User equipment privacy protection
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/072341
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2026-01-13
- Publication Date
- 2026-10-22
Smart Images

Figure CN2026072341_22102026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
USER EQUIPMENT PRIVACY PROTECTIONTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to user equipment (UE) privacy protection, for example, UE privacy protection in integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) .BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication devices, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)) .
[0003] Study related to integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) is ongoing. In a 6G study scope, practical user experience, system extensibility, and performance excellence are essential to support the anticipated diverse service classes ranging from immersive multimedia and massive Internet of things (IoT) to integrated communications and sensing. Use cases for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) could be classified to several scenarios, such as object detection and tracking, environment monitoring, and motion monitoring. A target to be sensed may be a UE in some scenarios. Privacy protection for UE (s) is need to be considered in some UE sensing scenarios.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support UE privacy protection, for example, UE privacy protection in ISAC.
[0005] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , a request for privacy protection related to sensing; determining the first UE among a set of targets; and performing the privacy protection for the first UE by one of: refraining from performing sensing on the first UE; or removing at least one sensing result associated with the first UE from one or more sensing results, wherein the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets.
[0006] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the request for the privacy protection comprises at least one of the following: at least one sensing area; at least one sensing time duration; at least one sensing direction; at least one accurate level of sensing results; or at least one aspect of sensing results.
[0007] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one aspect of sensing results comprises at least one of the following: at least one positioning related result; at least one motion characteristic; at least one target attribute; or information related to state recognition.
[0008] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, refraining from performing the sensing on the first UE in the at least one sensing area; refraining from performing the sensing on the first UE during the at least one sensing time duration; or refraining from performing the sensing on the first UE in the at least one sensing direction.
[0009] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the removed at least one sensing result associated with the first UE comprises at least one of the following: at least one sensing result associated with the at least one sensing area; at least one sensing result associated with the at least one sensing time duration; at least one sensing result corresponding to one or more of the at least one accurate level of sensing results; at least one sensing result associated with the at least one sensing direction; or at least one sensing result belonging to the at least one aspect.
[0010] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein further include, receiving assistance information from the first UE or a sensing function (SF) ; or obtaining registered assistance information of the first UE; wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of: at least one characteristic of the first UE, or communication information of the first UE.
[0011] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network apparatus is a base station, and the assistance information is received from the first UE or the SF; or the network apparatus is an SF, and the assistance information is received from the first UE.
[0012] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one characteristic of the first UE comprises at least one of the following: information related to positioning of the first UE; at least one motion characteristic of the first UE; at least one target attribute of the first UE; or information related to state recognition of the first UE.
[0013] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the communication information of the first UE comprises at least one of the following: an identifier of the first UE in a network; a state of the first UE in a network; information related to a location of the first UE; or traffic context of the first UE.
[0014] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein further include, determining the first UE among the set of targets by: comparing the one or more sensing results associated with the set of targets with the at least one characteristic of the first UE.
[0015] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, determining the first UE among the set of targets by: determining the first UE based on the communication information of the first UE.
[0016] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein further include, obtaining communication signal characteristics based on communication with the first UE; and obtaining one or more intermediate results associated with sensing on the set of targets.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, at least one of the following is comprised in the communication signal characteristics and / or the one or more intermediate results: delay-doppler spectra; constant false alarm rate (CFAR) -processed candidate target points; angle of arrival (AoA) estimates; angle of departure (AoD) estimates; preliminary radar cross section (RCS) estimates; at least one multipath parameter; clutter power statistics; or interference power statistics.
[0018] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, determining the first UE among the set of targets by: comparing the communication signal characteristics and the one or more intermediate results.
[0019] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein further include, suspending the privacy protection for the first UE when at least one event occurs; and resuming the privacy protection for the first UE after the at least one event ends.
[0020] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one event comprises at least one of the following: at least one default event; at least one registered event; the first UE being in at least one registered area; or time for sensing the first UE is within at least one registered time duration.
[0021] Some implementations of the method and devices described herein include, transmitting, to a network apparatus, a request for privacy protection related to sensing; and transmitting, to the network apparatus, assistance information for assisting the network apparatus to perform the privacy protection.
[0022] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the request for the privacy protection comprises at least one of the following: at least one sensing area; at least one sensing time duration; at least one sensing direction; at least one accurate level of sensing results; or at least one aspect of sensing results.
[0023] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one aspect of sensing results comprises at least one of the following: at least one positioning related result; at least one motion characteristic; at least one target attribute; or information related to state recognition.
[0024] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the assistance information comprises at least one of: at least one characteristic of a UE (or referred to as a first UE in some examples) , or communication information of the first UE.
[0025] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the at least one characteristic of the first UE comprises at least one of the following: information related to positioning of the first UE; at least one motion characteristic of the first UE; at least one target attribute of the first UE; or information related to state recognition of the first UE.
[0026] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the communication information of the first UE comprises at least one of the following: an identifier of the first UE in a network; a state of the first UE in a network; information related to a location of the first UE; or traffic context of the first UE.
[0027] In some implementations of the method and devices described herein, the network apparatus is a base station or a sensing function (SF) .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates an example signaling diagram illustrating an example process that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a device that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a processor that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0035] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0036] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0037] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0038] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0039] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as, 5G new radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a user equipment and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0040] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a user equipment can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a V2X (vehicle-to-everything) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a SMF, an AMF, a PCF, a UPF or devices with same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0041] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a user equipment may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The user equipment may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable user equipment, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture user equipment such as a digital camera, a gaming user equipment, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless user equipment, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like.
[0042] In a 6G study scope, practical user experience, system extensibility, and performance excellence are essential to support the anticipated diverse service classes ranging from immersive multimedia and massive Internet of things (IoT) to integrated communications and sensing. Use cases for ISAC could be classified to several scenarios, such as object detection and tracking, environment monitoring, and motion monitoring. Object detection and tracking has higher requirement on range and velocity accuracy and resolution, at the same time, sensing latency could be as low as 20ms, and refreshing rate could be 0.05s. While environment monitoring has loosened requirement e.g. positioning accuracy and latency requirement is low, and no requirement on resolution and velocity. For motion monitoring, the positioning accuracy and resolution, as well as refreshing rate is relatively high.
[0043] In some UE sensing scenarios, UE may be a target to be sensed. In such scenarios, privacy protection for UE (s) is need to be considered. For example, some UEs may not want to be sensed and their information (e.g. location, gesture, human shape, motion, human characteristics etc. ) are privacy. As another example, for some VIP UE, even all information relates to the UE may not want to be sensed and revealed. In this sense, how to protect UE’s privacy in a 6G ISAC system is an important issue. Specifically, there may be the following issues #1 to #3 to be solved.
[0044] Issue#1 is how the network knows which UE is privacy UE during a sensing procedure. Issue#2 is how the network protects the privacy UE’s sensing results. Issue#3 is how the network controls temporary sensing for the privacy UE. Some solutions for solving the above issues are provided in some embodiments / implementations / examples of the present disclosure.
[0045] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as communication network or comprises a communication network) 100 that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0046] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signalling, transmit signalling) over a communication interface.
[0047] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0048] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0049] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0050] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a communication interface.
[0051] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as a radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0052] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0053] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU)) .
[0054] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signalling (e.g., RRC, service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signalling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0055] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0056] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0057] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0058] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0059] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0060] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0061] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0062] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0063] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0064] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0065] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 2-6.
[0066] FIG. 2 illustrates an example signaling diagram illustrating an example process 200 that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. A network apparatus 203 and a first UE 201 are shown in FIG. 2. In one example implementation, the network apparatus 203 may be implemented as a base station, e.g. a network entity 102 above. In another example implementation, the network apparatus 203 may be implemented as a sensing function (SF) , e.g. an SF or another network function having the same or similar functions as the SF in the core network 106 above.
[0067] The first UE 201 may be a UE of which the privacy is to be protected. In some examples herein, privacy may be referred to as sensing privacy. Protection of privacy may be referred to as sensing privacy protection. The first UE 201 may be referred to as sensing privacy UE or privacy UE.
[0068] In the process 200, at 202, the first UE 201 transmits, to the network apparatus 203, a request 215 for privacy protection related to sensing. Then the network apparatus 203 receives the request 215 for privacy protection related to sensing from the first UE 201.
[0069] For example, an ISAC system comprises an SF, an ISAC capable UE, an ISAC capable BS or a wireless point. A UE (e.g. the ISAC capable UE, or another UE without a sensing capability) which is a sensing target (or a target to be sensed) may have privacy for sensing. For example, the UE does not want to be sensed by the network or does not want to be exposed by a sensing system (e.g. the ISAC system above) . In this case, the UE may request that the network protect the UE’s sensing privacy. For example, the UE may send a request message (i.e. the request 215) to the network, e.g. to the ISAC capable BS or SF. In some examples, sending the request message may also depend on some conditions e.g. if the network broadcasts that a cell supports sensing, coverage of the cell supports sensing, and / or a specific geographic area supports sensing. The first UE 201 is in the coverage of the cell above. The request message may indicate, to the network, whether the UE can be sensed by the network or not.
[0070] In some examples, the request 215 for the privacy protection may comprise: at least one sensing area; at least one sensing time duration; at least one sensing direction; at least one accurate level of sensing results; or at least one aspect of sensing results; or any combination thereof. In some examples, an accurate level of sensing results may indicate whether accurate sensing results can be revealed or only rough sensing results can be revealed.
[0071] In some examples, the first UE 201 may request which aspect (s) of sensing results is to be protected and is not to be revealed by the network (e.g. the base station or the SF) . In some examples, the at least one aspect of sensing results may comprise: at least one positioning related result; at least one motion characteristic; at least one target attribute; or information related to state recognition; or any combination thereof. Positioning related result (s) may comprise, e.g., three-dimensional (3D) coordinates (x, y, z) , positioning accuracy (circular error probable (CEP) / root mean square (RMS)) , trajectory prediction etc. Motion characteristic (s) may comprise, e.g., radial velocity, angular velocity, moving direction, acceleration etc. Target attribute (s) may comprise, e.g., target types (e.g. human / vehicle / UAV / obstacle) , size / contour, accurate RCS values etc. State recognition may comprise, e.g. posture (e.g., pedestrian posture) , behavior (e.g., pedestrian running, vehicle lane change) , event labels (e.g., "vehicle intrusion" ) , scene classification (e.g., "indoor conference room" ) .
[0072] In some examples, the network apparatus 203 may obtain assistance information 225 of the first UE 201. In some examples, the assistance information 225 may comprise: at least one characteristic of the first UE 201; or communication information of the first UE 201; or the combination thereof.
[0073] In some examples, the at least one characteristic of the first UE 201 may comprise: information related to positioning of the first UE 201; at least one motion characteristic of the first UE 201; at least one target attribute of the first UE 201; or information related to state recognition of the first UE 201. In some examples, the information related to positioning of the first UE 201 may comprise, e.g. 3D coordinates (x, y, z) , positioning accuracy (CEP / RMS) , trajectory prediction etc. In some examples, the at least one motion characteristic of the first UE 201 may comprise e.g. radial velocity, angular velocity, moving direction, acceleration etc. In some examples, at least one target attribute of the first UE 201 may comprise, e.g. target types (human / vehicle / UAV / obstacle) , size / contour, accurate RCS values etc. The information related to state recognition of the first UE 201 may comprise information of one or more of the following: posture (e.g., pedestrian posture) , behavior (e.g., pedestrian running, vehicle lane change) , event labels (e.g., "vehicle intrusion" ) , scene classification (e.g., "indoor conference room" ) .
[0074] In some examples, the communication information of the first UE 201 may comprise: an identifier of the first UE 201 in a network; a state of the first UE 201 in a network; information related to a location of the first UE 201; or traffic context of the first UE 201. For example, the communication information of the first UE 201 may comprise one or more of the following of the first UE 201: a UE identifier in a 3GPP network (e.g. a radio network identifier, a core network identifier, globally unique temporary identifier (GUTI) , or subscription permanent identifier (SUPI) etc. ) ; a UE state in a radio network or core network; a UE location (e.g. a serving cell identity, a serving AMF etc. ) ; or UE traffic context.
[0075] As mentioned above, an example of the network apparatus 203 is a base station or an SF. In such example, as shown at 204, the first UE 201 may transmit, to the network apparatus 203, assistance information 225 for assisting the network apparatus 203 to perform the privacy protection. For example, the assistance information 225 may be used by the network apparatus 203 for finding and matching the first UE 201 among the set of targets. The network apparatus 203 may receive the assistance information 225 from the first UE 201.
[0076] In some examples, the first UE 201 may transmit, to the network apparatus 203, the assistance information 225 together with the request 215. In some examples, the first UE 201 may transmit, to the network apparatus 203, the assistance information 225 based on network acquisition.
[0077] In some examples, the first UE 201 may transmit, to the network apparatus 203, the assistance information 225 during an initial access procedure of the first UE 201. In some examples, the first UE 201 may transmit, to the network apparatus 203, the assistance information 225 during an authentication / registration procedure of the first UE 201.
[0078] In some other examples, an example of the network apparatus 203 is the base station, and the base station may obtain the assistance information 225 from an SF. For example, the first UE 201 transmits the assistance information 225 to the SF, and the SF may transmit the assistance information 225 to the base station.
[0079] In some further examples, the first UE 201 may request for registering the assistance information 225 in the network, and thus the network apparatus 203 may obtain the registered assistance information of the first UE 201. For example, the assistance information 225 may be registered in a network node e.g. unified data management (UDM) / unified data repository (UDR) / SF by the operator.
[0080] At 206, the network apparatus 203 determines the first UE 201 among a set of targets. The first UE 201 is one of the set of targets. In some examples, determining the first UE 201 among the set of targets may refer to finding or matching the first UE 201 among the set of targets. In other words, the network apparatus 203 determines / finds / matches which target among the set of targets is the first UE 201.
[0081] In some examples, the set of targets may be targets to be sensed. In some other examples, the set of targets are sensed in a sensing procedure. Thus, the network apparatus 203 may obtain one or more sensing results and / or one or more intermediate results associated with the set of targets.
[0082] In an example, network apparatus 203 is an SF, and the SF may obtain the one or more sensing results, and / or one or more intermediate results from a base station or a sensing receiver. In another example, network apparatus 203 is a base station, the base station may obtain the one or more sensing results, and / or one or more intermediate results by performing sensing on the set of targets.
[0083] In an example, in order to determine the first UE 201 among the set of targets, the network apparatus 203 may compare the one or more sensing results associated with the set of targets with the at least one characteristic of the first UE 201. The network apparatus 203 may obtain the at least one characteristic from the assistance information 225, as described above. For example, if at least one characteristic of the first UE 201 is the same as or similar to one or more corresponding sensing results of a target (referred to as a first target) among the set of targets, then the network apparatus 203 may determine that the first target is the first UE 201.
[0084] In another example, the network apparatus 203 may determine the first UE 201 among the set of targets based on the communication information of the first UE 201. The communication information of the first UE 201 may be obtained from the assistance information 225, as described above. For example, the set of targets are targets to be sensed. The network apparatus 203 may find the first UE 201 among the set of targets based on the communication information of the first UE 201 (e.g. an identifier of the first UE 201 in a network, a state of the first UE 201 in a network, information related to a location of the first UE 201, or traffic context of the first UE 201, etc. ) .
[0085] In a further example, in order to determine the first UE 201 among the set of targets, the network apparatus 203 may compare communication signal characteristics associated with the first UE 201 and the one or more intermediate results. In some examples, the network apparatus 203 may obtain the communication signal characteristics based on communication with the first UE 201. In such example, an example of the network apparatus 203 may be a base station.
[0086] In some examples, the communication signal characteristics and / or the one or more intermediate results comprises: delay-doppler spectra; constant false alarm rate (CFAR) -processed candidate target points; angle of arrival (AoA) estimates; angle of departure (AoD) estimates; preliminary radar cross section (RCS) estimates; at least one multipath parameter (e.g. multipath parameter lists) ; clutter power statistics; or interference power statistics; or any combination thereof. As an example, the at least one multipath parameter may comprise delay, amplitude, angle, and phase.
[0087] For example, if one or more communication signal characteristics associated with the first UE 201 is the same as or similar to one or more corresponding intermediate results of a target (referred to as a first target) among the set of targets, then the network apparatus 203 may determine that the first target is the first UE 201.
[0088] At 208, the network apparatus 203 perform the privacy protection for the first UE 201 by one of: refraining from performing sensing on the first UE 201; or removing at least one sensing result associated with the first UE 201 from one or more sensing results, in which the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets.
[0089] In some example implementations, the network apparatus 203 may refrain from performing sensing on the first UE 201 based on the request 215 above.
[0090] As mentioned above, in an example, the request 215 may comprise at least one sensing area. In such example, the network apparatus 203 may refrain from performing the sensing on the first UE 201 in the at least one sensing area above. In another example, the request 215 may comprise at least one sensing time duration. In such example, the network apparatus 203 may refrain from performing the sensing on the first UE 201 during the at least one sensing time duration above. In a further example, the request 215 may comprise at least one sensing direction. In such example, the network apparatus 203 may refrain from performing the sensing on the first UE 201 in the at least one sensing direction above.
[0091] For example, the base station (an example of the network apparatus 203) which performs sensing privacy protection for the first UE 201, does not perform sensing to the first UE 201. Specifically, in order to refrain from performing sensing on the first UE 201, the base station may: avoid sensing the direction of first UE 201 by e.g. closing the corresponding beam (s) ; avoid sensing the first UE 201 during the time duration associated with the first UE 201 that in a coverage of the base station; avoid sensing the serving cell of first UE 201; or any combination thereof.
[0092] In some example implementations, the network apparatus 203 may remove the at least one sensing result associated with the first UE 201 from one or more sensing results based on the request 215 above.
[0093] For example, the base station (an example of the network apparatus 203) which performs sensing privacy protection for the first UE 201 may sense a plurality of targets (e.g. all the targets) in a sensing area according to a sensing service request, but remove the sensing results relates to the first UE 201. For example, the base station may remove the following sensing result (s) relates to the first UE 201: sensing result (s) associated with the at least one sensing area (e.g. sensing result (s) obtained by performing sensing in the at least one sensing area) ; sensing result (s) associated with the at least one sensing time duration (e.g. sensing result (s) obtained by performing sensing during the at least one sensing time duration) ; sensing result (s) corresponding to accurate level (s) of sensing results among the at least one accurate level of sensing results; sensing result (s) associated with the at least one sensing direction (e.g. sensing result (s) obtained by performing sensing in the at least one sensing direction) ; sensing result (s) belonging to the at least one aspect of sensing results above; or any combination thereof. The base station may report, to the core network (e.g. SF) , sensing results without the above sensing result (s) related to the first UE 201.
[0094] As another example, an SF (an example of the network apparatus 203) performing sensing privacy protection for the first UE 201 removes the sensing results relates to the first UE 201 and do not expose these sensing results to a 3rd party or do not expose the sensing results in the 3GPP network.
[0095] The at least one sensing results removed by the base station or the SF in some examples above may comprise one or more of the following: at least one sensing result associated with the at least one sensing area; at least one sensing result associated with the at least one sensing time duration; at least one sensing result corresponding to one or more of the at least one accurate level of sensing results; at least one sensing result associated with the at least one sensing direction; or at least one sensing result belonging to the at least one aspect.
[0096] In some examples, the network apparatus 203 may suspend the privacy protection for the first UE 201 when at least one event occurs. In some examples, the network apparatus 203 may resume the privacy protection for the first UE 201 after the at least one event ends.
[0097] In some examples, the at least one event above may comprise: at least one default event; at least one registered event; the first UE being outside a registered area; or sensing time associated with the first UE is outside a registered time duration; or any combination thereof. The at least one event may trigger temporary authentication for sensing the first UE 201.
[0098] The examples above provide exceptional cases in which a privacy UE may be temporarily sensed by the network.
[0099] For example, the at least one default event comprises emergency calling. If the first UE 201 starts an emergency call, then the first UE 201 may be sensed by the network during duration of the emergency call. After the emergency call ends, the network stop sensing the first UE 201 immediately. Alternatively, after the emergency call ends, the network stop sensing the first UE 201 after a time duration.
[0100] In another example, the first UE 201 can report / register at least one special event that the first UE 201 may be temporarily sensed by the network, or that temporary authentication is provided for the network to sense the first UE 201. For example, the first UE 201 may allow the network to sense the first UE 201 if the first UE is in the registered area, sensing time of the first UE 201 is within the registered time duration, or if the registered event occurs. The first UE 201 will not be sensed by the network if the first UE 201 is outside the registered area, if sensing time is outside a registered time duration, or if a registered event does not occur.
[0101] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a device 300 that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 300 may be an example of a UE or a network apparatus as described herein. The device 300 may support wireless communication with other device (s) in the present disclosure. The device 300 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 302, a memory 304, a transceiver 306, and, optionally, an I / O controller 308. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0102] The processor 302, the memory 304, the transceiver 306, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 302, the memory 304, the transceiver 306, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0103] In some implementations, the processor 302, the memory 304, the transceiver 306, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 302 and the memory 304 coupled with the processor 302 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 302, instructions stored in the memory 304) .
[0104] For example, the processor 302 may support wireless communication at the device 300 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, the processor 302 may be configured to operable to support a means for receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , a request for privacy protection related to sensing; a means for determining the first UE among a set of targets; and a means for performing the privacy protection for the first UE by one of: refraining from performing sensing on the first UE; or removing at least one sensing result associated with the first UE from one or more sensing results, in which the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets. The processor 302 may be configured to operable to support other means for other implementations of method 500.
[0105] In some other examples, the processor 302 may be configured to operable to support a means for transmitting, to a network apparatus, a request for privacy protection related to sensing; and a means for transmitting, to the network apparatus, assistance information for assisting the network apparatus to perform the privacy protection. The processor 302 may be configured to operable to support other means for other implementations of method 600.
[0106] The processor 302 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 302 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 302. The processor 302 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 304) to cause the device 300 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0107] The memory 304 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 304 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 302 cause the device 300 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 302 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 304 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0108] The I / O controller 308 may manage input and output signals for the device 300. The I / O controller 308 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 300. In some implementations, the I / O controller 308 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 308 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 308 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 302. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 300 via the I / O controller 308 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 308.
[0109] In some implementations, the device 300 may include a single antenna 310. However, in some other implementations, the device 300 may have more than one antenna 310 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 306 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 310, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 306 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 306 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 310 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 310. The transceiver 306 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0110] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 310 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0111] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 310 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0112] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a processor 400 that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 400 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 400 may include a controller 402 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 400 may optionally include at least one memory 404. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 400 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 406. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0113] The processor 400 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 400) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0114] The controller 402 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 400 to cause the processor 400 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 402 may operate as a control unit of the processor 400, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 400. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0115] The controller 402 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 404 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 400 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 402 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 404. The controller 402 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 402 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 400 to cause the processor 400 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 402 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 400. The controller 402 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 400.
[0116] The memory 404 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 400 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementation, the memory 404 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 400) . In some other implementations, the memory 404 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 400) .
[0117] The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 400, cause the processor 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 402 and / or the processor 400 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 404 to cause the processor 400 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting transmit power prioritization) . For example, the processor 400 and / or the controller 402 may be coupled with or to the memory 404, the processor 400, the controller 402, and the memory 404 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 400 may include multiple processors and the memory 404 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0118] The one or more ALUs 406 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementation, the one or more ALUs 406 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 400) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 406 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 400) . One or more ALUs 406 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 406 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 406 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 406 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 406 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0119] The processor 400 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples the processor 402 may be configured to or operable to support a means for receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , a request for privacy protection related to sensing; a means for determining the first UE among a set of targets; and a means for performing the privacy protection for the first UE by one of:refraining from performing sensing on the first UE; or removing at least one sensing result associated with the first UE from one or more sensing results, in which the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets. The processor 400 may be configured to or operable to support other means for other implementations of method 500. In some other examples, the processor 402 may be configured to or operable to support a means for transmitting, to a network apparatus, a request for privacy protection related to sensing; and a means for transmitting, to the network apparatus, assistance information for assisting the network apparatus to perform the privacy protection. The processor 400 may be configured to or operable to support other means for other implementations of method 600.
[0120] FIG. 5 illustrates a flowchart of a method 500 that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 500 may be implemented by an apparatus or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 500 may be performed by the network apparatus 203 or a network entity 102 or a network function in the core network 106 described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0121] At 505, the method includes receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , a request for privacy protection related to sensing. The operations of 505 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 505 may be performed by an apparatus as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4.
[0122] At 510, the method includes determining the first UE among a set of targets. The operations of 510 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 510 may be performed by an apparatus as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4.
[0123] At 515, the method includes performing the privacy protection for the first UE by one of: refraining from performing sensing on the first UE; or removing at least one sensing result associated with the first UE from one or more sensing results, in which the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets. The operations of 515 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 515 may be performed by an apparatus as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4.
[0124] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports UE privacy protection, such as UE privacy protection in ISAC, in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by the UE 201 or the UE 104 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0125] At 605, the method includes transmitting, to a network apparatus, a request for privacy protection related to sensing. The operations of 605 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 605 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4.
[0126] At 610, the method may include transmitting, to the network apparatus, assistance information for assisting the network apparatus to perform the privacy protection. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a device as described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 4.
[0127] It should be noted that the methods described herein describes possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0128] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0129] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0130] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0131] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0132] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
A network apparatus comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the apparatus to:receive, from a first user equipment (UE) , a request for privacy protection related to sensing;determine the first UE among a set of targets; andperform the privacy protection for the first UE by one of: refraining from performing sensing on the first UE; or removing at least one sensing result associated with the first UE from one or more sensing results, wherein the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets.The network apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is caused to:refrain from performing the sensing on the first UE in at least one sensing area;refrain from performing the sensing on the first UE during at least one sensing time duration; orrefrain from performing the sensing on the first UE in at least one sensing direction.The network apparatus of claim 1, wherein the removed at least one sensing result associated with the first UE comprises at least one of the following:at least one sensing result associated with at least one sensing area;at least one sensing result associated with at least one sensing time duration;at least one sensing result corresponding to at least one accurate level of sensing results;at least one sensing result associated with at least one sensing direction; orat least one sensing result belonging to at least one aspect of sensing results.The network apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:receive assistance information from the first UE or a sensing function (SF) ; orobtain registered assistance information of the first UE;wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of: at least one characteristic of the first UE, or communication information of the first UE.The network apparatus of claim 4, wherein:the network apparatus is a base station, and the assistance information is received from the first UE or the SF; orthe network apparatus is an SF, and the assistance information is received from the first UE.The network apparatus of claim 4, wherein the at least one characteristic of the first UE comprises at least one of the following:information related to positioning of the first UE;at least one motion characteristic of the first UE;at least one target attribute of the first UE; orinformation related to state recognition of the first UE.The network apparatus of claim 4, wherein the communication information of the first UE comprises at least one of the following:an identifier of the first UE in a network;a state of the first UE in a network;information related to a location of the first UE; ortraffic context of the first UE.The network apparatus of any of claims 4 to 6, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the first UE among the set of targets by:comparing the one or more sensing results associated with the set of targets with the at least one characteristic of the first UE.The network apparatus of claim 4 or 7, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the first UE among the set of targets by:determining the first UE based on the communication information of the first UE.The network apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:obtain communication signal characteristics based on communication with the first UE; andobtain one or more intermediate results associated with sensing on the set of targets.The network apparatus of claim 10, wherein the apparatus is caused to determine the first UE among the set of targets by:comparing the communication signal characteristics and the one or more intermediate results.The network apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is further caused to:suspend the privacy protection for the first UE when at least one event occurs; andresume the privacy protection for the first UE after the at least one event ends.A user equipment (UE) comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:transmit, via the transceiver and to a network apparatus, a request for privacy protection related to sensing; andtransmit, via the transceiver and to the network apparatus, assistance information for assisting the network apparatus to perform the privacy protection.The UE of claim 13, wherein the request for the privacy protection comprises at least one of the following:at least one sensing area;at least one sensing time duration;at least one sensing direction;at least one accurate level of sensing results; orat least one aspect of sensing results.The UE of claim 14, wherein the at least one aspect of sensing results comprises at least one of the following:at least one positioning related result;at least one motion characteristic;at least one target attribute; orinformation related to state recognition.The UE of claim 13, wherein the assistance information comprises at least one of: at least one characteristic of the UE, or communication information of the first UE.The UE of claim 16, wherein the at least one characteristic of the UE comprises at least one of the following:information related to positioning of the UE;at least one motion characteristic of the UE;at least one target attribute of the UE; orinformation related to state recognition of the UE.The UE of claim 16, wherein the communication information of the UE comprises at least one of the following:an identifier of the UE in a network;a state of the UE in a network;information related to a location of the UE; ortraffic context of the UE.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; anda controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to:transmit, to a network apparatus, a request for privacy protection related to sensing; andtransmit, to the network apparatus, assistance information for assisting the network apparatus to perform the privacy protection.A method performed by a network apparatus, the method comprising:receiving, from a first user equipment (UE) , a request for privacy protection related to sensing;determining the first UE among a set of targets; andperforming the privacy protection for the first UE by one of the following:refraining from performing sensing on the first UE; orremoving at least one sensing result associated with the first UE from one or more sensing results, wherein the one or more sensing results are obtained by performing sensing on the set of targets.