Sulfonate and fluorosilicate electrorefinery bath, process for refining metal by electrolytic depositing
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/088785
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-22
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Figure PCTCN2025088785-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2025088785-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2025088785-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
SULFONATE AND FLUOROSILICATE ELECTROREFINERY BATH, PROCESS FOR REFINING METAL BY ELECTROLYTIC DEPOSITINGFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a mixed metal sulfonate and fluorosilicate based electrorefinery bath, and a process for refining crude metal by electrolytic depositing in the electrorefinery bath.BACKGROUND
[0002] Crude lead was commercially purified by pyro refining or electrolytic refining to provide high purity of lead and in some cases for recovery of noble metals. In recent decades, electrolytic refining of crude lead has been adopted by more countries and regions due to its advantages of less damage to environments, higher purification efficiency and noble metal recovery.
[0003] Conventionally, acidic aqueous solutions comprising lead fluoroborate or fluorosilicate were widely used as electrorefinery bath for electrolytic refining crude lead, which however have low thermal stability and high level of volatility and will inevitably result in harmful health effects and negative impact on production equipment so that safe and efficient operation cannot be achieved. Processes for electrolytic refining other metals such as tin also has the same problem.
[0004] Recently, acidic fluorine-free aqueous solutions have been developed as substitutes of the electrorefinery bath comprising fluoborate or fluosilicate. For example, CN104746908A describes a process for electrolytic refining lead using an aqueous electrolytic solution comprising lead methanesulfonate and methanesulfonic acid. The electrolytic solution may also comprise one or more additives selected from animal glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol.
[0005] The electrolytic refining process using methanesulfonate based electrorefinery bath as described in CN 104746908A successfully overcame the toxicity and pollution shortcomings of the fluoborate or fluosilicate based electrorefinery bath.
[0006] The electrolytic refining process described in CN 117321252 A also disclosed use of a sulfonate-based fluorine-free electrorefinery bath for electrorefining metals, such as lead.
[0007] However, for existing crude metal refining plants, the current fluorosilicic acid occupies storage tanks, and the handling costs are high due to its high pollution and corrosiveness, making it impossible to directly switch to a methanesulfonic acid or methanesulfonate system. The present invention focuses on studying a method for gradually transitioning from the existing fluorosilicate system to a methanesulfonate system for crude metal (crude lead) electrorefining. The inventors found that methanesulfonate and fluorosilicate can be mixed in any mass ratio for crude metal, such as lead, electrorefinery, however, to reduce energy consumption, it is necessary to select an appropriate mass ratio of methanesulfonate and fluorosilicate system at a certain range of temperature of the crude metal electrorefining process to achieve a reduction in energy consumption while gradually transitioning to a methanesulfonate system for electrorefining.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] It is an object of the present invention to provide an electrorefinery bath based on sulfonate, which is not only useful for electrolytic refining metal to obtain metal deposit on the cathode with desirable appearance or morphology but also simultaneously reduces energy consumption.
[0009] Another object of the present invention is to provide an electrolytic refining process having improved overall process economics and being able to be conducted with flexible process conditions.
[0010] It has been found that the objects of the present invention can be achieved by an electrorefinery bath which comprises i) an appropriate weight ratio of an alkane (alkanol) sulfonic acid and a soluble metal salt of alkane (alkanol) sulfonic acid to fluorosilicic acid and fluorosilicate, an additive selected from phenol and naphthol polyether derivatives and sulfated or sulfonated phenol and naphthol polyether derivatives.
[0011] Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides an electrorefinery bath, which comprises:
[0012] (A) an alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid;
[0013] (B) a soluble metal salt of alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid;
[0014] (C1) fluorosilicic acid;
[0015] (C2) a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid; and
[0016] (D) at least one additive selected from
[0017] -polyether derivatives of formula (I) ,
[0018] wherein
[0019] Ar is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl, or
[0020] naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl,
[0021] E1 and E2 are different from each other and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,
[0022] m is 0 or a number in the range of 1 to 40,
[0023] n is a number in the range of 1 to 40,
[0024] -sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) ,
[0025] wherein
[0026] Ar’ is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl and optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, or
[0027] naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl and / or a group of -SO3M,
[0028] E1’ and E2’ are different alkyleneoxy groups and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,
[0029] E3 is the alkylene moiety of E2,
[0030] m’is 0 or a number in the range of 1 to 40,
[0031] o is 0 or 1,
[0032] the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 1 to 40, and
[0033] M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0034] and
[0035] -any combinations thereof;
[0036] Wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0037] In another aspect, the present invention provides a process for refining metal, which comprises electrolytic depositing the metal in the electrorefinery bath comprising (A) an alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid; (B) a soluble metal salt of alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid; (C1) fluorosilicic acid; (C2) a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid (synonym: fluorosilicate) ; and (D) at least one additive selected from the polyether derivatives, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives or any combination thereof as described herein; wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0038] In still another aspect, the present invention provides a process for controlling morphology of metal and for reducing energy consumption, particularly lead deposited on cathode in electrolytic refining of the metal, which comprises using the electrorefinery bath comprising (A) at least one soluble metal salt of alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid; (B) at least one soluble alkane sulfonate or alkanolsulfonate of the metal; (C1) fluorosilicic acid; (C2) a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid; and (D) at least one additive selected from the polyether derivatives, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives or any combination thereof as described herein; wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0039] The present invention now will be described in details hereinafter. It is to be understood that the present invention may be embodied in many different ways and shall not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Unless mentioned otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention belongs.
[0040] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
[0041] As used herein, the terms "comprise" , "comprising" , etc. are used interchangeably with "contain" , "containing" , etc. and are to be interpreted in a non-limiting, open manner. That is, e.g., further components or elements may be present. The expressions “consists of” or “consists essentially of” or cognates may be embraced within “comprises” or cognates.
[0042] As used herein, the term “aqueous” means that an electrorefinery bath comprises a solvent comprising at least 50%water. Preferably, at least 75%, more preferably 90%of the solvent is water. It can be contemplated that the solvent of the electrorefinery bath consists essentially of water without any intentionally added organic solvent. Any type of water may be used, such as distilled, deionized, or tap water.
[0043] <Electrorefinery bath>
[0044] In the first aspect, the present invention provides an electrorefinery bath comprising:
[0045] (A) an alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid;
[0046] (B) a soluble metal salt of alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid;
[0047] (C1) fluorosilicic acid;
[0048] (C2) a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid (synonym: fluorosilicate) ; and
[0049] (D) at least one additive selected from
[0050] -polyether derivatives of formula (I) ,
[0051] wherein
[0052] Ar is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl, or
[0053] naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl,
[0054] E1 and E2 are different from each other and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,
[0055] m is 0 or a number in the range of 1 to 40,
[0056] n is a number in the range of 1 to 40,
[0057] -sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) ,
[0058] wherein
[0059] Ar’ is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl and optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, or
[0060] naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl and / or a group of -SO3M,
[0061] E1’ and E2’ are different alkyleneoxy groups and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,
[0062] E3 is the alkylene moiety of E2,
[0063] m’is 0 or a number in the range of 1 to 40,
[0064] o is 0 or 1,
[0065] the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 1 to 40, and
[0066] M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0067] and
[0068] -any combinations thereof;
[0069] wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0070] Useful alkane sulfonic acids as the component (A) may be C1-C12-alkane sulfonic acids, preferably C1-C6-alkane sulfonic acids. Examples of the alkane sulfonic acids include, but are not limited to methane sulfonic acid, ethane sulfonic acid, propane sulfonic acid, 2-propane sulfonic acid, butane sulfonic acid, 2-butane sulfonic acid, pentane sulfonic acid, hexane sulfonic acid, decane sulfonic acid and dodecane sulfonic acid. One alkane sulfonic acid or any mixture of two or more alkane sulfonic acids may be used in the electrorefinery bath according to the invention.
[0071] Useful alkanol sulfonic acids as the component (A) may be C2-C12-alkanol sulfonic acids, preferably C2-C6-alkanol sulfonic acids i.e., hydroxy substituted C2-C12-, preferably C2-C6-alkane sulfonic acids. The hydroxy may be on a terminal or internal carbon of alkyl chain of the alkane sulfonic acids. Examples of useful alkanol sulfonic acids include, but are not limited to 2-hydroxyethane-1-sulfonic acid, 1-hydroxypropane-2-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid, 3-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid, 4-hydroxybutane-1-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxypentane-1-sulfonic acid, 4-hydroxypentane-1-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyhexane-1-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxydecane-1-sulfonic acid, 2-hydroxydodecane-1-sulfonic acid. One alkanol sulfonic acid or any mixture of two or more alkanol sulfonic acids may be used in the electrorefinery bath according to the invention.
[0072] The alkane sulfonic acids and alkanol sulfonic acids may be those prepared by any methods known in the art or commercially available ones without particular restrictions.
[0073] The soluble metal salt of alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid as the component (B) is a salt of the metal to be deposited via electrolysis. The metal useful for the present invention may be lead or tin, particularly lead. Accordingly, the component (B) may be a soluble alkane sulfonate or alkanolsulfonate salt of lead or tin, particularly lead.
[0074] Herein, the term “soluble metal salt” is intended to mean the metal salt may be dissolved in the electrorefinery bath before and during electrolysis.
[0075] The soluble metal salt of the alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid may be derived from the same alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid as the component (A) . Particularly, the component (B) is a soluble metal salt of the same alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid used as the component (A) , the metal being lead or tin.
[0076] For example, the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention may comprise methanesulfonic acid as the component (A) and comprise lead (II) methanesulfonate as the component (B) .
[0077] Soluble metal salts of alkane sulfonic acid and alkanol sulfonic acids may be prepared by any methods known in the art, for example via the reaction of an oxide of the metal with an alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid as desired.
[0078] The electrorefinery bath according to the present invention further comprises the components (C1) and (C2) which are fluorosilicic acid and a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid. In particular, the metal is lead or tin. For example, the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention may comprise a fluorosilicic acid as the component (C1) and lead (II) fluorosilicate as the component (C2) . In another example, the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention may comprise fluorosilicic acid and Tin (II) fluorosilicate.
[0079] The components (A) and (C1) (the acid components) may be comprised in the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention at a concentration in a range of 10 to 200 grams per liter (g / L) of the bath, particularly 30 to 150 g / L, preferably 50 to 110 g / L.
[0080] The components (B) and (C2) may be comprised in the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention at a concentration in a range of 50 to 200 g / L of the bath, particularly 70 to 150 g / L, preferably 90 to 150 g / L, more preferably 90 to 120 g / L, calculated as the metal ions.
[0081] The electrorefinery bath according to the present invention comprises at least one additive selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) , the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) or any combinations thereof. It has been surprisingly found that the at least one additive is essential for depositing the metal with desirable appearance on the cathode when the electrorefinery bath is used in an electrorefinery or electrolytic refining process.
[0082] In some embodiments, the at least one additive (D) is preferably selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) wherein m is 0 or a number in the range of 2 to 35, n is a number in the range of 2 to 35, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) wherein m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 2 to 35, o is 0 or 1 and the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 2 to 35, or any combinations thereof.
[0083] In some embodiments, the at least one additive (D) is preferably selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) wherein m is 0 or a number in the range of 4 to 30 and n is a number in the range of 4 to 30, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) wherein m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 4 to 30, o is 0 or 1 and the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, or any combinations thereof.
[0084] In some particular embodiments, the at least one additive (D) is preferably selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) wherein m is 0 or a number in the range of 6 to 20 and n is a number in the range of 6 to 20, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) wherein m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 6 to 20, o is 0 or 1and the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 6 to 20, or any combinations thereof.
[0085] In some preferable embodiments, the at least one additive (D) is preferably selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) wherein m 0 or is a number in the range of 8 to 15, n is a number in the range of 8 to 15, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) wherein m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 8 to 15, o is 0 or 1 and the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 8 to 15, or any combinations thereof.
[0086] In some illustrative embodiments, the at least one additive (D) is selected from
[0087] -the polyether derivatives of formula (I)
[0088] wherein
[0089] Ar is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl, or
[0090] naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl,
[0091] E1 and E2 are different from each other and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,
[0092] m is 0 or a number in the range of 4 to 30,
[0093] n is a number in the range of 4 to 30,
[0094] -sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) ,
[0095] wherein
[0096] Ar’ is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl and optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, or
[0097] naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl and / or a group of -SO3M,
[0098] E1’ and E2’ are different alkyleneoxy groups and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,
[0099] E3 is the alkylene moiety of E2,
[0100] m’is 0 or a number in the range of 4 to 30,
[0101] o is 0 or 1,
[0102] the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, and
[0103] M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0104] and
[0105] -any combinations thereof.
[0106] In the embodiments as described hereinabove, it is preferred that either or both of m in formula (I) and m’ in formula (II) are 0. Accordingly, the at least one additive (D) is preferably selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) wherein m is 0 and n is a number in the range of 4 to 30, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably 8 to 15, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) wherein m’ is 0, o is 0 or 1 and the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably 8 to 15, or any combinations thereof. In those embodiments, it is further preferred that E2 and E2’a re ethyleneoxy.
[0107] In some further illustrative embodiments, the at least one additive (D) is selected from
[0108] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia)
[0109] wherein
[0110] Ar is 4- (C3-C12-alkyl) phenyl or non-substituted naphthyl,
[0111] n is a number in the range of 4 to 30,
[0112] -sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) ,
[0113] wherein
[0114] Ar’ is 4- (C3-C12-alkyl) phenyl, optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, or naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted a group of -SO3M,
[0115] o is 0 or 1,
[0116] the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, and
[0117] M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0118] and
[0119] -any combinations thereof.
[0120] The polyether derivatives according to any of above embodiments are preferably of formula (I) or (Ia) wherein the group Ar is phenyl substituted by C4-C10-alkyl, preferably 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl, or non-substituted naphthyl, preferably non-substituted β-naphthyl. More preferably, the polyether derivatives are of formula (I) or (Ia) wherein the group Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl.
[0121] Alternatively or additionally, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives according to any of above embodiments are preferably of formula (II) or (IIa) wherein the group Ar’ is phenyl substituted by C4-C10-alkyl and -SO3M, preferably 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having -SO3M on the ring, or naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by -SO3M.
[0122] More preferably, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives are of formula (II) or (IIa) wherein the group Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring.
[0123] As used herein, the term “C3-C12-alkyl” and “C4-C10-alkyl” refers to linear or branched, saturated hydrocarbyl, for example n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, and isomers thereof.
[0124] Herein, the term “propyleneoxy” as described may refer to methylsubstituted ethyleneoxy, for example 1-methylethyleneoxy or 2-methylethyleneoxy.
[0125] Particularly, the at least one additive (D) is selected from
[0126] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl, and n is a number in the range of 6 to 20,
[0127] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 6 to 20, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0128] and
[0129] any combinations thereof.
[0130] More particularly, the at least one additive (D) is selected from
[0131] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl, and n is a number in the range of 8 to 15,
[0132] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 8 to 15, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0133] and
[0134] -any combinations thereof.
[0135] For example, the at least one additive (D) is selected from
[0136] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl, and n is 10, 11, 12 or 13;
[0137] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is 9, 10, 11 or 12, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,
[0138] and
[0139] -any combinations thereof.
[0140] Herein, suitable alkali metal cation as M in formulae (II) and (IIa) may particularly be sodium cation (Na+) or potassium cation (K+) .
[0141] The polyether derivatives of formulae (I) and (Ia) may be prepared by any methods known in the art, for example via oxyalkylation of the starting substituted phenol or the starting naphthol with an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide or propylene oxide or with both in sequence. The methods for preparation of the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) and (IIa) are also known in the art, for example by sulfonation of the polyether derivatives of formula (I) and (Ia) , and then neutralization.
[0142] The polyether derivatives and the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives as described herein may also be commercially available, for example from BASF.
[0143] The at least one additive (D) each may be comprised in the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 g / L of the bath, particularly 0.5 to 3.0 g / L.
[0144] In some embodiments, the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention may comprise a combination of at least one polyether derivative and at least one sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivative as described herein generally and preferably as the component (D) . When such a combination is used, the additives as the component (D) may be comprised in the electrorefinery bath at a total concentration in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 g / L of the bath, particularly 2.0 to 5.0 g / L.
[0145] The electrorefinery bath according to the present invention may further comprise an additional additive (F) selected from animal glue such as bone glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol, particularly lignosulfonate, for example calcium lignosulfonate. The additional additive may be comprised in the electrorefinery bath at a concentration of in the range 0.1 to 2.0 g / L of the bath.
[0146] In some illustrative embodiments, the present invention provides an electrorefinery bath, which comprises
[0147] (A) a C1-C6-alkane sulfonic acid;
[0148] (B) a soluble metal salt of the C1-C6-alkane sulfonic acid, the metal being selected from lead and tin, particularly lead;
[0149] (C1) fluorosilicic acid;
[0150] (C2) a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid (synonym: fluorosilicate) ;
[0151] (D) at least one additive selected from
[0152] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl and n is a number in the range of 6 to 20,
[0153] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 6 to 20 and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+, and
[0154] -any combinations thereof,
[0155] and
[0156] (F) optionally, an additional additive selected from animal glue such as bone glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol,
[0157] wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0158] In some further illustrative embodiments, the present invention provides an electrorefinery bath, which comprises
[0159] (A) a C1-C6-alkane sulfonic acid;
[0160] (B) a soluble metal salt of the C1-C6-alkane sulfonic acid, the metal being lead;
[0161] (C1) fluorosilicic acid;
[0162] (C2) lead fluorosilicate;
[0163] (D) at least one additive selected from
[0164] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl and n is a number in the range of 8 to 15,
[0165] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 8 to 15 and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+, and
[0166] -any combinations thereof,
[0167] and
[0168] (F) optionally, an additional additive selected from animal glue such as bone glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol,
[0169] wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0170] In some preferable illustrative embodiments, the present invention provides an electrorefinery bath, which comprises
[0171] (A) methanesulfonic acid;
[0172] (B) lead methanesulfonate;
[0173] (C1) fluorosilicic acid;
[0174] (C2) lead fluorosilicate;
[0175] (D) at least one additive selected from
[0176] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl and n is a number in the range of 8 to 15,
[0177] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 8 to 15 and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+, and
[0178] -any combinations thereof,
[0179] and
[0180] (F) optionally, an additional additive selected from animal glue such as bone glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol,
[0181] wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0182] In more preferable illustrative embodiments, the present invention provides an electrorefinery bath, which comprises
[0183] (A) methanesulfonic acid;
[0184] (B) lead methanesulfonate;
[0185] (C1) fluorosilicic acid;
[0186] (C2) lead fluorosilicate;
[0187] (D) at least one additive selected from
[0188] -the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl and n is 10, 11, 12 or 13,
[0189] -the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is 9, 10, 11 or 12, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+ or NH4+,
[0190] and
[0191] -any combinations thereof,
[0192] and
[0193] (F) optionally, an additional additive selected from animal glue such as bone glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol,
[0194] wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.
[0195] In those illustrative embodiments, the components are comprised in the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention at respective concentrations as described generally or preferably hereinabove for each component.
[0196] <Electrolytic Refining Process>
[0197] In the second aspect, the present invention also provides a process for refining metal, which comprises electrolytic depositing the metal in an electrorefinery bath as described in the first aspect of the invention. Any description and preferences described hereinabove for the electrorefinery bath are applicable here by reference.
[0198] The process for refining metal according to the present invention may be carried out in accordance with any known electrorefinery methods without particular restrictions.
[0199] For example, the process for refining metal according to the present invention may comprise
[0200] a) placing an anode made of the metal to be refined and a cathode into the electrorefinery bath, and
[0201] b) applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode for a time sufficient to deposit a layer of the metal onto the cathode.
[0202] The metal to be refined, i.e., crude metal, may have a purity of at least 85%, for example 90 to 98.5%,
[0203] According to any one embodiment of the present invention, the cathode may be made of pure lead in the case of that crude lead is refined by the process according to the present invention, in particular in the presence of fluorosilicic acid.
[0204] The electrolytic depositing may be carried out at an ambient temperature or an elevated temperature, for example in the range of 20 ℃ to 70 ℃, preferably 30 ℃ to 60 ℃, more preferably from 35℃ to 60℃, still more preferably from 40℃ to 60℃, most preferably from 45℃ to 60℃. For example, 45℃, 46℃, 47℃, 48℃, 49℃, 50℃, 51℃, 52℃, 53℃, 54℃, 55℃, 56℃, 57℃, 58℃, 59℃.
[0205] The current density useful for the electrolytic depositing may be in the range of 80 to 500 A / m2, preferably 100 to 300 A / m2, more preferably 140 to 260 A / m2.
[0206] The electrorefinery bath may be pumped at a flow rate of 40 to 80 liters per minute (L / min) during the operation of the process. The electrorefinery bath may be pumped from a reservoir into the electrolytic tank from the top and exit from the bottom of the tank, or may be pumped into the electrolytic tank from the bottom and exit from the top of the tank.
[0207] The anode and the cathode may be arranged at a distance of 1 cm to 10 cm, preferably 3 cm to 6 cm, for example 3 cm to 5.5 cm or 3 cm to 5 cm.
[0208] The electrolytic depositing may generally be carried out for a period of 2 to 7 days, for example 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days or even longer.
[0209] It can be contemplated that multiple electrorefinery cells will be used if the process for refining metal is carried out on commercial scale. The electrorefinery cells may be connected electrically in parallel.
[0210] By using the electrorefinery bath according to the present invention, a high current efficiency of 98%or higher is obtained, a low bath voltage of 0.4V or lower is required, and thus the energy consumption is low.
[0211] In the third aspect, the present invention further provides a process for controlling morphology of metal, particularly lead deposited on cathode in electrolytic refining of the metal, which comprises using the electrorefinery bath as described in the first aspect of the invention. Any description and preferences described hereinabove for the electrorefinery bath are applicable here by reference.
[0212] This invention achieves a gradual supplementation of metal electrolytic refining solution, in particular lead electrolytic refining solution, with methanesulfonic acid in the fluorosilicic acid-based electrolytic refining electrolyte. This invention provides a solution to metal electrolytic refining industry in transitioning the existing fluorosilicic acid system to a metal sulfonic acid (methanesulfonic acid) system without additional process and / or equipment adjustments. In particular, this invention provides a solution for energy consumption reduction when transitioning the fluorosilicic acid system to a metal sulfonic acid system for metal electrolytic refining.
[0213] Examples
[0214] Description of Measurements in Examples:
[0215] Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) : TESCAN MIRA3 LMU scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the appearance and morphology of the cathode deposit.
[0216] Current efficiency (η) was calculated in accordance with the following equation:
[0217] in which
[0218] η represents current efficiency, expressed in %;
[0219] m represents mass of lead deposited per cell over a period of t, expressed in g;
[0220] I represents electric current intensity, expressed in A;
[0221] t represents period of electrorefinery, expressed in h; and
[0222] q represents electrochemical equivalent of lead, 3.867g / (A·h) .
[0223] Electrical energy consumption (W) was calculated in accordance with the following equation:
[0224] W represents energy consumption, expressed in kWh / t;
[0225] η represents current efficiency, expressed in %; and
[0226] U represents average bath voltage, expressed in V.
[0227] Example 1:
[0228] Yellow PbO was dissolved in an aqueous solution of diluent methanesulfonic acid to provide a solution containing 100 g / L of lead ions and 80 g / L of free fluorosilicic acid as the electrorefinery bath, to which 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate were added as additives. The solution kept at 50 ℃ was pumped into an electrolytic tank from the bottom and exited from the top at a flow rate of 40 L / min. A pre-polished crude lead plate having a composition of 96%Pb, 0.06%Cu, 0.05%As, 1.09%Sb, 0.01%Sn, 0.08%Bi, 0.54%Ag and remaining impurity was used as the anode and a pre-polished titanium plate was used as the cathode, which were arranged at a distance of 5 cm. The electrorefinery was conducted at 50 ℃ by applying a direct current with the current density of 180 A / m2 for 3 days.
[0229] Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, a discharge of a 1 / 10 by weight of electrolyte solution of lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicate was achieved. Subsequently, an equal weight of solution of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was supplemented to form a mixed electrolyte solution comprising 90%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 10%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The supplemented solution of lead methylsulfonate and methyl sulfonic acid had a lead ion concentration of 100 g / L and a free methylsulfonic acid of 80 g / L. The solution also comprised 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate respectively as additives. Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, the recorded cell voltage was 0.38 V, the current efficiency was 98.74%, and the direct current consumption was shown in Table 1.
[0230] The aforementioned 1 / 9 by weight of electrolyte solution of mixed 90%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 10%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was discharged. Subsequently, an equal weight of solution of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was supplemented to form a mixed electrolyte solution comprising 80%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 20%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The supplemented solution of lead methylsulfonate and methyl sulfonic acid had a lead ion concentration of 100 g / L and a free methylsulfonic acid of 80 g / L. the solution also comprised 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate respectively as additives. Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, the recorded cell voltage was 0.385 V, the current efficiency was 98.86%, and the direct current consumption was shown in Table 1.
[0231] The aforementioned 1 / 8 by weight of electrolyte solution of mixed 80%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 20%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was discharged. Subsequently, an equal weight of solution of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was supplemented to form a mixed electrolyte solution comprising 70%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 30%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The supplemented solution of lead methylsulfonate and methyl sulfonic acid had a lead ion concentration of 100 g / L and a free methylsulfonic acid of 80 g / L. the solution also comprised 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate respectively as additives. Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, the recorded cell voltage was 0.39 V, the current efficiency was 99.3%, and the direct current consumption was shown in Table 1.
[0232] The above operation was repeated until the electrolyte of lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid was completely replaced by the lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The direct current consumption was shown in the below Table 2.
[0233] Table 1:
[0234] It was also observed that as the weight proportion of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid increased in the electrolyte solution, the cathode morphology was improved and undesirable phenomena such as dendrite growth did not occur.
[0235] Example 2:
[0236] Yellow PbO was dissolved in an aqueous solution of diluent methanesulfonic acid to provide a solution containing 100 g / L of lead ions and 80 g / L of free fluorosilicic acid as the electrorefinery bath, to which 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate were added as additives. The solution kept at 50 ℃ was pumped into an electrolytic tank from the bottom and exited from the top at a flow rate of 40 L / min. A pre-polished crude lead plate having a composition of 96%Pb, 0.06%Cu, 0.05%As, 1.09%Sb, 0.01%Sn, 0.08%Bi, 0.54%Ag and remaining impurity was used as the anode and a pre-polished titanium plate was used as the cathode, which were arranged at a distance of 5 cm. The electrorefinery was conducted at 58 ℃ by applying a direct current with the current density of 180 A / m2 for 3 days.
[0237] Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, a discharge of a 1 / 10 by weight of electrolyte solution of lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicate was achieved. Subsequently, an equal weight of solution of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was supplemented to form a mixed electrolyte solution comprising 90%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 10%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The supplemented solution of lead methylsulfonate and methyl sulfonic acid had a lead ion concentration of 100 g / L and a free methylsulfonic acid of 80 g / L. The solution also comprised 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate respectively as additives. Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, the recorded cell voltage was 0.38 V, the current efficiency was 98.74%, and the direct current consumption was shown in Table 2.
[0238] The aforementioned 1 / 9 by weight of electrolyte solution of mixed 90%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 10%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was discharged. Subsequently, an equal weight of solution of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was supplemented to form a mixed electrolyte solution comprising 80%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 20%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The supplemented solution of lead methylsulfonate and methyl sulfonic acid had a lead ion concentration of 100 g / L and a free methylsulfonic acid of 80 g / L. the solution also comprised 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate respectively as additives. Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, the recorded cell voltage was 0.385 V, the current efficiency was 98.86%, and the direct current consumption was shown in Table 2.
[0239] The aforementioned 1 / 8 by weight of electrolyte solution of mixed 80%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 20%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was discharged. Subsequently, an equal weight of solution of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid was supplemented to form a mixed electrolyte solution comprising 70%by weight lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid and 30%by weight of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The supplemented solution of lead methylsulfonate and methyl sulfonic acid had a lead ion concentration of 100 g / L and a free methylsulfonic acid of 80 g / L. the solution also comprised 2 g / L of β-naphthol ethoxylate (12 EO) and 0.5 g / L of calcium lignosulfonate respectively as additives. Under the aforementioned process parameters, after electrolysis for 12 hours, the recorded cell voltage was 0.39 V, the current efficiency was 99.3%, and the direct current consumption was shown in Table 2.
[0240] The above operation was repeated until the electrolyte of lead fluorosilicate and fluorosilicic acid was completely replaced by the lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid. The direct current consumption was shown in the below Table 2.
[0241] Table 2:
[0242] It was also observed that as the weight proportion of lead methylsulfonate and methylsulfonic acid increased in the electrolyte solution, the cathode morphology was improved and undesirable phenomena such as dendrite growth did not occur.
Claims
1.an electrorefinery bath, which comprises(A) an alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid;(B) a soluble metal salt of alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid;(C1) fluorosilicic acid;(C2) a soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid; and(D) at least one additive selected from- polyether derivatives of formula (I) ,whereinAr is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl, ornaphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl,E1 and E2 are different from each other and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,m is 0 or a number in the range of 1 to 40, preferably 0,n is a number in the range of 1 to 40,- sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) ,whereinAr’ is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl and optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, ornaphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl and / or a group of -SO3M,E1’ and E2’ are different alkyleneoxy groups and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,E3 is the alkylene moiety of E2,m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 1 to 40, preferably 0,o is 0 or 1,the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 1 to 40, andM is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,and- any combinations thereof;Wherein the weight ratio of the total amount of components (A) and (B) to the total amount of components (C1) and (C2) is from 65: 35 to 99.9 : 0.1, preferably from 70: 30 to 99.9 : 0.1, more preferably from 75: 25 to 99.9 : 0.1.2.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 1, wherein in formula (I) , m is 0 or a number in the range of 2 to 35, and in formula (II) , m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 2 to 35, o is 0 or 1, and n’ +o is a number in the range of 2 to 35.3.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 2, wherein the at least one additive (D) is selected from- the polyether derivatives of formula (I) , whereinAr is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl, preferably C4-C10-alkyl, ornaphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl,E1 and E2 are different from each other and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,m is 0 or a number in the range of 4 to 30,n is a number in the range of 4 to 30,- sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) , whereinAr’ is phenyl substituted by C3-C12-alkyl and optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, ornaphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by C1-C4-alkyl and / or a group of -SO3M,E1’ and E2’ are different alkyleneoxy groups and selected from ethyleneoxy and propyleneoxy,E3 is the alkylene moiety of E2,m’ is 0 or a number in the range of 4 to 30,o is 0 or 1,the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, andM is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,and- any combinations thereof.4.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the at least one additive (D) is selected from the polyether derivatives of formula (I) wherein m is 0 and n is a number in the range of 4 to 30, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably 8 to 15, the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) wherein m’ is 0, o is 0 or 1 and the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, preferably 6 to 20, more preferably 8 to 15, or any combinations thereof.5.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein E2 and E2’ are ethyleneoxy.6.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 3, wherein the at least one additive (D) is selected from- the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia)whereinAr is 4- (C3-C12-alkyl) phenyl or non-substituted naphthyl,n is a number in the range of 4 to 30,- sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (II) ,whereinAr’ is 4- (C3-C12-alkyl) phenyl, optionally substituted by a group of -SO3M, or naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted a group of -SO3M,o is 0 or 1,the sum of n’ +o is a number in the range of 4 to 30, andM is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,and- any combinations thereof.7.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein Ar is phenyl substituted by C4-C10-alkyl, preferably 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl, or non-substituted naphthyl, preferably non-substituted β-naphthyl.8.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 7, wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl.9.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein Ar’ is phenyl substituted by C4-C10-alkyl and -SO3M, preferably 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having -SO3M on the ring, or naphthyl which is non-substituted or substituted by -SO3M.10.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 9, wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring.11.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the at least one additive (D) is selected from- the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl, n is a number in the range of 6 to 20,- the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 6 to 20, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,andany combinations thereof.12.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 11, wherein the at least one additive (D) is selected from- the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl, and n is a number in the range of 8 to 15,- the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is a number in the range of 8 to 15, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,and- any combinations thereof.13.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 12, wherein the at least one additive (D) is selected from- the polyether derivatives of formula (Ia) wherein Ar is non-substituted β-naphthyl, n is 10, 11, 12 or 13;- the sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivatives of formula (IIa) wherein Ar’ is 4- (C4-C10-alkyl) phenyl having a group of -SO3M at the 2-or 3-position of the phenyl ring, o is 0, n’ is 9, 10, 11 or 12, and M is an alkali metal cation or NH4+,and- any combinations thereof.14.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein M is Na+ or K+.15.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the alkane sulfonic acid (A) is selected from C1-C12-alkane sulfonic acids, preferably C1-C6-alkane sulfonic acids, particularly methanesulfonic acid.16.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the alkanol sulfonic acid (A) is selected from C2-C12-alkanol sulfonic acids, preferably C2-C6-alkanol sulfonic acids.17.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the soluble metal salt (B) is at least one soluble metal salt of the same alkane sulfonic acid or alkanol sulfonic acid as the component (A) .18.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the metal of the soluble metal salts (B) and the soluble metal salt of fluorosilicic acid is selected from lead and tin, particularly lead.19.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, wherein the at least one additive each is comprised in the electrorefinery bath at a concentration in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 g / L of the bath, particularly 0.5 to 3.0 g / L.20.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, which comprises a combination of at least one polyether derivative and at least one sulfonated or sulfated polyether derivative as the component (D) , preferably at a total concentration in the range of 1.0 to 5.0 g / L of the bath, particularly 2.0 to 5.0 g / L.21.The electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims, which comprises an additional additive (F) selected from animal glue such as bone glue, lignosulfonate, aloin and β-naphthol, particularly lignosulfonate.22.The electrorefinery bath according to claim 21, which comprises the additional additive at a concentration in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 g / L of the bath.23.A process for refining metal, which comprises electrolytic depositing the metal in an electrorefinery bath according to any of preceding claims.24.The process according to claim 23, which comprisesa) placing an anode made of the metal to be refined and a cathode into the electrorefinery bath, andb) applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode for a time sufficient to deposit a layer of the metal onto the cathode.25.The process according to claim 23 or 24, wherein the metal is selected from lead and tin, particularly lead.