein the assistance information includes a power modification amount for at least a first sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, and further includes a confidence parameter associated with the power modification amount.

[0229] Clause 39. The sensing node of any of clauses 27 to 38. wherein the measurement phase is included in a plurality of measurement phases, wherein each of the luralitv of measurement phases is initiated according to a periodicity, requested by the receive node, requested by one or more other nodes, dynamically triggered by the sensing node, or a combination thereof.

[0230] Clause 40. A sensing node, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; measure at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0231] Clause 41. The sensing node of clause 40, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or moreQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO68 / 91transceivers, at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information during the execution phase.

[0232] Clause 42. The sensing node of any of clauses 40 to 41, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: predict at least a first performance metric of at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information.

[0233] Clause 43. The sensing node of clause 42, wherein, to measure the first parameter of the first measurement beam, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to measure at least one power statistic, and wherein the feedback is determined using the at least one power statistic.

[0234] Clause 44. The sensing node of clause 43, wherein, to measure at least one power statistic, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to measure received power (RSRP) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for at least the first measurement beam, or a combination thereof.

[0235] Clause 45. The sensing node of any of clauses 42 to 44, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: compare at least a first measured power statistic to one or more thresholds, and wherein the feedback based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises a transmit power amount for at least one of the one or more sensing beams based on the comparing.

[0236] Clause 46. The sensing node of clause 45, wherein the first measured power statistic is less than a sensing performance threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to increase a transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0237] Clause 47. The sensing node of any of clauses 45 to 46, wherein the first measured power statistic is greater than an interference threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to decrease the transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0238] Clause 48. The sensing node of any of clauses 42 to 47, wherein the feedback comprises an indication of transmit resources for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO69 / 91

[0239] Clause 49. The sensing node of clause 48, wherein the indication of transmit resources comprises an indication of one or more time resources, frequency resources, beam characteristics, or a combination thereof for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0240] Clause 50. A sensing node, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; measure one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0241] Clause 51. The sensing node of clause 50, wherein the sensing node is a base station sensing node, a cellular device sensing node, a vehicle device sensing node, or an automated guided vehicle sensing node.

[0242] Clause 52. The sensing node of any of clauses 50 to 51, wherein the first measurement beam is to transmit a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). and wherein the one or more sensing beams are to transmit continuous wave, pulsed wave, or frequency-modulated continuous wave sensing signals.

[0243] Clause 53. A sensing node, comprising: means for transmitting assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; means for transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and means for transmitting the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

[0244] Clause 54. The sensing node of clause 53, wherein the assistance information indicates a beam direction for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more measurement beams, a beam direction for each of the one or more measurement beams, information indicating QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO70 / 91at least a spatial Quasi co-Location (QCL) relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, a mapping relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, or a combination thereof.

[0245] Clause 55. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 54, wherein the one or more measurement signals include one or more Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) and wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first SRS measurement beam with a first beamwidth and a first beam direction, and wherein a plurality of the one or more sensing beams map to the first SRS measurement beam and each of the plurality of the one or more sensing beams has a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth.

[0246] Clause 56. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 55, wherein the means for transmitting the assistance information comprises means for transmitting one or more Information Elements (IEs), the one or more IES including a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth.

[0247] Clause 57. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 56. wherein the assistance information indicates a one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams.

[0248] Clause 58. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 57, further comprising: means for receiving feedback from the receive node for transmission of the one or more sensing signals in the execution phase, the feedback indicating: transmit power for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; time resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; frequency resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; beam direction, beamwidth, or both for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; or a combination thereof.

[0249] Clause 59. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 58, wherein the measurement phase comprises at least a first measurement stage and a second measurement stage, and wherein the means for transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams comprises: means for transmitting at least a first measurement signal QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO71 / 91using at least one first measurement beam having a first beamwidth during the first measurement stage using first time and frequency resources, wherein the first time and frequency resources are orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by one or more other transmitting nodes; and means for receiving messaging indicating: at least a beam direction for transmission of at least a second measurement signal using at least one second measurement beam during the second measurement stage, the second measurement beam having a smaller beamwidth than the first beamwidth; second time and frequency resources for the second measurement signal using the at least one second measurement beam, wherein the second time and frequency resources are non-orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by at least one of the one or more other transmitting nodes; or a combination thereof.

[0250] Clause 60. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 59, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam having a first beamwidth transmitting a first measurement signal, and further comprising: means for receiving messaging indicating a set of receive beam directions for one or more receive beams to be used for at least the first measurement beam, wherein each of the set of one or more receive beams have a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth; and means for transmitting scheduling information indicating a schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam, where the schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam indicates periodic or aperiodic retransmission of at least the first measurement beam.

[0251] Clause 61. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 60, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam and a second measurement beam with at least some overlap, wherein the one or more sensing beams each have a beamwidth less than a beamwidth of the first measurement beam and a beamwidth of the second measurement beam, and wherein the assistance information further comprises information indicating mapping between the first measurement beam and the second measurement beam and at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0252] Clause 62. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 61, wherein the execution phase comprises at least a first scanning stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a first beamwidth and a first tracking stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a second beamwidth less than the first beamwidth, and wherein theQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO72 / 91assistance information comprises assistance information for the first scanning stage and assistance information for the first tracking stage.

[0253] Clause 63. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 62, wherein the assistance information includes a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth and further comprising: means for receiving assistance feedback information from the receive node to update at least the power modification IE.

[0254] Clause 64. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 63, wherein the assistance information includes a power modification amount for at least a first sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, and further includes a confidence parameter associated with the power modification amount.

[0255] Clause 65. The sensing node of any of clauses 53 to 64, wherein the measurement phase is included in a plurality of measurement phases, wherein each of the plurality of measurement phases is initiated according to aperiodicity, requested by the receive node, requested by one or more other nodes, dynamically triggered by the sensing node, or a combination thereof.

[0256] Clause 66. A sensing node, comprising: means for receiving assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; means for measuring at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and means for transmitting feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0257] Clause 67. The sensing node of clause 66, further comprising: means for receiving at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information during the execution phase.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO73 / 91

[0258] Clause 68. The sensing node of any of clauses 66 to 67, further comprising: means for predicting at least a first performance metric of at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information.

[0259] Clause 69. The sensing node of clause 68, wherein the means for measuring the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises means for measuring at least one power statistic, and wherein the feedback is determined using the at least one power statistic.

[0260] Clause 70. The sensing node of clause 69, wherein the means for measuring at least one power statistic comprises means for measuring received power (RSRP) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for at least the first measurement beam, or a combination thereof.

[0261] Clause 71. The sensing node of any of clauses 68 to 70, further comprising: means for comparing at least a first measured power statistic to one or more thresholds, and wherein the feedback based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises a transmit power amount for at least one of the one or more sensing beams based on the comparing.

[0262] Clause 72. The sensing node of clause 71, wherein the first measured power statistic is less than a sensing performance threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to increase a transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0263] Clause 73. The sensing node of any of clauses 71 to 72, wherein the first measured power statistic is greater than an interference threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to decrease the transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0264] Clause 74. The sensing node of any of clauses 68 to 73, wherein the feedback comprises an indication of transmit resources for at least one of the one or more sensing beams. |0265| Clause 75. The sensing node of clause 74, wherein the indication of transmit resources comprises an indication of one or more time resources, frequency resources, beam characteristics, or a combination thereof for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0266] Clause 76. A sensing node, comprising: means for transmitting a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; means QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO74 / 91for measuring one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and means for transmitting one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.|0267| Clause 77. The sensing node of clause 76. wherein the sensing node is a base station sensing node, a cellular device sensing node, a vehicle device sensing node, or an automated guided vehicle sensing node.

[0268] Clause 78. The sensing node of any of clauses 76 to 77, wherein the first measurement beam transmits a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), and wherein the one or more sensing beams transmit continuous wave, pulsed wave, or frequency-modulated continuous wave sensing signals.

[0269] Clause 79. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: transmit assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; transmit the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; and transmit the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

[0270] Clause 80. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 79, wherein the assistance information indicates a beam direction for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more measurement beams, a beam direction for each of the one or more measurement beams, information indicating at least a spatial Quasi co-Location (QCL) relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, a mapping relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, or a combination thereof.

[0271] Clause 81. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 80, wherein the one or more measurement signals include one or more Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) and wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first SRS measurement beam with a first beamwidth and a first beam direction, and wherein a QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO75 / 91plurality of the one or more sensing beams map to the first SRS measurement beam and each of the plurality of the one or more sensing beams has a beamwidth less than the first beam width.

[0272] Clause 82. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 81, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to transmit the assistance information comprise computerexecutable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to transmit one or more Information Elements (IEs), the one or more IES including a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth.

[0273] Clause 83. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 82, wherein the assistance information indicates a one-to-one. one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams.

[0274] Clause 84. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 83, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive feedback from the receive node for transmission of the one or more sensing signals in the execution phase, the feedback indicating: transmit power for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; time resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; frequency resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; beam direction, beamwidth, or both for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; or a combination thereof.

[0275] Clause 85. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 84, wherein the measurement phase comprises at least a first measurement stage and a second measurement stage, and wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to transmit the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams comprise computerexecutable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to: transmit at least a first measurement signal using at least one first QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO76 / 91measurement beam having a first beamwidth during the first measurement stage using first time and frequency resources, wherein the first time and frequency resources are orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by one or more other transmitting nodes; and receive messaging indicating: at least a beam direction for transmission of at least a second measurement signal using at least one second measurement beam during the second measurement stage, the second measurement beam having a smaller beamwidth than the first beamwidth; second time and frequency resources for the second measurement signal using the at least one second measurement beam, wherein the second time and frequency resources are non-orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by at least one of the one or more other transmitting nodes; or a combination thereof.

[0276] Clause 86. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 85, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam having a first beamwidth transmitting a first measurement signal, and further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to: receive messaging indicating a set of receive beam directions for one or more receive beams to be used for at least the first measurement beam, wherein each of the set of one or more receive beams have a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth; and transmit scheduling information indicating a schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam, where the schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam indicates periodic or aperiodic retransmission of at least the first measurement beam.

[0277] Clause 87. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 86, wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam and a second measurement beam with at least some overlap, wherein the one or more sensing beams each have a beamwidth less than a beamwidth of the first measurement beam and a beamwidth of the second measurement beam, and wherein the assistance information further comprises information indicating mapping betw een the first measurement beam and the second measurement beam and at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0278] Clause 88. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 87, wherein the execution phase comprises at least a first scanning stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a first beamwidth and a first tracking stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a second beamwidth less than the firstQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO77 / 91beamwidth, and wherein the assistance information comprises assistance information for the first scanning stage and assistance information for the first tracking stage.

[0279] Clause 89. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 88, wherein the assistance information includes a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth and further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to: receive assistance feedback information from the receive node to update at least the power modification IE.

[0280] Clause 90. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 89, wherein the assistance information includes a power modification amount for at least a first sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, and further includes a confidence parameter associated with the power modification amount.

[0281] Clause 91. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 79 to 90, wherein the measurement phase is included in a plurality of measurement phases, wherein each of the plurality of measurement phases is initiated according to a periodicity, requested by the receive node, requested by one or more other nodes, dynamically triggered by the sensing node, or a combination thereof.

[0282] Clause 92. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams transmitting one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams transmitting one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase; measure at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; and transmit feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

[0283] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 92, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO1W\cause the sensing node to: receive at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information during the execution phase.

[0284] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 92 to 93, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: predict at least a first performance metric of at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information.

[0285] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 94, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to measure the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the user equipment, cause the user equipment to measure at least one power statistic, and wherein the feedback is determined using the at least one power statistic.

[0286] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 95, wherein the computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to measure at least one power statistic comprise computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to measure received power (RSRP) for at least the first measurement beam, measure reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for at least the first measurement beam, measure a signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for at least the first measurement beam, or a combination thereof.

[0287] Clause 97. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 94 to 96, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: compare at least a first measured power statistic to one or more thresholds, and wherein the feedback based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises a transmit power amount for at least one of the one or more sensing beams based on the comparing.

[0288] Clause 98. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 97, wherein the first measured power statistic is less than a sensing performance threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to increase a transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0289] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 97 to 98, wherein the first measured power statistic is greater than an interference threshold, andQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO79 / 91wherein the feedback comprises an indication to decrease the transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0290] Clause 100. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 94 to 99, wherein the feedback comprises an indication of transmit resources for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.|02911 Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 100, wherein the indication of transmit resources comprises an indication of one or more time resources, frequency resources, beam characteristics, or a combination thereof for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

[0292] Clause 102. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: transmit a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam; measure one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; and transmit one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

[0293] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 102, wherein the sensing node is a base station sensing node, a cellular device sensing node, a vehicle device sensing node, or an automated guided vehicle sensing node.

[0294] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 102 to 103, wherein the first measurement beam is transmitting a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS), and wherein the one or more sensing beams transmit continuous wave, pulsed wave, or frequency-modulated continuous wave sensing signals.

[0295] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety' of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0296] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO80 / 91herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality7. Whether such functionality7is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0297] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array7(FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality7of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0298] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory7(ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to. the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO81 / 91

[0299] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair. DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0300] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,’’ “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO82 / 91otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term "or" is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with ‘'and / or ’ unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of’) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles '‘a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination.QC2500735WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO83 / 91CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A sensing node, comprising:one or more memories;one or more transceivers: andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:transmit, via the one or more transceivers, assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase;transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; andtransmit, via the one or more transceivers, the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

2. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the assistance information indicates a beam direction for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more measurement beams, a beam direction for each of the one or more measurement beams, information indicating at least a spatial Quasi co-Location (QCL) relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, a mapping relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, or a combination thereof.

3. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the one or more measurement signals include one or more Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) and wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first SRS measurement beam with a first beamwidth and a first beam direction, and wherein a plurality of the one or more sensing beams map to QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO84 / 91the first SRS measurement beam and each of the plurality of the one or more sensing beams has a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth.

4. The sensing node of claim 1 , wherein, to transmit the assistance information, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to transmit one or more Information Elements (lEs). the one or more IES including a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth.

5. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the assistance information indicates a one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams.

6. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers, in response to transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams, feedback from the receive node for transmission of the one or more sensing signals in the execution phase, the feedback indicating:transmit power for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams: time resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams; frequency resources for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams;beam direction, beamwidth, or both for at least one sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams: ora combination thereof.

7. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the measurement phase comprises at least a first measurement stage and a second measurement stage, and wherein, to transmit theQC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO85 / 91one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:transmit, via the one or more transceivers, at least a first measurement signal using at least one first measurement beam having a first beamwidth during the first measurement stage using first time and frequency resources, wherein the first time and frequency resources are orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by one or more other transmitting nodes; andreceive, via the one or more transceivers, messaging indicating:at least a beam direction for transmission of at least a second measurement signal using at least one second measurement beam during the second measurement stage, the second measurement beam having a smaller beamwidth than the first beamwidth;second time and frequency resources for the second measurement signal using the at least one second measurement beam, wherein the second time and frequency resources are non-orthogonal to time and frequency resources used by at least one of the one or more other transmitting nodes; ora combination thereof.

8. The sensing node of claim 1. wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam having a first beamwidth to transmit a first measurement signal, and wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers, messaging indicating a set of receive beam directions for one or more receive beams to be used for at least the first measurement beam, wherein each of the set of one or more receive beams have a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth; andtransmit, via the one or more transceivers, scheduling information indicating a schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam, where the schedule for transmitting at least the first measurement beam indicates periodic or aperiodic retransmission of at least the first measurement beam.

9. The sensing node of claim 1. wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first measurement beam and a second measurement beam with at least some QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO86 / 91overlap, wherein the one or more sensing beams each have a beamwidth less than a beamwidth of the first measurement beam and a beamwidth of the second measurement beam, and wherein the assistance information further comprises information indicating mapping between the first measurement beam and the second measurement beam and at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

10. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the execution phase comprises at least a first scanning stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a first beamwidth and a first tracking stage using a set of the one or more sensing beams having a second beamwidth less than the first beamwidth, and wherein the assistance information comprises assistance information for the first scanning stage and assistance information for the first tracking stage.

11. The sensing node of claim 1 , wherein the assistance information includes a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured pow er metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth and wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers, assistance feedback information from the receive node to update at least the power modification IE.

12. The sensing node of claim 1, wfierein the assistance information includes a power modification amount for at least a first sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, and further includes a confidence parameter associated with the pow er modification amount.

13. The sensing node of claim 1, wfierein the measurement phase is included in a plurality of measurement phases, wfierein each of the plurality of measurement phases is initiated according to a periodicity, requested by the receive node, requested by one or more other nodes, dynamically triggered by the sensing node, or a combination thereof.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO87 / 9114. A sensing node, comprising:one or more memories;one or more transceivers; andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers, assistance information for bistatic sensing with a first transmit node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals included in a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals included in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase;measure at least a first parameter of at least a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams; andtransmit, via the one or more transceivers, feedback to at least the first transmit node based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam.

15. The sensing node of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers, at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information during the execution phase.

16. The sensing node of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:predict at least a first performance metric of at least one of the one or more sensing beams using the assistance information.

17. The sensing node of claim 16, wherein, to measure the first parameter of the first measurement beam, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to measure at least one power statistic, and wherein the feedback is determined using the at least one power statistic.QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO88 / 9118. The sensing node of claim 17, wherein, to measure at least one power statistic, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to measure received power (RSRP) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring reference signal received quality (RSRQ) for at least the first measurement beam, measuring a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for at least the first measurement beam, or a combination thereof.

19. The sensing node of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:compare at least a first measured power statistic to one or more thresholds, and wherein the feedback based on the measuring of the first parameter of the first measurement beam comprises a transmit power amount for at least one of the one or more sensing beams based on the comparing.

20. The sensing node of claim 19, wherein the first measured power statistic is less than a sensing performance threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to increase a transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

21. The sensing node of claim 19, wherein the first measured power statistic is greater than an interference threshold, and wherein the feedback comprises an indication to decrease the transmit power amount for the at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

22. The sensing node of claim 16, wherein the feedback comprises an indication of transmit resources for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

23. The sensing node of claim 22, wherein the indication of transmit resources comprises an indication of one or more time resources, frequency resources, beam characteristics, or a combination thereof for at least one of the one or more sensing beams.

24. A sensing node, comprising:QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO89 / 91one or more memories;one or more transceivers; andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are configured to:transmit, via the one or more transceivers, a set of one or more measurement signals using one or more measurement beams during a measurement phase, the one or more measurement beams including a first measurement beam;measure one or more parameters of one or more receive beams, the one or more receive beams including at least a reflection of at least the first measurement beam from at least a first target object; andtransmit, via the one or more transceivers, one or more sensing beams during an execution phase, the one or more sensing beams having at least a transmit power based on the one or more parameters of the one or more receive beams.

25. The sensing node of claim 24, wherein the sensing node is a base station sensing node, a cellular device sensing node, a vehicle device sensing node, or an automated guided vehicle sensing node.

26. The sensing node of claim 24, wherein the first measurement beam is to transmit a Sounding Reference Signal (SRS). and wherein the one or more sensing beams are to transmit continuous wave, pulsed wave, or frequency-modulated continuous wave sensing signals.

27. A method performed by a sensing node, comprising:transmitting assistance information for bistatic sensing with a receive node, the assistance information based on a relationship between one or more measurement beams to transmit one or more measurement signals during a measurement phase and one or more sensing beams to transmit one or more sensing signals in an execution phase subsequent to the measurement phase;QC2500735WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2500735WO90 / 91transmitting the one or more measurement signals using the one or more measurement beams during the measurement phase; andtransmitting the one or more sensing signals using the one or more sensing beams in the execution phase.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the assistance information indicates a beam direction for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more sensing beams, a beamwidth for each of the one or more measurement beams, a beam direction for each of the one or more measurement beams, information indicating at least a spatial Quasi co-Location (QCL) relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, a mapping relationship between the one or more measurement beams and the one or more sensing beams, or a combination thereof.

29. The method of claim 27, wherein the one or more measurement signals include one or more Sounding Reference Signals (SRSs) and wherein the one or more measurement beams include a first SRS measurement beam with a first beamwidth and a first beam direction, and wherein a plurality of the one or more sensing beams map to the first SRS measurement beam and each of the plurality of the one or more sensing beams has a beamwidth less than the first beamwidth.

30. The method of claim 27, wherein transmitting the assistance information comprises transmitting one or more Information Elements (IES), the one or more IES including a power modification IE indicating an estimated difference in a measured power metric for a first measurement beam of the one or more measurement beams with a first beamwidth and a measured power metric for at least a second sensing beam of the one or more sensing beams, wherein the second sensing beam maps to the first measurement beam and has a second beamwidth different than the first beamwidth.QC2500735WO

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