Precursor vapor pressure control system
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/088801
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-22
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Figure CN2025088801_22102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
PRECURSOR VAPOR PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEMBACKGROUNDField
[0001] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods and apparatus to improve the uniformity of a material deposited on a substrate. Specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods and apparatus for improved uniformity of a precursor flow rate to a process chamber. Description of the Related Art
[0002] In many instances, ampoules provide a vaporized precursor material to a process system for the processing of a substrate. For example, a carrier gas may be flowed into the ampoule as the ampoule is heated in order to agitate the precursor and cause the vaporized precursor to flow through an output of the ampoule. A common issue in this process is a varying dosage of the vaporized precursor delivered to process chambers through the output of the ampoule as the amount of precursor in the ampoule decreases over time. During operation, the precursor is consumed as it vaporizes and flows through the output of the ampoule. As solid types of precursors are consumed, the exposed surface area decreases due to agglomeration or sintering of the solid precursor material (e.g., powder particles) , at least partially due to the exposure of the precursor material to heat. Accordingly, the amount of precursor that vaporizes decreases over time. The decrease in the amount of precursor that vaporizes results in less vaporized precursor being entrained into the flowing carrier gas and leads to the delivery of uneven precursor compositions during operation of the ampoule.
[0003] Uneven precursor compositions may lead to various processing issues in processing chambers. For example, in the semiconductor industry an ampoule is used to vaporize a precursor before the precursor is provided to a showerhead for deposition on a wafer. As the precursor is consumed and / or sinters, the amount of precursor that vaporizes decreases. As a result, the thickness of the deposited material on the wafers varies. The earlier batches of wafers include thicker deposited films. However, as the precursor is consumed, the later batches of wafers include thinner deposited films.
[0004] Thus, there is a need for an improved ampoule that allows for a consistent delivery of vaporized precursor to process chambers or process environments.SUMMARY
[0005] In one or more embodiments, a precursor delivery system includes a container. The container includes one or more sidewalls, a base, and a lid that define an internal region. The internal region comprises a headspace that is disposed between the lid and a precursor disposed in the internal region of the container. The precursor delivery system includes an inlet port disposed in the lid of the container and an outlet port disposed in the lid of the container. The outlet port is coupled to an auxiliary port disposed in the headspace. The precursor delivery system further includes a controller and a vapor pressure sensor disposed adjacent to the auxiliary port and coupled to the controller. The vapor pressure sensor is configured to measure a pressure of a fluid flowing through the auxiliary port. The precursor delivery system further includes one or more container heaters coupled to the controller and disposed on an exterior surface of the container.
[0006] In one or more embodiments, a method of delivering a precursor includes opening a divert valve to allow flow between an outlet port of a container and a fluid recycle line and closing a controller valve to prevent flow into a process chamber from the outlet port of the container. The method further includes delivering a carrier gas through an inlet port of the container to an internal region of the container. The internal region is defined by one or more sidewalls, a lid, and a base. A precursor is disposed in the internal region of the container. The method further includes measuring a pressure of a fluid flowing through a headspace of the container using a vapor pressure sensor. The headspace is disposed between the lid and the precursor disposed in the internal region of the container. The method includes closing the divert valve to prevent flow between the outlet port of the container and the fluid recycle line and opening the controller valve to allow flow into the process chamber from the outlet port of the container when the pressure of the fluid is measured to be less than a threshold pressure.
[0007] In one or more embodiments, a precursor delivery system includes a container comprising one or more sidewalls, a base, and a lid that define an internal region. The internal region includes a headspace that is disposed between the lid and a precursor disposed in the internal region of the container. The precursor delivery system includes an inlet port disposed in the lid of the container and an outlet port disposed in the lid of the container. The outlet port is coupled to an auxiliary port disposed in the headspace. The precursor delivery system further includes a carrier gas line fluidly coupled to the inlet port and a foreline fluidly coupled to the outlet port. The precursory delivery system includes a controller and a vapor pressure sensor disposed adjacent to the auxiliary port and coupled to the controller. The vapor pressure sensor is configured to measure a pressure of a fluid flowing through the auxiliary port. The precursor delivery system further includes one or more container heaters coupled to the controller and disposed on an exterior surface of the container. The precursor delivery system includes a divert valve fluidly coupled to the outlet port via the foreline and a controller valve fluidly coupled to a process chamber via the foreline.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] So that the manner in which the above recited features of the present disclosure can be understood in detail, a more particular description of the disclosure, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, as the disclosure may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
[0009] Figure 1 illustrates a schematic, cross-sectional view of an ampoule precursor vapor pressure control system, according to one or more embodiments.
[0010] Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the change in precursor deposition delivery and precursor vapor pressure using a conventional method of delivering a precursor to a process chamber.
[0011] Figure 3 is a graph illustrating the change in precursor deposition delivery and precursor vapor pressure, according to one or more embodiments described herein.
[0012] Figure 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a method of delivering a precursor to a process chamber, according to one or more embodiments.
[0013] To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements that are common to the figures. It is contemplated that elements and features of one embodiment may be beneficially incorporated in other embodiments without further recitation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to methods and apparatus to improve the uniformity of a material deposited on a substrate. Specifically, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to methods and apparatus for improved uniformity of a precursor flow rate to a process chamber.
[0015] In some embodiments, the precursor flows through an outlet port to a showerhead apparatus in the process chamber, which is used to deposit a layer onto a wafer during a deposition process. The thickness of the layer formed on the wafer is directly related to the flow rate of the vaporized and sublimated precursor carried into the process chamber. Further, the flow rate of the vaporized and sublimated precursor is directly related to the surface area and vapor pressure of the precursor disposed within the internal region of the ampoule. As the precursor is consumed by the carrier gas sweeping the vaporized and sublimated precursor out of the internal region and through the outlet port, the surface area of the non-vaporized and non-sublimated precursor decreases often due to agglomeration or sintering of the precursor. The clumped solid precursor has a lower surface area than if the solid precursor was non-clumped and in a finer powder state. The amount of precursor surface area in the internal region of the ampoule decreases as the precursor is consumed (vaporized / sublimated) and / or sinters. As the surface area of the precursor decreases, the amount of the vaporized precursor in a constant flow of a carrier gas decreases. Accordingly, the deposited thickness of the wafer decreases as the precursor delivery process progresses, and thus uneven wafer thicknesses.
[0016] To increase the uniformity of deposited thicknesses of wafers, a divert operation and pressure control system are implemented. A pressure control system measures the vapor pressure in a headspace of the ampoule. A threshold vapor pressure is specified to the pressure control system. When the vapor pressure decreases below the threshold vapor pressure, the pressure control system sends a signal to heat the ampoule. As the ampoule is heated, more precursor vaporizes and increases the vapor pressure in the headspace back to the threshold vapor pressure. A divert operation is implemented to lower the vapor pressure in the headspace to below the threshold vapor pressure. During initial precursor delivery, the precursor vapor pressure decreases more than towards the end of precursor delivery. To save energy, the threshold vapor pressure is specified as a precursor vapor pressure after the large decrease in precursor vapor pressure during initial precursor delivery. Embodiments of the methods and systems of implementing a divert operation and pressure control system to increase wafer thickness deposition uniformity are disclosed below.
[0017] Figure 1 illustrates a schematic, cross-sectional view of an ampoule pressure control system 100 according to one embodiment. The ampoule pressure control system 100 includes an ampoule 101. The ampoule 101 may be any suitable enclosed container. The ampoule 101 includes a lid 102, one or more sidewalls 103, and a base 104 that define an internal region 105.
[0018] The ampoule 101 may be formed of any suitable material such as a metal, ceramic, or glass. In some embodiments, the ampoule 101 is made of stainless steel or aluminum.
[0019] The ampoule 101 may be of any suitable shape. In some embodiments, the ampoule 101 is of a cylindrical shape. In these embodiments, the lid 102 and base 104 are circles. The lid 102 is disposed above the base 104. The ampoule 101 includes one sidewall 103 connecting the lid 102 to the base 104. It should be appreciated that other embodiments in which the ampoule 101 is of a different geometric shape are equally acceptable. For example, the ampoule 101 may be a sphere, rectangular prism, triangular prism, or a combination of multiple three-dimensional geometric shapes.
[0020] The lid 102 is secured to the one or more sidewalls 103 to fully enclose the internal region 105. The lid 102 may be secured to the one or more sidewalls 103 by any suitable means. In some embodiments, the lid 102 is welded to the one or more sidewalls 103. In some embodiments, the lid 102 is bolted to the one or more sidewalls 103 via one or more fasteners, such as screws, nuts and bolts, clamps, or the like.
[0021] A precursor 110 is disposed within the secured internal region 105 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the precursor 110 is disposed within the internal region 105 before the lid 102 is secured to the one or more sidewalls 103 or after the lid 102 is secured to the one or more sidewalls 103 via a port into the internal region 105.
[0022] At the time of delivery to the ampoule 101, the precursor 110 may exist in a solid state, liquid state, or a combination of both as a slurry. In one or more embodiments, the precursor 110 is molybdenum pentachloride (MoCl5) that is disposed in a powder, granular, or porous solid form.
[0023] In some embodiments, the density of the precursor 110 is between about 1 g / cm3 and about 5 g / cm3, between about 1 g / cm3 and about 3 g / cm3, between about 2.5 g / cm3 and about 3 g / cm3, between about 1 g / cm3 and about 2.5 g / cm3, between about 1.5 g / cm3 and about 2.5 g / cm3, between about 1.5 g / cm3 and about 2 g / cm3, between about 1.6 g / cm3 and about 1.8 g / cm3, or between about 1.7 g / cm3 and about 1.75 g / cm3.
[0024] In some embodiments, the ampoule 101 has a precursor fill height 111 between about 0.5 cm and about 10 cm from the base 104. In some embodiments, the ampoule 101 has a precursor fill height 111 between about 0.5 cm and about 9 cm, about 5 cm and about 10 cm, about 7 cm and about 10 cm, or about 9 cm and about 10 cm.
[0025] The ampoule 101 includes an inlet port 106 and an outlet port 107. The inlet port 106 allows fluids to flow into the internal region 105 from a processing environment. The outlet port 107 allows fluids to flow from the internal region 105 to another processing environment. In some embodiments, a carrier gas is delivered through the inlet port 106 into the internal region 105 from a carrier gas line 120. The carrier gas line 120 is fluidly coupled to the inlet port 106. The delivered carrier gas assists in delivering the precursor 110 disposed in the internal region 105 through the outlet port 107 to a process chamber 121 via a foreline 122 when a controller valve 128 is in an open position. The foreline 122 is fluidly coupled to the outlet port 107. The controller valve 128 may be any suitable valve or means of controlling the flow of a fluid, including, but not limited to, a ball valve, a plug valve, a globe valve, a gate valve, or a needle valve. The controller valve 128 is fluidly coupled to the process chamber 121 via the foreline 122. The controller valve 128 is coupled to a controller 114. The controller 114 sends a signal to the controller valve 128 to open or close the controller valve 128. A mass flow controller 129 may be coupled upstream of the inlet port 106 and configured to control the flow rate of the carrier gas provided to the inlet port 106.
[0026] In some embodiments, the controller 114 includes a central processing unit (CPU) , a memory, and support circuits (e.g., input / output circuitry, power supplies, clock circuits, cache, and the like. The memory may be connected to the CPU. The memory, or computer readable medium, can be one or more readily available memory such as random-access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , floppy disk, hard disk, or other form of digital data storage. In some embodiments, the controller 114 could be a distributed system including multiple independently operating processors and memories.
[0027] The carrier gas may be any suitable gas. In some embodiments, the carrier gas is nitrogen, argon, or helium. In some embodiments, the carrier gas is heated to assist in vaporizing the precursor 110 disposed in the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101.
[0028] In some embodiments, the precursor 110 delivered to the foreline 122 is diverted to a divert chamber 118 via a divert line 123 when a divert valve 119 is in an open position. The divert valve 119 may be any suitable valve or means of controlling the flow of a fluid, including, but not limited to, a ball valve, a plug valve, a globe valve, a gate valve, or a needle valve. The divert valve 119 is fluidly coupled to the outlet port 107 via the foreline 122. The divert valve 119 is coupled to a controller 114. The controller 114 sends a signal to the divert valve 119 to open or close the divert valve 119. From the divert chamber 118, the precursor 110 is delivered to a different processing environment via an external divert line 125 when an external divert valve 124 is in an open position. The external divert valve 124 may be any suitable valve or means of controlling the flow of a fluid, including, but not limited to, a ball valve, a plug valve, a globe valve, a gate valve, or a needle valve. The external divert valve 124 is coupled to a controller 114. The controller 114 sends a signal to the external divert valve 124 to open or close the external divert valve 124.
[0029] In some embodiments, the precursor 110 is recycled back into the carrier gas line 120 from the divert chamber 118 via a recycle line 126 when a recycle valve 127 is in an open position. The recycle valve 127 may be any suitable valve or means of controlling the flow of a fluid, including, but not limited to, a ball valve, a plug valve, a globe valve, a gate valve, or a needle valve. The recycle valve 127 is fluidly coupled to the divert chamber 118 via the recycle line 126. The recycle valve 127 is coupled to a controller 114. The controller 114 sends a signal to the recycle valve 127 to open or close the recycle valve 127. In some embodiments, the precursor 110 is recycled directly back into the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101 via the recycle line 126. In these embodiments, the recycle line 126 is fluidly coupled to a recycle port 108 disposed in the ampoule 101. The recycle port 108 may be disposed in the ampoule 101 in methods similar to the methods of disposing an inlet port 106 or outlet port 107 in the ampoule 101.
[0030] In some embodiments, the inlet port 106 and outlet port 107 are disposed in the lid 102 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the inlet port 106 and outlet port 107 are disposed in different surfaces of the ampoule 101. For example, in some embodiments, the inlet port 106 is disposed in the sidewall 103 of the ampoule 101 and the outlet port 107 is disposed in the lid 102 of the ampoule 101.
[0031] In some embodiments, the ampoule 101 includes two or more inlet ports 106 and / or two or more outlet ports 107. In these embodiments, each of the two or more inlet ports 106 and / or two or more outlet ports 107 is disposed in different surfaces of the ampoule 101. For example, in some embodiments, a first inlet port 106 is disposed in the lid 102 of the ampoule 101 and a second inlet port 106 is disposed in the sidewall 103 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, a refill port 130 is disposed within the lid 102 or the sidewall 103 and utilized to refill the ampoule 101 with additional precursors 110.
[0032] In some embodiments, the inlet port 106 is connected to a diffuser (not shown) to lower the entry point of a fluid, or carrier gas, into the internal region 105. A lower entry point assists in preventing the carrier gas from flowing from the inlet port 106 to the outlet port 107 without carrying or interacting with the precursor 110. In some embodiments, the inlet port 106 is connected to a diffuser and further connected to a nozzle (not shown) to disperse the carrier gas throughout the internal region 105. In many embodiments with a liquid precursor, a nozzle is used to bubble the carrier gas through the liquid precursor. However, a nozzle may still be used in embodiments with a solid precursor.
[0033] The volume between a precursor fill height 111 and the lid 102 is defined as a headspace 112. The headspace includes the precursor 110 in the gaseous phase once it has vaporized and before the precursor 110 has flowed through the outlet port 107. The outlet port 107 includes an auxiliary port 109 coupled thereto in the headspace 112 of the internal region 105. A vapor pressure sensor 113 is disposed within the auxiliary port 109 to measure the pressure of the fluid flowing through the auxiliary port 109. The vapor pressure of the fluid flowing through the auxiliary port 109 is substantially equivalent to the vapor pressure of the fluid flowing through the headspace 112. Additionally, the fluid flowing through the headspace 112 is substantially equivalent to the vapor pressure of the fluid flowing through the outlet port 107. Thus, the fluid flowing through the outlet port 107 is substantially equivalent to the fluid flowing through the auxiliary port 109.
[0034] The vapor pressure sensor 113 is coupled to the controller 114. The vapor pressure sensor 113 sends signals to the controller 114 indicating the measured pressure in the headspace 112 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the vapor pressure sensor is a diffused silicon pressure sensor.
[0035] The controller 114 is further coupled to a plurality of temperature sensors 115, a plurality of side heaters 116 and a plurality of bottom heaters 117. In some embodiments, the plurality of temperature sensors 115 include thermocouples, thermometers, and infrared sensors. In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117 includes a resistive heater, a lamp, or a heater jacket.
[0036] The plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117 are coupled to the ampoule 101 to assist in vaporizing the precursor 110 disposed in the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101, The plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117 are disposed adjacent to the external surfaces of the ampoule 101 to vaporize the precursor 110 disposed within the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117 directly contact the external surfaces of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117 do not directly contact the external surfaces of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, a layer of insulating material is disposed between the plurality of side heaters 116 or the plurality of bottom heaters 117 and the external surfaces of the ampoule 101.
[0037] In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 completely encompasses the external surface area of the sidewalls 103 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 are only disposed over the external surface area from the base 104 up to the precursor fill height 111 in order to only heat the precursor 110 disposed in the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 are disposed over the external surface area from the base 104 up to slightly higher than or slightly lower than the precursor fill height 111.
[0038] In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 are only disposed over the external surface area of the sidewalls 103 from a position in between the base 104 and the precursor fill height 111 to the precursor fill height 111. In some embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 are disposed from the midpoint between the base 104 and the precursor fill height 111 up to the precursor fill height 111. In these embodiments, the plurality of side heaters 116 does not extend to the base 104 of the ampoule 101 because the plurality of bottom heaters 117 provides heat to the lower portion of the precursor 110 disposed near the base 104.
[0039] In some embodiments, the plurality of bottom heaters 117 completely encompasses the external surface area of the base 104 of the ampoule 101. In some embodiments, the plurality of bottom heaters 117 are only disposed over the external surface area at the center of the base 104. In some embodiments, the plurality of bottom heaters 117 is only disposed over the center of the base 104 to conserve energy because of the heat that dissipates outwards towards the edges of the base 104 from the center of the base 104. Additionally, if the plurality of bottom heaters 117 are paired with a plurality of side heaters 117 that extend to the base 104 of the ampoule 101, then the temperature near the base 104 of the ampoule 101 may not need to be increased as much via the plurality of bottom heaters 117 because the plurality of side heaters 116 are providing heat to the areas near the base 104 of the ampoule 101.
[0040] In some embodiments, the plurality of bottom heaters 117 are only disposed over the external surface area at the circumference of the base 104. In some embodiments, the plurality of bottom heaters 117 are disposed over the circumference of the base 104 to increase the temperature at the outside of the base 104 compared to the temperature near the center of the base 104.
[0041] At least one temperature sensor 115 is coupled to each of the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117. Each of the temperature sensors 115 provides a signal to the controller 114 indicating the measured temperature of the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117.
[0042] In some embodiments, when the vapor pressure sensor 113 sends a signal to the controller 114 indicating a pressure lower than a user inputted desired pressure, the controller 114 sends a signal to increase the temperature of the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117. The increased temperature of the plurality of side heaters 116 and the plurality of bottom heaters 117 increases the temperature of the precursor 110 in the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101. Accordingly, more precursor 110 vaporizes and flows through the outlet port 107 as the ampoule 101 is heated.
[0043] Figure 2 is a graph 200 illustrating the change in a rate of precursor delivery 210 and a precursor vapor pressure 220 over a lifetime of an ampoule using a conventional method and system of delivering the precursor 110 to the process chamber 121. Figure 2 illustrates that the rate of precursor delivery 210 and the precursor vapor pressure 220 decrease over time during the lifetime of the ampoule until the end of the lifetime 230 of the ampoule using the conventional method and system.
[0044] Figure 3 is a graph 300 illustrating the change in a rate of precursor delivery 310 and precursor vapor pressure 320, according to embodiments described herein. Figure 3 illustrates an initial decrease in the rate of precursor delivery 310 and the precursor vapor pressure 320. However, distinct from Figure 2, Figure 3 includes a precursor delivery rate stable threshold 340 in which the rate of precursor delivery 310 and the precursor vapor pressure 320 do not continue to decrease. Rather, after the precursor deliver rate stable threshold 340, the rate of precursor delivery 310 and the precursor vapor pressure 320 remain substantially constant until the end of the lifetime 330 of the ampoule 101 in the system depicted in Figure 1. The rate of precursor delivery 310 and the precursor vapor pressure 320 remain substantially constant because of methods and systems disclosed herein.
[0045] The initial time period before the precursor delivery rate stable threshold 340 is defined as the divert time period 350. During the divert time period 350, there is a greater decrease in the rate of precursor delivery 310 and precursor vapor pressure 320 compared to after the divert time period 350. Accordingly, the precursor 110 is diverted in the divert time period 350 while the rate of change of the rate of precursor delivery 310 is high. After the divert time period 350, the rate of change of the rate of precursor delivery 310 is lower such that it is easier to compensate for differences in rates of precursor delivery 310 throughout the remainder of the ampoule lifetime. Methods of compensating for the difference in rates of precursor delivery 310 include, but are not limited to, heating the precursor 110 and recycling the gaseous precursor 110 from the divert line 123 back into the ampoule 101.
[0046] Figure 4 illustrates a flow diagram of a method 400 of delivering the precursor 110 to the process chamber 121.
[0047] At operation 401, the divert valve 119 is moved to the open position and the controller valve 128 is moved to the closed position, e.g., using the controller 114. The divert valve 119 is moved to the open position and the controller valve 128 is moved to the closed position such that the precursor 110 is delivered to the divert line 123 rather than the process chamber 121.
[0048] At operation 402, a carrier gas is delivered to the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101, or any suitable container, via the carrier gas line 120, e.g., using the controller 114. The carrier gas carries the precursor 110 disposed in the ampoule 101 to the headspace 112 of the internal region 105.
[0049] At operation 403, the pressure of the precursor 110 flowing through the headspace 112 of the internal region 105 is measured. The pressure of the precursor 110 is measured by the vapor pressure sensor 113. The pressure of the precursor 110 is sent to the controller 114. The precursor 110 flows through the outlet port 107 to the divert line 123. In some embodiments, the divert line 123 is coupled to the divert chamber 118 such that the precursor flows to the divert chamber 118. In some embodiments, the divert chamber 118 is coupled to the recycle line 126 such that the precursor flows through the recycle line 126.
[0050] A threshold pressure is specified to the controller 114 such that the precursor 110 does not flow to the process chamber 121 until the precursor vapor pressure 320 is measured to be less than the specified threshold pressure in what is referred to as a divert operation.
[0051] The divert operation is utilized because the initial rate of precursor delivery 310 is very high, but may quickly decrease. Accordingly, delivering the precursor 110 to the process chamber 121 during the initial operation of the apparatus leads to an uneven deposition of wafers in the process chamber 121. Further, it is costly to compensate for the large changes in the rate of precursor delivery 310 during the initial operation. To solve this problem, the precursor 110 is diverted to the divert line 123 until the rate of precursor delivery 310 decreases to a more uniform rate.
[0052] In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is specified according to when the rate of change of the precursor vapor pressure 320 is minimized or when the pressure in the headspace 112 measured at a first time does not deviate from the pressure in the headspace 112 measured at a second time. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is specified as the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than a certain amount over a specified time interval. The time interval is defined as the difference between a first time at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 is measured and a second time at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 is measured, the second time measured after the first time. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 0.5 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from 1%to 20%over a 1 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 2 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 5 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 10 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 15 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 20 second time interval. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is the pressure at which the precursor vapor pressure 320 decreases by less than from about 1%to about 20%over a 30 second time interval.
[0053] In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is specified as a percentage of the initial precursor vapor pressure 320. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure is specified to be from about 30%to about 90%of the initial precursor vapor pressure 320.
[0054] At operation 404, the divert valve 119 is moved to the closed position and the controller valve 128 is moved to the open position when the pressure of the precursor 110 in the headspace 112 is measured to be less than the threshold pressure, e.g., using the controller 114. In some embodiments, the threshold pressure specified in operation 404 is distinct from the threshold pressure in the divert operation. During operation 404, the precursor 110 flows through the outlet port 107 and to the process chamber 121 via the foreline 122 rather than flowing to the divert line 123 via the foreline 122. In some embodiments, the precursor 110 flows through a showerhead and deposits on a wafer in the process chamber 121. In some embodiments, the desired thickness of a layer formed on the wafer during a deposition process is between about 2 angstroms and about 10, 000 angstroms.
[0055] In some embodiments, the divert valve 119 is moved to the closed position and the controller valve 128 is moved to the open position after a specified time interval. In some embodiments, the specified time interval is from about 0.5 seconds to about 30 seconds.
[0056] At operation 405, the ampoule 101 is heated when the pressure of the precursor 110 in the headspace 112 is measured to be less than a post-divert threshold pressure after the divert operation, e.g., using the controller 114. The post-divert threshold pressure may be specified similarly to the threshold pressure discussed in operations 403 and 404. In some embodiments, the post-divert threshold pressure is equivalent to the threshold pressure discussed in operations 403 and 404. The ampoule 101 is heated to ensure a uniform vapor pressure of the precursor 110, which corresponds to a uniform rate of precursor delivery 310 and uniform deposition rate on the substrate or wafer in the processing chamber 121.
[0057] When the vapor pressure sensor 113 sends a signal indicating the pressure of the precursor 110 to the controller 114, the controller 114 determines if the pressure of the precursor 110 is less than the post-divert threshold pressure. When the pressure of the precursor 110 is less than the post-divert threshold pressure, the controller 114 sends a signal to increase the temperature of the plurality of side heaters 116 and / or the plurality of bottom heaters 117. The plurality of side heaters 116 and / or the plurality of bottom heaters 117 heat the ampoule 101 and accordingly heat the solid or liquid precursor 110 disposed in the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101. The heated solid or liquid precursor 110 vaporizes and increases the vapor pressure of the precursor 110 in the headspace 112 of the ampoule 101. Accordingly, the increased temperature of the precursor 110 compensates for the decrease in vapor pressure of the precursor 110 in the headspace 112 as more precursor 110 is delivered through the outlet port 107.
[0058] In some embodiments in which the ampoule pressure control system 100 includes the divert chamber 118, the recycle valve 127 is moved to the open position when the pressure of the fluid in the headspace 112 is measured to be less than a post-divert threshold pressure. In these embodiments, during the divert operation the diverted precursor 110 is delivered to the divert chamber 118. The precursor 110 remains in the divert chamber 118 until the recycle valve 127 is opened. When the recycle valve 127 is opened, the precursor 110 is delivered through the recycle line 126 to the carrier gas line 120 or the internal region 105 of the ampoule 101 via a recycle port 108. The carrier gas line 120 is fluidly coupled to the inlet port 106. The recycled precursor 110 is in a gaseous state and accordingly increases the vapor pressure of the precursor 110 in the headspace 112 and would readily flow through the outlet port 107 to the process chamber 121. Utilizing a recycle valve 127 as described herein would minimize the need for excessive heating of the ampoule 101 to vaporize more precursor 110 by redirecting the diverted vaporized precursor 110 from the divert operation.
[0059] In some embodiments, the controller 114 may send a signal to increase the temperature of the ampoule 101 or open the recycle valve 127 before a signal indicating a decrease in vapor pressure has been received by the controller. In some embodiments, the controller 114 may be programmed with logic to predict a decrease in vapor pressure based on previous signals sent by the vapor pressure sensor 113. In some embodiments, the controller 114 may be programmed or trained using machine learning algorithms based on data of the trend in vapor pressure across previous batches. The controller 114 may use this historic data to predict when a decrease in vapor pressure is likely to occur. Accordingly, the controller 114 sends a signal to increase the temperature of the ampoule 101 or open the recycle valve 127 before a signal indicating a decrease in vapor pressure has been received by the controller 114. Predicting the changes in vapor pressure will minimize the time in which the vapor pressure is below the specified threshold vapor pressure.
[0060] Certain embodiments and features have been described using a set of numerical upper limits and a set of numerical lower limits. It should be appreciated that ranges including the combination of any two values, e.g., the combination of any lower value with any upper value, the combination of any two lower values, and / or the combination of any two upper values are contemplated unless otherwise indicated. Certain lower limits, upper limits, and ranges appear in one or more claims below.
[0061] Certain embodiments and features have been described using the term “about” with a numerical value. When the term “about” is used in conjunction with a numerical value, it should be construed as indicating any numerical value within 10%of the stated numerical value.
[0062] While the foregoing is directed to embodiments of the present disclosure, other and further embodiments of the disclosure may be devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
Claims
1.A precursor delivery system, comprising:a container comprising one or more sidewalls, a base, and a lid that define an internal region, wherein the internal region comprises a headspace that is disposed between the lid and a precursor disposed in the internal region of the container;an inlet port disposed in the lid of the container;an outlet port disposed in the lid of the container, the outlet port coupled to an auxiliary port disposed in the headspace;a controller;a vapor pressure sensor disposed adjacent to the auxiliary port and coupled to the controller, the vapor pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure of a fluid flowing through the auxiliary port; andone or more container heaters coupled to the controller and disposed on an exterior surface of the container.2.The precursor delivery system of claim 1, wherein one of the one or more container heaters is a container side heater disposed on an exterior surface of the one or more sidewalls of the container.3.The precursor delivery system of claim 1, wherein one of the one or more container heaters is a container bottom heater disposed on an exterior surface of the base of the container.4.The precursor delivery system of claim 1, further comprising a divert valve fluidly coupled to the outlet port.5.The precursor delivery system of claim 4, further comprising a controller valve fluidly coupled to the outlet port and the divert valve.6.The precursor delivery system of claim 5, wherein the controller causes the controller valve to open and the divert valve to close when the pressure of the fluid measured by the vapor pressure sensor measured at a first time does not deviate from the pressure of the fluid measured at a second time by greater than 5 percent, wherein the second time is measured 0.5 seconds later.7.The precursor delivery system of claim 5, wherein the controller causes the controller valve to open and the divert valve to close when the pressure of the fluid measured by the vapor pressure sensor decreases below a threshold vapor pressure.8.The precursor delivery system of claim 5, wherein when the divert valve is open, the fluid is diverted to a divert chamber.9.The precursor delivery system of claim 8, wherein when the divert valve is open, the fluid is diverted to a recycle fluid line.10.The precursor delivery system of claim 1, wherein the fluid comprises a carrier gas delivered through the inlet port and the precursor disposed in the container.11.The precursor delivery system of claim 10, wherein the precursor is a solid precursor.12.A method of delivering a precursor, comprising:opening a divert valve to allow flow between an outlet port of a container and a fluid recycle line and closing a controller valve to prevent flow into a process chamber from the outlet port of the container;delivering a carrier gas through an inlet port of the container to an internal region of the container, the internal region defined by one or more sidewalls, a lid, and a base, a precursor disposed in the internal region of the container;measuring a pressure of a fluid flowing through a headspace of the container using a vapor pressure sensor, the headspace disposed between the lid and the precursor disposed in the internal region of the container; andclosing the divert valve to prevent flow between the outlet port of the container and the fluid recycle line and opening the controller valve to allow flow into the process chamber from the outlet port of the container when the pressure of the fluid is measured to be less than a threshold pressure.13.The method of claim 12, further comprising heating the container when the pressure of the fluid is measured to be less than a post-divert threshold pressure.14.The method of claim 12, wherein the threshold pressure comprises a first measured pressure of the fluid increasing by less than 5 percent from a second measured pressure of the fluid.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the first measured pressure is measured from 0.1 to 0.5 seconds before the second measured pressure is measured.16.The method of claim 12, wherein the fluid is diverted to a recycle fluid line, the recycle fluid line fluidly coupled to the container via a recycle valve.17.The method of claim 16, further comprising opening the recycle valve to allow fluid to flow to the container when the pressure of the fluid is measured to be less than the threshold pressure.18.The method of claim 17, wherein the vapor pressure sensor is disposed adjacent to an auxiliary port, the auxiliary port disposed in the headspace of the container.19.A precursor delivery system, comprising:a container comprising one or more sidewalls, a base, and a lid that define an internal region, wherein the internal region comprises a headspace that is disposed between the lid and a precursor disposed in the internal region of the container;an inlet port disposed in the lid of the container;a carrier gas line fluidly coupled to the inlet port;an outlet port disposed in the lid of the container, the outlet port coupled to an auxiliary port disposed in the headspace;a controller;a vapor pressure sensor disposed adjacent to the auxiliary port and coupled to the controller, the vapor pressure sensor configured to measure a pressure of a fluid flowing through the auxiliary port;one or more container heaters coupled to the controller and disposed on an exterior surface of the container;a foreline fluidly coupled to the outlet port;a divert valve fluidly coupled to the outlet port via the foreline; anda controller valve fluidly coupled to a process chamber via the foreline.20.The precursor delivery system of claim 19, further comprising:a divert chamber fluidly coupled to the divert valve via a divert line; anda recycle line fluidly coupled to the divert chamber and fluidly coupled to a recycle port disposed in the lid of the container.