Resource determination for sub-band group

Abstract

A method of wireless sensing performed by a sensing node comprises, receiving, a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs), and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs, and transmitting or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO1 / 79RESOURCE DETERMINATION FOR SUB-BAND GROUPTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) orWiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), RF sensing, and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, enable improved RF sensing and 5G-based positioning.SUMMARY

[0004] Tire following presents a simplified summary’ relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary' has theQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO2 / 79sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of wireless sensing performed by a sensing node comprises:receiving: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprises a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub -band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and transmitting or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within tire plurality of noncontiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0006] in an aspect, a sensing node comprises: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non¬ contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and transmit or receive, via the one or more transceivers, one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters,

[0007] In an aspect, a sensing node comprises: means for receiving: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of noncontiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or moreQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO3 / 79ISFAs; and means for transmitting or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs. wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0008] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and transmit or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0009] In an aspect, a method of wireless sensing performed by a sensing node comprises:receiving a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - I) + SB_start,k; based on n_k being greater-than (n_SBG / ' 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG* (n SBG - n k + I) + (n SBG - 1 - SB_start,k); n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprises a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more intersub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n_k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of tire plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; selecting, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and transmitting or receiving a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0010] in an aspect, a sensing node comprises: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO4 / 792) + I, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - I) + SB_start,k; based on n_k being greater- than (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG* (n SBG ~ n k + 1) + (n SBG - 1 - SB start, k); n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n_k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB start, k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; select, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and transmit or receive, via tire one or more transceivers, a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0011] In an aspect, a sensing node comprises: means for receiving a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wlierein: based on n_k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n - 1) + SB startk; based on n __k being greater-than (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG* (n SBG - n k + 1) + (n_SBG - 1 - SB_start,k); n_SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n_k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub¬ band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; means for selecting, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and means for transmitting or receiving a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0012] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n k being less-than-or-equal-to (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - 1) + SB start, k; based on n k being greater-than (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG* (n SBG - n k -1- 1) + (n SBG - 1 - SB start, k); n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more intersub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; andQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO5 / 79SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; select, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and transmit or receiving a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.[0013j Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description,BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.[OOlSj FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure,

[0016] FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example -wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIGS, 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0018] FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate different types of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 5 illustrates an example call flow for a New Radio (NR)-based sensing procedure in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIGS, 6A-6B illustrate resource allocations in sixth -generation (6G) networks, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 7A illustrates an example of a sub-band group (SBG) comprising a plurality of discontinuous, disjointed, and / or noncontiguous sub-bands (SBs), according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 7B illustrates an example of a likelihood function with respect to delay, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0023] FIG. 8A illustrates a table showing various downlink control information (DCI) size compression schemes,, according to aspects of the disclosure.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO6 / 79

[0024] FIG. 8B illustrates an example of an SBG comprising a plurality of noncontiguous SBs, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0025] FIGS. 9A--9C illustrate frequency diagrams associated with resource allocations according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0026] FIGS. 10 to 1 [illustrate example methods of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related draw ings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0028] Various aspects relate generally to resource allocation. Some aspects more specifically relate to resource allocation for a sub-band group (SBG) comprising a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs). In some examples, a sensing node receives a bitmap for determining a frequency¬ domain resource allocation of the SBG, and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG. The one or more granularity parameters indicate a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs. The sensing node transmits or receives one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources that are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0029] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, byidentifying the frequency resources of the SBG based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters, the described techniques can be used to efficiently configure a sensing node to perform sensing across a wide bandwidth, comprising a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands, using the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0030] In some examples, a sensing node receives a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG*(n k - 1) + SB start, k; based on n k being greater-thanQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO7 / 79(n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_SBG - n_k + 1) + (n_SBG - 1 - SB_start,k); n SBG multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG). The SBG comprises a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs). The sensing node selects, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, and transmits or receives a sensing signal via the one or more selected resources.

[0031] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by identifying the frequency resources of the SBG based on the RIV, the described techniques can be used to configure a sensing node to perform sensing across a wide bandwidth composing a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands using a RIV field.

[0032] Tire words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0033] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0034] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associatedQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO8 / 79processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter, in addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0035] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (loT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on,

[0036] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or netw ork management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called anQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO9 / 79uplink (uplink) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffi c channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / ' forward traffic channel.

[0037] The term "‘base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from tire UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRI’ of the base station.

[0038] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0039] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to eachQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO10 / 79transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. Tire same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0040] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0041] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through tire core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0042] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrityQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO11 / 79protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0043] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A ‘"cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may¬ be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0044] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 ofQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO12 / 79one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0045] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104, The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0046] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available,

[0047] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0048] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter w'ave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to asQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO13 / 79a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a ■wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming, Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0049] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction.Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0050] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g,, a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source referenceQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO14 / 79RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.[0051 J In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction.

[0052] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal, For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g,, sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0053] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive tire downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receiveQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO15 / 79beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0054] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz - 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL, TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0055] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies.Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band,

[0056] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or tire like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR.5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0057] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and theQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WOremaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary’ carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. Tire primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a earner operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary' carrier may contain only necessary' signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary' uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE- specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary' carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers, Tire network is able to change the primary' carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component earner,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0058] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by' the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary' carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0059] The wireless communications system 100 may' further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macroQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO17 / 79cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164,

[0060] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of side link communication.Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and abase station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1: M) system in which each SL-UE transmits to evm other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0061] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the FederalQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO18 / 79Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.1 lx WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi,” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0062] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beam forming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0063] In the example of FIG. 1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG. 1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0064] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrityQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO19 / 79information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary' Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multifunctional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0065] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0066] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LIE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0067] FIG. 2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C)QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO20 / 79215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 viaNG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0068] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0069] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 alsoQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO21 / 79interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF, The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SUM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulator ’ sendees, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0070] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SEP 272.

[0071] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO22 / 79

[0072] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. Tire LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Tire SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry’ voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0073] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client, The third-party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality’ of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different soft-ware modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0074] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. Tire gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C"’ interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu?’ interface.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO23 / 79

[0075] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226. one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222, A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “FT” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer.

[0076] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0077] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CUQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO24 / 79may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of tire CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0078] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0079] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Sendee Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an Fl interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0080] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmissionQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO25 / 79medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of tire other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units,

[0081] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280, The CU 280 maybe configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit -User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit - Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary’, for network control and signaling.

[0082] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0083] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fastQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO26 / 79Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (IFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split, In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.[0084J The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an 01 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an 02 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an 01 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an 01 interface. Tire SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255.

[0085] Tire Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via dataQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO27 / 79collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0086] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via 01) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0087] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of tire network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2 A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein, it will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). Tire illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0088] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communicationQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO28 / 79networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and / or the like. Tire WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g,, NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0089] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range -wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. Tire short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, theQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO19 / 79short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0090] Tire UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, which each include one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, respectively, and may optionally include one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, the base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that may communicate with space vehicles (e.g., space vehicles 112) via the satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, the base station 304 may be a space vehicle (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other space vehicles,

[0091] Tire satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are nonterrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0092] The optional satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374, when present, may be connected to the one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO30 / 79Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 374 are satellite positioning system transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 378 may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, NAVIC, QZSS signals, etc. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal transmitters) 334 and 374 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems.

[0093] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g,, means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0094] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g,, transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmitQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO31 / 79“beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0095] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers,” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0096] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 342, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general puipose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO32 / 79

[0097] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on), lire memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include sensing component 348, 388, and 398, respectively. The sensing component 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the sensing component 348, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g,, part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the sensing component 348, 388, and 398 may be memory' modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the sensing component 348, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory’ 340, the one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG. 3B illustrates possible locations of the sensing component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory' 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component, FIG, 3C illustrates possible locations of the sensing component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0098] Tire UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 342 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal interface 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope,QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO33 / 79a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi -axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0099] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0100] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from tlie network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality- associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity' protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re -segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0101] The transmiter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (LI) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physicalQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO34 / 79(PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary’ phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0102] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316.Tire receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 342. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer- 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304, These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and controlQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO35 / 79signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 342, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0103] In the downlink, the one or more processors 342 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. Tire one or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0104] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 342 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0105] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0106] Tire uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384,

[0107] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, controlQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO36 / 79signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302, IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. Tire one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.[01081 For convenience, the UE 302, tire base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS. 3 A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs, in particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary' due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG. 3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH® capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0109] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 308, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0110] The components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / orQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO37 / 79incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 342, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the sensing component 348, 388, and 398, etc.

[0111] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over anon-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0112] Wireless communication signals (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals configured to carry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in accordance with a wireless communications standard, such as LIE, NR, etc.) transmitted between a UE and a base station can be used for environment sensing (also referred to as “RF sensing” or “wireless sensing”). Using wireless communication signals for environment sensing can be regarded as consumer-level wireless sensing with advanced detection capabilities that enable, among other things, touchless / device-free interaction with a device / system. The wireless communication signals may be cellular communication signals, such as LTE orQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO38 / 79NR signals, WLAN signals, such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a particular example, the wireless communication signals may be an OFDM waveform as utilized in LTE and NR, High-frequency communication signals, such as millimeter wave (mmW) RF signals, are especially beneficial to use as sensing signals because the higher frequency provides, at least, more accurate range (distance) detection.

[0113] Possible use cases of RF sensing include health monitoring use cases, such as heartbeat detection, respiration rate monitoring, and the like, gesture recognition use cases, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, sign language recognition, and the like, contextual information acquisition use cases, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, range estimation, and the like, and automotive sensing use cases, such as smart cruise control, collision avoidance, and the like.

[0114] There are different types of sensing, including monostatic sensing (also referred to as “active sensing”) and bistatic sensing (also referred to as “passive sensing”). FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate these different types of sensing. Specifically, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating a monostatic sensing scenario and FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating a bistatic sensing scenario. In FIG. 4A, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are co-located in the same sensing device 404 (e.g., a UE). The sensing device 404 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 434 (e.g., uplink or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS) where the sensing device 404 is a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 434 reflect off a target object 406 (e.g,, an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). Tire sensing device 404 can measure various properties (e.g., times of arrival (ToAs), angles of arrival (AoAs), phase shift, etc.) of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 to determine characteristics of the target object 406 (e.g,, size, shape, speed, motion state, etc.).

[0115] In FIG. 4B, the transmiter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located, that is, they are separate devices (e.g., a UE and a base station). Note that while FIG. 4B illustrates using a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 432, uplink RF signals or sidelink RF signals can also be used as RF sensing signals 432. In a downlink scenario, as shown, the transmiter device 402 is a base station (e.g., a gNB) and the receiver device 408 is a UE (e.g., a mobile phone, a V2X-capable vehicle, a roadside unit (RSU), etc.), whereas in an uplink scenario, the transmitter device 402 is a UE and the receiver device 408 is a base station. Where the transmitter device 402 is a base station and the receiver device 408 a UE, the sensing is referred to as UE-assisted sensing. In UE-assisted sensing, the positionQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO39 / 79of receiver device 408 should be known by the network (e.g,, by GPS or other UE positioning method).

[0116] Referring to FIG. 4B in greater detail, the transmitter device 402 transmits RF sensing signals 432 and 434 (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) to the receiver device 408, but some of the RF sensing signals 434 reflect off a target object 406. The receiver device 408 (also referred to as the “sensing device”) can measure the times of arrival (ToAs) of the RF sensing signals 432 received directly from the transmitter device 402 and the ToAs of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 reflected from the target object 406.

[0117] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver device (e.g., a UE). However, the receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. Each path may be associated with a cluster of one or more channel taps. Generally, the time at which the receiver detects the first cluster of channel taps is considered the ToA of the RF signal on the line-of-site (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the transmitter and the receiver). Later clusters of channel taps are considered to have reflected off objects between the transmitter and the receiver and therefore to have followed non-LOS (NLOS) paths between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0118] Tirus, referring back to FIG. 4B, the RF sensing signals 432 followed the LOS path between the transmitter device 402 and the receiver device 408, and the RF sensing signals 434 followed an NLOS path between the transmitter device 402 and the receiver device 408 due to reflecting off tire target object 406. The transmitter device 402 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 432, 434, some of which followed the LOS path and others of which followed the NLOS path. Alternatively, the transmiter device 402 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a broad enough beam that a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the LOS path (RF sensing signal 432) and a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 434).

[0119] Based on the ToA of the LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, the receiver device 408 can determine the distance to the target object(s). For example, the receiver device 408 can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speed of light. In addition, if the receiver device 408 is capable of receive beamforming, theQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO40 / 79receiver device 408 may be able to determine the general direction to a target object 406 as the direction (angle) of the receive beam on which the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path was received. That is, the receiver device 408 may determine the direction to the target object 406 as the AoA of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the receive beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. Tire receiver device 408 may then optionally report this information to the transmitter device 402, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or some other sensing entity. Alternatively, the receiver device 408 may report the ToA measurements to the transmitter device 402, or other sensing entity (e.g., if the receiver device 408 does not have the processing capability to perform the calculations itself), and the transmitter device 402 may determine the distance and, optionally, the direction to the target object 406.

[0120] Note that if the RF sensing signals are uplink RF signals transmitted by a UE to a base station, the base station would perform object detection based on the uplink RF signals just like the UE does based on the downlink RF signals.

[0121] Like conventional wireless sensing, wireless communication-based sensing signals can be used to estimate the range (distance), velocity (Doppler), and angle (AoA) of a target object. However, the performance (e.g., resolution and maximum values of range, velocity, and angle) may depend on the design of the reference signal.

[0122] FIG. 5 illustrates an example call flow 500 for an NR-based sensing procedure (e.g., a bistatic sensing procedure) in which the network configures the sensing parameters, according to aspects of the disclosure. Although FIG. 5 illustrates a network-coordinated sensing procedure, the sensing procedure could be coordinated over sidelink channels,

[0123] At stage 505, a sensing server 570 (e.g., inside or outside the core network) sends a request for network (NW) information to a gNB 522 (e.g., tire serving gNB of a UE 504). lire request may be for a list of the UE’s 504 serving cell and any neighboring cells. At stage 510, the gNB 522 sends the requested information to tire sensing server 570. At stage 515, the sensing server 570 sends a request for sensing capabilities to the UE 504. At stage 520, the UE 504 provides its sensing capabilities to the sensing server 570.

[0124] At stage 525, the sensing server 570 sends a configuration to the UE 504 indicating one or more reference signal (RS) resources that will be transmitted for sensing. Tire reference signal resources may be transmitted by the serving and / or neighboring cells identified atQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO41 / 79stage 510. In some cases, the NR-based sensing procedure illustrated in FIG. 5 may be a sensing-only procedure or a joint communication and sensing (JCS) procedure. In the case of a sensing -only procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources specifically configured for sensing purposes. In the case of a JCS procedure, the reference signal resources may be reference signal resources for communication that can also be used for sensing purposes. Alternatively, the reference signal resources for sensing may be multiplexed (e.g., time-division multiplexed) with reference signal resources for communication. For example, the reference signal resources for communication may be an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform, while the reference signal resources for sensing may be a frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) waveform.

[0125] At stage 530, the sensing server 570 sends a request for sensing information to the UE 504. The UE 504 then measures the transmitted reference signals and, at stage 535, sends the measurements, or any sensing results determined from the measurements, to the sensing server 570.

[0126] In an aspect, the communication between the UE 504 and the sensing server 570 may be via the LTE positioning protocol (LPP). The communication between the sensing server 570 and the gNB may be via NR positioning protocol type A (NRPPa).

[0127] FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate resource allocations in sixth-generation (6G) networks. As shown in diagram 610, particular use cases and / or technologies may be considered in the context of three types of requirements: sensing / localization, global and emergency coverage, and edge / cloud compute resources. At the top, closely associated with sensing / location, are joint communication and sensing (JCAS), non-terrestrial network (NTN), and new spectrum technologies. At bottom-left, closely associated with global and emergency coverage, are low earth orbit (LEO) / direct-to-cell (D2C), fixed wireless access (FWA), low bands, and open radio access network (ORAN) technologies. At bottom-right, closely associated with edge / cloud compute resources, are artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML), extended reality (XR), and ORAN technologies. Digital twin technologies are also illustrated.

[0128] In FIG. 6B, diagram 620 illustrates different frequency ranges used for cellular communication. A shown in diagram 620, higher frequencies may be associated with higher throughput / bandwidth and lower coverage range. The base of the pyramid (highQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO42 / 79range, low throughput) comprises fourth-generation (4G) frequencies and associated use cases, including seven-hundred MHz to one GHz (e.g., low-power internet of things (IoT)), and one to two GHz (frequency -division duplex (FDD) bands for wide area coverage). Fifth-generation (5G) frequencies include three to four GHz (e.g., C-band for data) and twenty-four to seventy GHz (e.g., for capacity hotspots, venues, dense urban outdoor, etc.). 6G frequencies include seven to eight GHz and eleven to sixteen GHz (e.g., for 6G data, sensing, and NTN / LEO).

[0129] Networks envisioned by next-G extend existing communication technology, and may further support sensing and localization as built-in services. High-throughput data communication and high-resolution sensing and / or localization may require wider bandwidth. However, contiguous spectrum with large bandwidth and good coverage are not available everywhere (e.g., due to fragmentation among multiple incumbent providers). To enhance coverage, efficiency and spatiotemporal resolution of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), techniques for aggregation of fragmented spectrum (intra-band and inter-band) are needed.

[0130] FIG. 7A illustrates an example 710 of a sub-band group (SBG) comprising a plurality of discontinuous, disjointed, and / or noncontiguous sub-bands (SBs). FIG. 7B illustrates an example 720 of a likelihood function with respect to delay. In the illustration, a global optimum for a multiband model is illustrated at r_l,

[0131] In some scenarios, a noncontiguous SBG demonstrates better accuracy and / or resolution of delay estimation (e.g., relative to a single SB) for sensing applications. As shown in diagram 710, an SBG may span a range of frequencies comprising A SBs. The diagram 710 illustrates a first SB (SB 1) and an NthSB (SB N), with other SBs (SB X, SB X+l, etc.) in between. The SBs may be discontinuous, for example, separated by apertures. The diagram 710 illustrates a frequency aperture between SB X and SB X+l.

[0132] Also shown in diagram 710 is a plurality of subbands (sub-band 1, sub-band 2, and subband 3). In an example, noncontiguous carrier aggregation (CA) for communication may be performed over two sub-bands (e.g., sub-band 1 and sub-band 2). In an example, radio frequency (RF) sensing may be performed over three sub-bands (e.g., sub-band 1, subband 2, and sub-band 3),

[0133] As noted above, when the sensing signals are transmitted and / or received on multiple, noncontiguous sub-bands using a single RF chain, sensing accuracy and / or resolutionQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WOmay be improved. Moreover, using bandwidth extrapolation and compressed sensing, RF sensing can relax requirements for baseband processing.

[0134] FIG. 8A illustrates a table 810 showing various downlink control information (DCI) size compression schemes. In particular, table 810 shows compression of two different DCI formats (DCI format 0_3 (PUSCH) and DCI format 1_3 (PDSCH)) according to two different types of DCI size compression (Type 1A, Type IB).

[0135] Fields associated with Type 1A compression of DCI format 0 3 (PUSCH) include a bandwidth part (BWP) indicator field, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) sequence initialization field, one or more antenna port fields, a sounding reference signal (SRS) resolution field (configurable to be per-cell field), a transmit precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) field (configurable to be per-cell field), a channel access cyclic prefix extension (CPext) channel access procedure configuration (CAPC) field, a priority indicator field, and a minimum K2 offset field.

[0136] Fields associated with Type IB compression of DCI format 0 3 (PUSCH) include a time domain resource allocation (TDRA) field, an SRS request field, and an SRS offset field.

[0137] Fields associated with Type 1 A compression of DCI format 1 (PDSCH) include a BWP indicator field, a virtual resource block to physical resource block (VRB-to-PRB) field, a physical resource block (PRB) bundling size field, a DMRS sequence initialization field, one or more antenna port field (configurable to be per-cell field), a ChannelAccess-CPext- CAPC field, a priority indicator field, and a minimum K0 offset field.

[0138] Fields associated with Type IB compression of DCI format 1 3 (PDSCH) include a TDRA field, a rate-matching field, a zero-power (ZP) channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) field, a transmission configuration indication (TCI) state field, an SRS request field, and an SRS offset field.

[0139] Coarser granularity may be configurable per cell (e.g., FDRA may be associated with a larger resource block group (RBG) for Type-0, RBG-level resource indication value (RIV) for Type-1, etc.). Smaller field size may be configurable per cell (e.g., for DCI format 0 3, redundancy version (RV) and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) process number.

[0140] Other fields may be defined as per-cell (e.g., modulation and coding scheme (MCS)) or per-DCI (e.g., physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) resource indication (PRI)).QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO44 / 79

[0141] A positioning frequency layer is a collection of positioning reference signal (PRS) resource sets across one or more transmission-reception points (TRPs). The PRS resource sets may have the same sub-carrier spacing (SCS) and cyclic prefix (CP) type. All numerologies supported for PDSCH may be supported for PRS. The PRS resource sets may have the same point-A (e.g., take the same value of absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN)-ValueNR). The PRS resource sets may have the same downlink PRS bandwidth (e.g., a granularity of four physical resource blocks (PRBs) with a minimum of twenty-four PRBs and a maximum of two hundred and seventy two PRBs). The PRS resource sets may have the same start PRB and / or center frequency. Tire PRS resource sets may have the same comb-size value. In some implementations, up to four frequency¬ layers may be defined.

[0142] A PRS resource set is a collection of PRS resources across one TRP which have a same periodicity (e.g, 2“-{4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 32, 40, 64, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5120, 10240}, with p::::0, 1, 2, 3), a common muting pattern configuration, and / or a same repetition factor across slots (e.g., {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32} slots). In some implementations, each frequency layer may have up to two PRS resource set per TRP (X3).

[0143] In downlink, a location management function (LMF) may inform a sensing node (e.g., UE) of one or more downlink PRS resources sets. The one or more downlink PRS resources sets may be combined so that the aggregated measurements are obtained from bandwidth aggregation across intra-band contiguous multiple downlink PRS positioning frequency layers, where each downlink PRS resource set may comprise multiple downlink PRS resources. Among the downlink PRS resources within the downlink PRS resource sets, there are linked downlink PRS resources so that the UE can obtain an aggregated measurement. For two or three downlink PRS resource sets configured for bandwidth aggregation, if downlink PRS resources of different downlink PRS resource sets satisfy some criteria, these downlink PRS resources may be linked for bandwidth aggregation. In some implementations, a next generation node B (gNB) may use a single transmission chain and the same transmit antenna reference point for the PRS transmission of the linked downlink PRS resources.

[0144] For uplink bandwidth aggregation, an LMF may request a gNB to provide uplink positioning measurements from aggregated SRSs across two or three uplink component carriers (CCs).QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO45 / 79

[0145] In some scenarios (e.g., 5G new radio (NR)), only intra-band carrier aggregation (CA) is supported. The bandwidth aggregation may be PRS resource level and restricted by the number of frequency layers, which may limit flexibility. Signaling between LMF and UE may introduce latency, which may limit dynamic spectrum sharing between communication and non-communication services (e.g., sensing).

[0146] FIG. 8B illustrates an example of an SBG comprising a plurality of noncontiguous SBs, according to aspects of the disclosure. Unlike frequency layer configurations for 5GNR positioning (e.g., semi-static configuration via radio resource control (RRC) signaling), a service request for 6G RF sensing may arise randomly. Accordingly, flexible and scalable radio resource management may facilitate a good tradeoff between sensing performance (e.g., high resolution, low probability of miss detection / false alarm) and communication performance (e.g., high throughput, high spectral efficiency). Unlike carrier aggregation for data communication, RF sensing may be performed across a wider bandwidth outside the active bandwidth, and the scheduling information may not need to include data- specific fields such as MCS, HARQ ID, RV, DMRS configuration, etc. In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, a virtual cell comprising noncontiguous SBs (e.g., an SBG) may be configured for ISAC (which may be associated with, e.g., coherent processing of physical channels / signals across different CCs). In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, techniques for control signaling for radio resource indication for ISAC are disclosed. In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, techniques for intra-ISAC resource management based on priority are disclosed.

[0147] The frequency diagram 820 illustrates a scheme for defining an SBG having multiple noncontiguous SBs, The SBG includes a start location, an end location, and N noncontiguous SBs (e.g., N > 1) between the start location and end location. Tire SBs may be indexed sequentially (e.g., 1,..., k-1, k,..., N). The SBs may be separated by an intersub-band frequency aperture (ISFA). Depending on radio resource management requirements, sensing and communication services in ISAC may be provided with one or multiple SBGs. The SBGs associated with sensing and communication services may be jointly configured, or separately configured by the network (e.g., by a sensing management function (SnMF), a base station, or any base station component, such as base station central unit, base station distributed unit, base station remote unit, etc.).QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO46 / 79

[0148] For each SBG configured for sensing or communication services (e.g., via system information (SI) or RRC messaging), the SB and ISFA may be quantized to reduce signaling overhead. To facilitate scalable and flexible quantization of SBG-based resource management for ISAC, the configuration of the SBG may include at least one of the following SBG configuration parameters. The SBG configuration parameters may be signaled to the sensing node via network assistance information.

[0149] The one or more SBG configuration parameters may comprise an SB granularity (ASB).The one or more SBG configuration parameters may comprise an ISFA granularity (AISFA). The unit of ASB and AISFA may be resource element group (RE group) or resource block (RB). The ASB may correspond to the greatest common divisor of the bandwidths of the SBs in the SBG. The AISFA may correspond to the greatest common divisor of the bandwidths of the IFSAs in the SBG, The unit of ASB and AISFA may be resource element group (RE group) or resource block (RB). In an example, for a ASB of four, the total bandwidth (in RBs) of a particular SB would be divisible by four (e.g., four RBs, eight RBs, etc.). In some implementations, ASB and AISFA are separately configured and may have the same value or different values. In other implementations, ASB and AISFA are jointly configured with a single value, wherein the granularity applies generally to the SBG (i.e., the granularity of the SBs and the IFSAs are the same).

[0150] Tire one or more SBG configuration parameters may comprise a minimum SB bandw idth (nmin) and a maximum SB bandwidth (nmax). The one or more SBG configuration parameters may comprise a minimum ISFA bandwidth (gmin) and a maximum ISFA bandwidth (gmax). As an example, the minimums and maximums may be indicated using positive integers. In some implementations, the bandwidth may be indicated directly, for example, a gmax value of ‘24’ may indicate a maximum ISFA bandwidth of ‘24’. In other implementations, the indicated value may be multiplied by the granularity to arrive at the bandwidth, for example, a gmax value of ‘6’ and a AISFA value of ‘4" may indicate a maximum ISFA bandwidth of ‘24’.

[0151] The one or more SBG configuration parameters may indicate a start location and / or end location of the SBG in the frequency domain. For example, the one or more SBG configuration parameters may comprise fields having values that indicate an SBG starting frequency, an SBG ending frequency, a total SBG bandwidth, or any combination thereof.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO47 / 79

[0152] Returning to FIG. 8B, it will be understood that the bandwidth of the kthSB (SBk) may be indicated with a value nk. The value nk may be greater-than-or-equal-to nmin and less-than-or-equal-to nmax. For example, by multiplying nk by ASB, the sensing node may determine the bandwidth of SBk. Similarly, the bandwidth of the (k-l)thSB (SBk-i) may be indicated with a value nk-1. ISFA bandwidth may be calculated in a similar manner. For example, the bandwidth of ISFAk may be indicated with a value gk. The value gk may be greater-than-or-equal-to gmin and less-than-or-equal-to gmax. For example, by multiplying gk by ASB, the sensing node may determine the bandwidth of SBk.

[0153] As will be discussed in greater detail below', values n1,..., nk-1, gk, nk,..., nN, may be communicated to the sensing node, thereby enabling the sensing node to calculate the respective bandwidths of SB1,..., SBk-1, ISFAk, SBk,..., SBN. Values may be communicated for each SB and ISFA in the SBG.

[0154] FIG. 9A illustrates a frequency diagram 910 of an SBG, wherein one or more SBG configuration parameters are communicated with a bitmap. In an example, a sensing node may receive, from a network, one or more SBG configuration parameters indicating, for example, one or more of an SBG starting frequency, an SBG ending frequency, an ASB value, an AISFA value, and the bitmap.

[0155] In the present example, the bitmap is composed of binary values, wherein a first value corresponds to SBs and a second value corresponds to ISFAs. For illustrative purposes, in the present example, ‘ 1 ’ corresponds to SBs and ‘0’ corresponds to ISFAs.

[0156] In the present example, the bitmap has 29 bits: ‘111110000000111111000000001117 To determine the respective bandwidths of the SBG constituents (the N SBs and the ISFAs therebetw een), a sensing node may decipher the bitmap as follows.

[0157] The sensing node identifies a first bit group comprising one or more consecutive bits having the same value. In the present case, the bitmap begins with five consecutive ones ‘III 11’. Because ‘1’ corresponds to SBs, the sensing node may determine that a bandwidth of SBi is equal to the SB granularity ASB multiplied by the number of consecutive ones (5 in the present example). For illustrative purposes, in the present example, ASB is equal to four resource blocks (4RB). Accordingly, the sensing node determines that SBi has a bandwidth equal to twenty resource blocks (4RB*5=20RB). The first RB of SBi may coincide with the SBG starting frequency.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO48 / 79

[0158] The sensing node identifies a second bit group following the first bit group. The second bit group has the opposite value of the first bit group, and corresponding to the first ISFA. In the present case, the second bit group is composed of seven consecutive zeroes ‘0000000’. Because ‘0" corresponds to ISFAs, the sensing node may determine that a bandwidth of ISFAi is equal to the ISFA granularity AISFA multiplied by the number of consecutive zeroes (7 in the present example). For illustrative purposes, in the present example, AISFA is equal to three resource blocks (3RB). Accordingly, the sensing node determines that ISFAi has a bandwidth equal to twenty-one resource blocks (3RB*7=21RB).

[0159] The sensing node identifies a third bit group following the first and second bit groups.The third bit group corresponds to the second SB. In the present case, the third bit group is composed of six consecutive ones ‘111111’. Tire sensing node may determine that a bandwidth of SB2 is equal to twenty-four resource blocks (4RB*6=24RB).

[0160] The sensing node identifies a fourth bit group. The fourth bit group corresponds to the second ISFA. In the present case, the fourth bit group is composed of eight consecutive zeroes ‘00000000’. The sensing node may determine that ISFA2 has a bandwidth equal to twenty-four resource blocks (3RB*8=24RB).

[0161] The sensing node identifies a fifth bit group. The fifth bit group corresponds to the third SB. In the present case, the fifth bit group is composed of three consecutive ones ‘111 ’. Tire sensing node may determine that a bandwidth of SB 3 is equal to twelve resource blocks (4RB*3=12RB). The last RB of SB3 may coincide with the SBG ending frequency.

[0162] The sensing node may determine that the end of the bitmap is reached, and that the SBG has no additional constituents. However, it will be understood that the bandwidths of any number of SBs and ISFAs may be communicated in this manner. Moreover, having determined the bandwidth of every constituent of the SBG, the total bandwidth of the SBG may be calculated as the sum of the constituent bandwidths.

[0163] FIG. 9B illustrates a frequency diagram 920 of an SBG, wherein one or more SBG configuration parameters are communicated with a bitmap, in an example, a sensing node may receive, from a network, one or more SBG configuration parameters indicating, for example, one or more of an SBG starting frequency, an SBG ending frequency, an ASB value, an AISFA value, an nminvalue, an nmaxvalue, a gminvalue, a gmaxvalue, a p value, a q value, and the bitmap.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO49 / 79

[0164] In the present example, the bitmap has 8 bits: ‘10011100’. To determine the respective bandwidths of the SBG constituents (the N SBs and the ISFAs therebetween), a sensing node may decipher the bitmap as follows. The SBG illustrated in the example of FIG. 9B is identical, in terms of resource allocation, as the SBG illustrated in the example of FIG.9A. The difference lies in the encoding of the bitmap.

[0165] Tire sensing node determines a bit-string length q corresponding to SBs and a bit-string length p corresponding to ISFAs. The bit-string length q may be determined based on n in and Umax. For example, bit-string length q may be equal to floor(0.5 + log2(nmax-nmin+1)), wherein floor(x) is the greater integer that is less than or equal to x. The bit-string length p may be determined based on gmin and gmax. For example, bit-string length p may be equal tO floOr(0.5 + log2(gmax“gmin+l)).

[0166] Tire values of q and p may be explicitly signaled to the sensing node (e.g., by the network).Alternatively, the sensing node may calculate q and p based on nmax, nmin, gmax, and gmin (which may be explicitly signaled to the sensing node by, for example, the network).

[0167] In the present example, q=2. In particular, nmax=6 and nmin=3; therefore q=floor(0.5+2).The value of nmax is 6 because ASB is 4RB and the largest SB in terms of bandwidth is 24RB; therefore nmax= 24 / 4. The value of nminis 3 because ASB is 4RB and the smallest SB in terms of bandwidth is 12; therefore nmin= 12 / 4.

[0168] In the present example, p=l. In particular, gmax=8 and gmin=7; therefore p=floor(0.5+l).Tire value of gmax is 8 because AISFA is 3RB and the largest ISFA in terms of bandwidth is 24RB; therefore gmax= 24 / 3. The value of gmin is 7 because AISFA is 3RB and the smallest ISFA in terms of bandwidth is 21; therefore gmin = 21 / 3.

[0169] The sensing node identifies a first bit group, corresponding to an SB, consisting of q bits.In the present case, the first bit group is associated with q=2. Because q=2, the first bit group consists of the first two bits ‘10’. The sensing node may add the value ‘10’ (i.e., 2) to the value of nmin (i.e., 3) to determine a value m=5. The sensing node may multiply m by ASB (i.e., 5*4RB) to arrive at the bandwidth of SBi (i.e., 20RB). The first RB of SBi may coincide with the SBG starting frequency.

[0170] The sensing node identifies a second bit group, corresponding to an ISFA, consisting of p bits. In the present case, the second bit group is associated with p=l. Because p=l, the second bit group consists of the one bit ‘0’ that follows the first bit group. The sensing node may add the value ‘0’ to the value of gmin (i.e., 7) to determine a value g1=7. TheQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO50 / 79sensing node may multiply gi by AISFA (i.e., 7*3RB) to arrive at the bandwidth of ISFAi (i.e., 21RB).[0171 J The sensing node identifies a third bit group, corresponding to an SB, consisting of q bits.In the present case, tire third bit group is associated with q=2. Because q=2, the third bit group consists of the two bits ‘11’ that follow the second bit group. The sensing node may add the value ‘11’ (i.e., 3) to the value of nmin(i.e., 3) to determine a value n2=6. The sensing node may multiply nz by ASB (i.e., 6*4RB) to arrive at the bandwidth of SB2 (i.e., 24RB).

[0172] The sensing node identifies a fourth bit group, corresponding to an ISFA, consisting of p bits. In the present case, the fourth bit group is associated with p=l. Because p=1, the fourth bit group consists of the one bit ‘1’ that follows the third bit group. The sensing node may add the value ‘1’ to the value of gmin (i.e., 7) to determine a value g2=8, The sensing node may multiply g2 by AISFA (i.e., 8*3RB) to arrive at the bandwidth of ISFA2 (i.e., 24RB).

[0173] The sensing node identifies a fifth bit group, corresponding to an SB, consisting of q bits.In the present case, the fifth bit group is associated with q=2. Because q=2, the fifth bit group consists of the two bits ‘00’ that follow the fourth bit group. The sensing node may¬ add the value ‘00’ (i.e., 0) to the value of nmin(i.e., 3) to determine a value n3=3. The sensing node may multiply n3by ASB (i.e., 3*4RB) to arrive at the bandwidth of SB3 (i.e., 12RB).

[0174] The sensing node may determine that the end of the bitmap is reached, and that the SBG has no additional constituents. However, it will be understood that the bandwidths of any number of SBs and ISFAs may be communicated in this manner. Moreover, having determined the bandwidth of every- constituent of the SBG, the total bandwidth of the SBG may be calculated as the sum of the constituent bandwidths.

[0175] FIG. 9C illustrates a frequency diagram 930 of an SBG, wherein one or more SBG configuration parameters are communicated with a resource indication value (RIV). The RIV which communicates the one or more SBG configuration parameters, described below, may be referred to as RIVSB,k. RIVSB,kmay be included in, for example, a downlink control information (DCI) that is sent, by the network, to the sensing node.

[0176] In some implementations, ASB may be equal to AISFA, and RIVsB,k may be encoded and / or decoded based on the assumption that ASB is equal to AISFA. Accordingly, bothQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO51 / 79ASB and AISFA may be indicated with a single granularity factor, which may be referred to as “ASB”, even though it describes both ASB and AISFA.[01771 The sensing node may receive a parameter IISBG that indicates a total bandwidth of the SBG (i.e., a plurality of noncontiguous SBs and one or more ISFAs.) The total bandwidth may be equal to USBG*ASB. The parameter USBG may be received by the sensing node from the network in, for example, system information (e.g., a system information block (SIB)) and / or an RRC message.

[0178] In accordance with aspects of the disclosure, RIVSBV may indicate a bandwidth of SBk, wherein the bandwidth of SBk is equal to ASB*nk. If nk < floor(nsBG / 2)+l, then RIVSB = nsBG(nk-l)+SBstart,k. If nk > floor(nsBG / 2)+l, then RIVSB:::nsBG*(nsBG- nk+l)+(nsBG - 1 - SBsrartk). SBstarty may indicate, for example, a starting resource block of SBk.

[0179] In some implementations, the RIVSB, k may be signaled for data channels and / or for sensing reference signals over noncontiguous SBs. In some implementations, RIVSB, k may indicate a bandwidth of SBk, RIVSB, k-i may indicate a bandwidth of SBk-i, and the bandwidth of an ISFA that separates SBk and SBk-i need not be explicitly signaled. Depending on the respective overhead for SB and ISFA indication, the network may choose to signal a complementary RIV of ISFA, and the resource allocation for SBs can be derived based on the complementary RIV of ISFA.

[0180] In some scenarios, the network may change a resource allocation associated with an SBG (e.g., after the SBG is configured). For example, an SBG may be configured and communicated to the sensing node in accordance with the techniques described above (e.g., with respect to FIGS. 9A, 9B, or 9C), or any other suitable technique. As an example, the network may determine to change the resource allocation so that it favors communication over sensing, or vice-versa (e.g., intra-ISAC resource management).

[0181] For example, depending on the priority or latency requirements of a first service (e.g., a sensing service) relative to a second sendee (e.g., a communication service), the radio resources configured for one sendee may be cancelled and / or preempted in favor of the other. A dynamic indication for the resource cancellation and / or preemption may be included in, for example, a DCI and / or a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), The DCI and / or MAC CE may include one or more codepoints and / or fields indicating the cancellation and / or preemption.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO52 / 79

[0182] The one or more codepoints and / or fields may include a granularity value associated with resource cancellation and / or preemption (e.g., if different from a granularity that is already configured).

[0183] For example, the DCI and / or MAC CE may include an absolute value of A'SB (e.g., different from ASB) and / or A'ISFA (e.g., different from AISFA), The absolute value may replace the previously-configured granularity in order to arrive at a new granularity value. The absolute value may be indicated as a number of RE groups, RBs, or RB groups.

[0184] As another example, the DCI and / or MAC CE may include a differential value (e.g., A'SB-ASB and / or A'ISFA-AISFA). The differential value may be added to or subtracted from the previously-configured granularity' to arrive at the new granularity value. The differential value may be indicated as a number of RE groups, RBs, or RB groups.

[0185] As another example, the DCI and / or MAC CE may include a scaling factor. Tire scaling factor (e.g., A'SB / ASB and / or A'ISFA / AISFA). Tire scaling factor may be, for example, an integer or rational number. The scaling factor may be, for example, selected from a lookup table of finite size (e.g., {1, 2, 0.5, 0.25, etc.}) and indicated by an index to the lookup table,

[0186] In some implementations, to reduce the signaling overhead for dynamic indication, the network may indicate the available or unavailable resources for a sendee type with higher priority, but not both. To simplify intra-ISAC resource management, additional constraints may be introduced for ASB and / or AISFA. For example, in RRC, a ratio of ASB to AISFA may be defined as a positive integer and / or a positive rational number.

[0187] The one or more codepoints and / or fields may include a size of resource cancellation and / or preemption in the time domain. The one or more codepoints and / or fields may include a size of resource cancellation and / or preemption in the frequency domain. A time domain indication may be based on, for example, a start length indication value (SLIV) and / or a bitmap. A frequency domain indication may use techniques similar to for example, the techniques associated with FIGS. 9A, 9B, or 9C and the descriptions thereof.

[0188] Tire one or more codepoints and / or fields may include a transmission power control (TPC) parameter and / or an updated power control parameters (e.g., if an ISAC resource is configured on uplink or if the sensing node is power constrained).QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO53 / 79

[0189] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1000 may be performed by a sensing node (e.g., any of the sensing nodes described herein).

[0190] At operation 1010, the sensing node receives: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs.

[0191] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a UE (e.g., analogous to UE 302), operation 1010 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, and / or the sensing component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0192] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a BS (e.g,, analogous to base station 304), operation 1010 may be performed by the one or more WAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, and / or the sensing component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation,

[0193] At operation 1020, the sensing node transmits or receives one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and tire one or more granularity parameters.

[0194] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a UE (e.g., analogous to UE 302), operation 1020 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, and / or the sensing component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0195] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a BS (e.g., analogous to base station 304), operation 1020 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the memory 386, the one or moreQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO54 / 79processors 384, and / or the sensing component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0196] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1000 is that sensing across a wide bandwidth comprising a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands can be efficiently configured to a sensing node using a bitmap and one or more granularity parameters,

[0197] FIG. 11 illustrates an example method 1100 of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an aspect, method 1100 may be performed by a sensing node (e.g., any of the sensing nodes described herein).

[0198] At operation 1110, the sensing node receives a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / 2) -f- 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - 1) + SB start, k; based on n_k being greater-than (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_SBG - n_k + 1) + (n_SBG - 1 - SB start, k); n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n_k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB start, k is a start frequency of the sub-band k.

[0199] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a UE (e.g., analogous to UE 302), operation 1110 may be performed by the one or more WW AN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, tire memory 340, the one or more processors 342, and / or the sensing component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0200] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a BS (e.g,, analogous to base station 304), operation 1110 may be performed by the one or more WAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, tire memory 386, the one or more processors 384, and / or the sensing component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0201] At operation 1120, the sensing node selects, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs.

[0202] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a UE (e.g,, analogous to UE 302), operation 1120 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, and / orQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO55 / 79the sensing component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0203] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a BS (e.g., analogous to base station 304), operation 1120 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the memory’ 386, the one or more processors 384, and / or the sensing component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0204] At operation 1130, the sensing node transmits or receives a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0205] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a UE (e.g., analogous to UE 302), operation 1130 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short- range wireless transceivers 320, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, and / or the sensing component 348, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation.

[0206] In an aspect, where the sensing node is a BS (e.g,, analogous to base station 304), operation 1130 may be performed by the one or more WAN transceivers 350, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 360, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, and / or the sensing component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing this operation,

[0207] As will be appreciated, a technical advan tage of the method 1100 is that sensing across a wide bandwidth comprising a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands can be efficiently configured to a sensing node using a resource indication value (RIV) field.

[0208] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter ofQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO56 / 79any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0209] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0210] Clause 1. A method of wireless sensing performed by a sensing node, comprising:receiving: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), tire SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub -band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and transmitting or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of noncontiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on tire bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0211] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the number of frequency units comprises a number of resource element (RE) groups or a number of resource blocks (RBs).

[0212] Clause 3. The method of any of clauses 1 to 2, wherein the one or more granularity parameters are received in a system information block (SIB) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0213] Clause 4. Tire method of any of clauses 1 to 3, further comprising receiving: a start frequency of the SBG; an end frequency of the SBG; n_max, wherein n rnax is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n min, wherein n iiiin is an indication of a minimum bandw'idth for each of the SBs in the SBG; gjnax, wherein g max is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g niin, wherein g rnin is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; or any combination thereof.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO51H9

[0214] Clause 5. The method of any of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the bitmap is received in a system information block (SIB), a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a downlink control information (DCI).

[0215] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein a first value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the plurality of non -contiguous SBs and a second value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the one or more ISFAs.

[0216] Clause 7. The method of clause 6, further comprising: identifying a first bit group in the bibnap, wherein the first bit group comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and determining that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the first bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0217] Clause 8. The method of clause 7, further comprising: identifying a second bit group in the bitmap, wherein the second bit group follows the first bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the second value; and determining that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the number of bits in the second bit group multiplied by the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0218] Clause 9. The method of clause 8, further comprising: identify ing a third bit group in the bitmap, wherein the third bit group follows the first bit group and the second bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and determining that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the third bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters,

[0219] Clause 10. Tire method of any of clauses 1 to 9, further comprising: identifying a first bi t group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a first bit-string length; determining a first value indicated by the first bit group; and determining that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n min and the first value indicated by the first bit group, wherein n min is a minimum bandw idth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0220] Clause 11. The method of clause 10, wherein the first bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(n max - n min + 1)), wherein: n max multiplied by the first number ofQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO58 / 79frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n min multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0221] Clause 12, The method of any of clauses 10 to 11, further comprising: identifying a second bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a second bit-string length; determining a second value indicated by the second bit group; and determining that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the product of: the sum of g rain and the second value indicated by the second bit group, wherein g rain is a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0222] Clause 13. The method of clause 12, wherein the second bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(g_max - g rain + 1)), wherein: g max multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g_min multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0223] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 10 to 13, further comprising: identifying a third bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to the first bit-string length; determining a third value indicated by tire third bit group; and determining that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n min and the third value indicated by the third bit group, wherein n nin is the minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0224] Clause 15. The method of any of clauses 1 to 14, further comprising receiving a cancellation or preemption indication indicating one or more updated granularity’ parameters, the cancellation or preemption indication comprising: one or more replacement granularity parameters for the SBG; one or more differential values for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG; or one or more scaling factors for updating the one or more granularity' parameters for the SBG.

[0225] Clause 16. The method of clause 15, wherein the cancellation or preemption indication further comprises: a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the time domain; a sizeQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO59 / 79of resource cancellation or preemption in the frequency domain; one or more updated power control parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0226] Clause 17. A sensing node comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non¬ contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and transmit or receive, via the one or more transceivers, one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0227] Clause 18. The sensing node of clause 17, wherein the number of frequency units comprises a number of resource element (RE) groups or a number of resource blocks (RBs).

[0228] Clause 19, Tire sensing node of any of clauses 17 to 18, wherein the one or more granularity parameters are received in a system information block (SIB) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0229] Clause 20. The sensing node of any of clauses 17 to 19, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to receive, via the one or more transceivers,: a start frequency of the SBG; an end frequency of the SBG; n_max, wherein njnax is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n_min, wherein n_min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; g m ax. wherein g inax is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g min, wherein g min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of tire ISFAs in the SBG; or any combination thereof.

[0230] Clause 21. Tire sensing node of any of clauses 17 to 20, wherein the bitmap is received in a system information block (SIB), a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a downlink control information (DCI).QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO60 / 79

[0231] Clause 22. The sensing node of any of clauses 17 to 21, wherein a first value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the one or more ISFAs.

[0232] Clause 23. lire sensing node of clause 22, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: identify a first bit group in the bitmap, wherein the first bit group comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and determine that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the first bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0233] Clause 24. The sensing node of clause 23, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: identify a second bit group in the bitmap, wherein the second bit group follows the first bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the second value; and determine that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the number of bits in the second bit group multiplied by the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0234] Clause 25. The sensing node of clause 24, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: identify’ a third bit group in the bitmap, wherein the third bit group follows the first bit group and the second bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and determine that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the third bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0235] Clause 26. The sensing node of any of clauses 17 to 25, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: identify' a first bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a first bit-string length; detenu ine a first value indicated by the first bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n min and the first value indicated by the first bit group, wherein n min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO

[0236] Clause 27. The sensing node of clause 26, wherein the first bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(n_max – n_min + 1)), wherein: n_max multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n_min multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0237] Clause 28. The sensing node of any of clauses 26 to 27, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: identify a second bit group in the bitmap having a number of bi ts equal to a second bit-string length; de termine a second value indicated by the second bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the product of: the sum of g rain and die second value indicated by the second bit group, wherein g_min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0238] Clause 29. The sensing node of clause 28, wherein the second bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(g_max – g_min + 1)), wherein: g_max multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g_min multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0239] Clause 30. The sensing node of any of clauses 26 to 29, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: identify’ a third bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to the first bit-string length; determine a third value indicated by the third bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to tire product of: the sum of n_min and the third value indicated by the third bit group, wherein n_min is the minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0240] Clause 31. The sensing node of any of clauses 17 to 30, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to receive, via the one or more transceivers, a cancellation or preemption indication indicating one or more updated granularity parameters, the cancellation or preemption indication comprising:QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO62 / 79one or more replacement granularity parameters for the SBG; one or more differential values for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG; or one or more scaling factors for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG.

[0241] Clause 32. The sensing node of clause 31, wherein the cancellation or preemption indication further comprises: a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the time domain; a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the frequency domain; one or more updated power control parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0242] Clause 33. A sensing node comprising: means for receiving: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of noncontiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and means for transmitting or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0243] Clause 34. The sensing node of clause 33, wherein the number of frequency units comprises a number of resource element (RE) groups or a number of resource blocks (RBs).

[0244] Clause 35. The sensing node of any of clauses 33 to 34, wherein the one or more granularity parameters are received in a system information block (SIB) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

[0245] Clause 36. Tire sensing node of any of clauses 33 to 35, further comprising means for receiving: a start frequency of the SBG; an end frequency of the SBG; n_max, wherein n_max is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n_min, wherein n_min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; g_max, wherein g_max is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g_min, wherein g_min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; or any combination thereof.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO63 / 79

[0246] Clause 37. The sensing node of any of clauses 33 to 36, wherein the bitmap is received in a system information block (SIB), a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a downlink control information (DCI).

[0247] Clause 38. The sensing node of any of clauses 33 to 37, wherein a first value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the one or more ISFAs.

[0248] Clause 39. The sensing node of clause 38, further comprising: means for identifying a first bit group in the bitmap, wherein the first bit group comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and means for determining that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the first bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by tire one or more granularity parameters.

[0249] Clause 40. The sensing node of clause 39, further comprising: means for identifying a second bit group in the bitmap, wherein the second bit group follows the first bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the second value; and means for determining that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the number of bits in the second bit group multiplied by the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0250] Clause 41. The sensing node of clause 40, further comprising: means for identifying a third bit group in the bitmap, wherein the third bit group follows tire first bit group and the second bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and means for determining that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the third bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency uni ts indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0251] Clause 42. The sensing node of any of clauses 33 to 41, further comprising: means for identify ing a first bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a first bit-string length; means for determining a first value indicated by the first bit group; and means for determining that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n_min and the first value indicated by the first bit group, wherein n_min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO64 / 79

[0252] Clause 43. The sensing node of clause 42, wherein the first bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(n_max – n_min + 1)), wherein: n_max multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n_min multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0253] Clause 44. The sensing node of any of clauses 42 to 43, further comprising: means for identifying a second bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a second bit-string length; means for determining a second value indicated by the second bit group; and means for determining that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the product of: the sum of g_min and the second value indicated by the second bit group, wherein g_min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0254] Clause 45. The sensing node of clause 44, wherein the second bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(g_max – g_min + 1)), wherein: g_max multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g_min multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0255] Clause 46. The sensing node of any of clauses 42 to 45, further comprising: means for identifying a third bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to the first bit¬ string length; means for determining a third value indicated by the third bit group; and means for determining that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n_min and the third value indicated by the third bit group, wherein n_min is the minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0256] Clause 47. The sensing node of any of clauses 33 to 46, further comprising means for receiving a cancellation or preemption indication indicating one or more updated granularity parameters, the cancellation or preemption indication comprising: one or more replacement granularity parameters for the SBG; one or more differential values forQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO65 / 79updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG; or one or more scaling factors for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG.

[0257] Clause 48. The sensing node of clause 47, wherein the cancellation or preemption indication further comprises: a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the time domain; a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the frequency domain; one or more updated power control parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0258] Clause 49. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive: a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs): and one or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; and transmit or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

[0259] Clause 50. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 49, wherein the number of frequency units comprises a number of resource element (RE) groups or a number of resource blocks (RBs).

[0260] Clause 51. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 50, wherein the one or more granularity parameters are received in a system information block (SIB) or a radio resource control (RRC) message,

[0261] Clause 52. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 51, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to receive: a start frequency of the SBG; an end frequency of the SBG; n_max, wherein n_max is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n_min, wherein n_min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; g_max, wherein g_max is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g_min, wherein g_min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; or any combination thereof.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO66 / 79

[0262] Clause 53, The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 52, wherein the bitmap is received in a system information block (SIB), a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a downlink control information (DCI)

[0263] Clause 54. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 53, wherein a first value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the one or more ISFAs.

[0264] Clause 55. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 54, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: identify a first bit group in the bitmap, wherein the first bit group comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and determine that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality7of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the first bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0265] Clause 56. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of clause 55, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: identify a second bit group in the bitmap, wherein the second bit group follows the first bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the second value; and determine that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the number of bits in the second bit group multiplied by the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0266] Clause 57. The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of clause 56, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: identify a third bit group in the bitmap, wherein the third bit group follows the first bit group and the second bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; and determine that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the third bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0267] Clause 58, The non-transitory' computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 57, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: identify a first bit group in the bitmap having a numberQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO67 / 79of bits equal to a first bit-string length; determine a first value indicated by the first bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n min and the first value indicated by the first bit group, wherein n_min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters,

[0268] Clause 59. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 58, wherein tire first bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(n max - n min i )). wherein: n max multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; n inin multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0269] Clause 60. Tire non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 58 to 59, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: identify a second bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a second bit-string length; determine a second value indicated by the second bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the product of: the sum of g_min and the second value indicated by the second bit group, wherein g_min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0270] Clause 61. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 60, wherein the second bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(g_max – g_min + 1)), wherein: g_max multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; g_min multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; and the floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

[0271] Clause 62. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 58 to 61, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to: identify a third bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to the first bit-string length; determine a third value indicated by the third bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguousQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO68 / 79SBs is equal to the product of: the sum of n_min and the third value indicated by the third bit group, wherein n_min is the minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; and the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

[0272] Clause 63. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 62, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sensing node, cause the sensing node to receive a cancellation or preemption indication indicating one or more updated granularity parameters, the cancellation or preemption indication comprising: one or more replacement granularity' parameters for the SBG; one or more differential values for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG; or one or more scaling factors for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG.

[0273] Clause 64, The non-transitory’ computer-readable medium of clause 63, wherein the cancellation or preemption indication further comprises: a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the time domain; a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the frequency domain; one or more updated power control parameters, or any combination thereof.

[0274] Clause 65. A method of wireless sensing performed by a sensing node, comprising:receiving a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n_k being less-than-or-equal-to (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - 1) + SB_start,k; based on n _k being greater-than (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG* (n SBG - n k -1- 1) + (n SBG - 1 - SB start, k); n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter- sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; selecting, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources wi thin the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and transmitting or receiving a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0275] Clause 66. A sensing node comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers;and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a message comprising a resourceQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO69 / 79indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n_k being less-than-or-equal-to (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n _k - 1) + SB start, k; based on n k being greater- than (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n SBG*(n SBG - n k + 1) + (n SBG - 1 ~ SB_start,k); n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n __k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality’ of non-contiguous SBs; and SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; select, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and transmit or receive, via the one or more transceivers, a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0276] Clause 67. A sensing node comprising: means for receiving a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n_k being less-than-or-equal-to (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k – 1) + SB_start,k; based on n_k being greater-than (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_SBG – n_k + 1) + (n_SBG – 1 – SB_start,k); n_SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n_k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; means for selecting, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and means for transmitting or receiving a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0277] Clause 68. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sensing node, cause the sensing node to: receive a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein: based on n_k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - 1) + SB start, k; based on n_k being greater-than (n_SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_SBG – n_k + 1) + (n_SBG – 1 – SB_start,k); n_SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); n_k multiplied by the granularity parameter isQC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO70 / 79equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and SB_start,k is a start frequency of the sub-band k; select, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs; and transmit or receive a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.

[0278] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0279] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0280] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general -purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO1 H9

[0281] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory' (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal,

[0282] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any' available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry' or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any' connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy' disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually' reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO72 / 79Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0283] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of1) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination.QC2502111WO

Claims

1. Qualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO73 / 79CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A sensing node comprising:one or more memories;one or more transceivers; andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers:a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of non¬ contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); andone or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of non¬ contiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; andtransmit or receive, via the one or more transceivers, one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of noncontiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

2. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the number of frequency units comprises a number of resource element (RE) groups or a number of resource blocks (RBs).

3. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the one or more granularity parameters are received in a system information block (SIB) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

4. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to receive, via the one or more transceivers,:a start frequen cy of the SBG;an end frequency of the SBG;QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO74 / 79n max, wherein n rnax is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG;n min, wherein n min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG;g_max, wherein g_max is an indication of a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG;g min, wherein g min is an indication of a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; orany combination thereof.

5. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the bitmap is received in a system information block (SIB), a radio resource control (RRC) message, a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE), or a downlink control information (DCI).

6. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein a first value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the plurality of non-contiguous SBs and a second value in the bitmap indicates frequencies in the one or more ISFAs.

7. The sensing node of claim 6, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:identify a first bit group in the bitmap, wherein the first bit group comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; anddetermine that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the first bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

8. The sensing node of claim 7, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:identify a second bit group in the bitmap, wherein the second bit group follows the first bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the second value; anddetermine that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the number of bits in the second bit group multiplied by the second number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO75 / 799. The sensing node of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:identify a third bit group in the bitmap, wherein the third bit group follows the first bit group and the second bit group in the bitmap and comprises one or more consecutive bits having the first value; anddetermine that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non -contiguous SBs is equal to the number of bits in the third bit group multiplied by the first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

10. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:identify a first bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a first bit-string length;determine a first value indicated by the first bit group; anddetermine that a bandwidth of a first SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of:the sum of n min and the first value indicated by the first bit group, wherein n min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; andthe first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

11. The sensing node of claim 10, wherein the first bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(n_max - n min + 1)), wherein:n nax multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG;n min multiplied by the first number of frequency units is equal to a m inimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; andthe floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

12. The sensing node of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO76 / 79identify a second bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to a second bit-string length;determine a second value indicated by the second bit group; and determine that a bandwidth of a first ISFA of the one or more ISFAs is equal to the product of:the sum of g_min and the second value indicated by the second bit group, wherein g_min is a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; andthe second number of frequency uni ts indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.

13. The sensing node of claim 12, wherein the second bit-string length is equal to a floor of (0.5 + log2(g__max - g min + 1)), wherein:g_max multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a maximum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG;g min multiplied by the second number of frequency units is equal to a minimum bandwidth for each of the ISFAs in the SBG; andthe floor is a function that returns the greatest integer value that is less than the input of the function.

14. The sensing node of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to:identify a third bit group in the bitmap having a number of bits equal to the first bit-string length;determine a third value indicated by the third bit group; anddetermine that a bandwidth of a second SB of the plurality of non-contiguous SBs is equal to the product of:the sum of n_min and the third value indicated by the third bit group, wherein n_min is the minimum bandwidth for each of the SBs in the SBG; andthe first number of frequency units indicated by the one or more granularity parameters.QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO77 / 7915. The sensing node of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to receive, via the one or more transceivers, a cancellation or preemption indication indicating one or more updated granularity parameters, the cancellation or preemption indication comprising:one or more replacement granularity parameters for the SBG;one or more differential values for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG; orone or more scaling factors for updating the one or more granularity parameters for the SBG.

16. The sensing node of claim 15, wherein the cancellation or preemption indication further comprises:a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the time domain; a size of resource cancellation or preemption in the frequency domain; one or more updated power control parameters; orany combination thereof.

17. A method of wireless sensing performed by a sensing node, comprising:receiving:a bitmap for determining a frequency domain resource allocation of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG comprising a plurality of noncontiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-sub-band frequency apertures (ISFAs); andone or more granularity parameters for the SBG, indicating a first number of frequency units associated with the plurality of noncontiguous SBs and a second number of frequency units associated with the one or more ISFAs; andtransmitting or receiving one or more sensing signals via one or more frequency resources within the plurality of non-contiguous SBs, wherein the one or more frequency resources are identified based on the bitmap and the one or more granularity parameters.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the number of frequency units comprises a number of resource element (RE) groups or a number of resource blocks (RBs).QC2502111WOQualcomm Ref. No. 2502111WO78 / 7919. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more granularity parameters are received in a system information block (SIB) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.

20. A sensing node comprising:one or more memories;one or more transceivers; andone or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to:receive, via the one or more transceivers a message comprising a resource indicator value (RIV) field, wherein:based on n_k being less-than-or-equal-to (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_k - 1) + SB_start,k;based on n k being greater-than (n SBG / 2) + 1, the RIV field indicates n_SBG*(n_SBG – n_k + 1) + (n_SBG – 1 – SB_start,k);n SBG multiplied by a granularity parameter is equal to a total bandwidth of a sub-band group (SBG), the SBG compri sing a plurality of non-contiguous sub-bands (SBs) separated by one or more inter-subband frequency apertures (ISFAs);n k multiplied by the granularity parameter is equal to a bandwidth of a sub-band k of the plurality' of non-contiguous SBs; and SB start, k is a start frequency of the sub-band k;select, based on the RIV field, one or more frequency resources within the plurality' of non-contiguous SBs; andtransmit or receive, via the one or more transceivers, a sensing signal via the one or more frequency resources.QC2502111WO

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