Multimodal methods and apparatus for reactants processing for energy and / or materials production and / or conversion (towards net+positive energy)

Abstract

Multi-modal methods are described in order to produce clean energy and materials by leveraging entropy of mixing, highly energetic material states, or both. The invention discloses how to leverage perceived disadvantages of materials, process, reactants, or a combination of them as advantages towards clean energy and / or materials production with net+positive carbon sequestration. Novelties also include a planetary scalable strategy to revert global atmospheric CO2 concentration to pre-industrial levels in an economically viable way as well as the methods to produce useful energy and / or materials while doing it. Further novelties include leveraging highly energetic material states for energy production, whether those states are localized or not, as well as previously unprecedented operating ranges, architectures, or combinations of both.

Description

MULTIMODAL METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR REACTANTS PROCESSING FOR ENERGY AND / OR MATERIALS PRODUCTION AND / OR CONVERSION (TOWARDS NET+POSITIVE ENERGY)

[0001] This international application claims the benefit and priority to U. S. Patent Application No:US19 / 177701, now U. S. Patent US20250250692A1 Filed April 14, 2025.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] This disclosure pertains to the field of energy, materials, and / or propulsion generation or conversion. Reactants which could be processed include but are not limited to: hydrogen, lithium, hydrocarbons, H2S, CO2, O2, N2, biomass, plastics, waste fuel, hazardous wastes, helium, deuterium, tritium, stable isotopes, and active isotopes through at least one of the following processes: chemical, physical, thermal, sub-atomic, and / or electrical enhanced with at least one of the following: solvents, fluids, plasma, catalysts, superimposed non-thermal energy inputs, abrupt pressure change, abrupt thermal change, alternating input streams or combining input streams.PRIOR ART US20250250692A1 does not express directly on how several bottlenecks for chemical or electrochemical processes and the manufacturing are circumvented. Such as the use of inorganic deep eutectic solvents, carbonates, nanofluids, and other salts to: 1 in an fluid system solubilize reactant ions, such as the ions of oxygen or oxygen and hydrogen, rather than elemental form and propagate them mechanical means in addition to diffusion as a means without expressing directly how to avoid the use of a solid or solid supported electrolyte; 2 the reduction in fabrication costs, material costs, processing costs, as well as throughput enhancement, by not requiring a solid electrolyte; 3 to enhance the cavitation induced processes in relation to aqueous solvents and / or transfer higher grade heat from reactions than aqueous base fluids; 4 express directly how a dual process for energy production where chemical and chemical (physical) sub-atomic reactions can be leveraged; 5 the creation of a process across perceived technology “domains”; 6 provide synergy for high energy processes; 7 The use of structured carrier materials for sub-atomic processes: enhancement, catalysis, activation, confinement, triggering, promotion, increase their proximity, increase reactant proximity, increase reactant activity, entanglement, create high value effluents or a combination thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Hydrocarbons (hereinafter encompassing C1to C100as in methane, ethane, ethylene, propane, Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 1LNG, LPG, as well as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, heavy oils, bio-sourced hydrocarbons... etc.) have been used to fulfill most of the world energy requirements in terms of the affordability and availability at the expense of atmospheric CO2emissions. Alternative methods for decarbonized, desulfurized, net-zero, or net-carbon positive sequestration (net+positive) processes and fuels are being hereby disclosed.

[0004] Energy demand continues to increase and an energy transition would be at the expense of energy starved populations.

[0005] Hydrogen is considered as the up and coming energy vector which could satisfy the energy trilemma of energy affordability, availability, and sustainability. The current primary source for hydrogen production is through the reformation of fossil fuels such as methane (CH4). This is primarily since the overall achievable energy leverage is well above unity. In other words the input energy is lower than the output energy, unlike for hydrogen from electrolysis. In this case the energy leverage is below unity, spending additional energy to retrieve energy at a later time. Hence the need for an energy expansion, rather than an energy transition (or contraction). In order to achieve that new processes are required.

[0006] That being said the volumetric energy density of gaseous hydrogen at standard conditions is unpractical for democratized chemical processes. This, when considering transportation and storage namely, is due to the requirement specialized containment systems and materials such as those for liquefied (cryogenic) hydrogen, high pressure hydrogen, chemical storage, or alternatively the use of alternative energy vectors such as organic hydrogen carriers or ammonia, to name a few. Additionally, this requires an additional CAPEX investment estimated up to 1 trillion USD and an even more complex cultural and economic shift.

[0007] Fuel subsides are expensive for state actors, and thus for its citizens. Alternatively, novel net+positive energy generating processes adoption is an economical long term strategy. Policies, incentives, and nudges derived from this paradigm change would tend to decentralize process adoption CAPEX by aligning with the natural power generation / conversion renewal cycles, power plant retrofitting / upgrading cycles, and market driven process adoption for capacity generation. Additionally, net+positive process adoption could be expedited with optimized process subsidies or net+positive incentives. As examples of those cycles, cars are renewed approximately every 7 to 10 years, and power plants about 20 to 25+ years. In other words end-users or developers contribute towards adoption CAPEX and no subsidy is required for OPEX, as it is with the clear example of the mass adoption of the electric vehicle. Hence the need to incentivize and promote as soon as possible the creation and adoption of net+positive carbon sequestration energy generation processes.

[0008] Those well informed in the comprehensive implications of an “energy transition” or net-zero schemes would tend to align with the view that a net-zero ambition efforts are equatable to a variation of Zeno’s paradox (for those academically inclined) or rate of diminishing returns (for those economically inclined). Zeno’s paradox states that an observer (incremental innovation or population) advances at steps that are a fraction of the distance required to reach the target. The Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 2observer is effectively approaching the target, yet it never reaches it. In contrast, the rate of diminishing returns states that to maintain a constant rate of successive incremental improvement (or incentives for incremental improvement), an exponential investment (or expense) curve would need to be followed. In contrast, if the ambition is expanded by say by about 50%, such as for net+positive processes, the global population would reach net-zero in two steps. Hence, the need for a paradigm change for the design of energy generating processes at scale. This is because even the “cleanest” or lowest carbon energy generation processes are still ranked by their carbon foot print, rather than by their carbon capture potential.

[0009] On the other hand, for non-carbon non-chemical based fuels, aqueous, and / or oil cavitation processes involving LENR have been proposed. These processes are restricted to the transfer of low grade heat due to the boiling temperature of aqueous solvents or low temperature oils. Their high vapour (partial) pressure limit compression ratios, maximum temperature achievable, maximum pressure changes or a combination thereof in cavitation mediated processes. Furthermore materials like Pd, Ti, Ni, and others have been attempted for LENR processes reducing the required energy input for sub-atomic processes by several orders of magnitude. Nevertheless, to the best of the authors knowledge, neither these materials nor the processes surrounding them have been properly optimized following a carefully crafted optimization strategy for net energy producing LENR processes, high energy process, mid-energy processes, or a mixture thereof as it will be presented in this invention. Mid-energy NR processes will hereinafter be referred to as MENR. As further insight, aqueous cavitation processes have been used to dispose of hazardous chemicals as well as actively radiating used fuels.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] An excerpt is provided of various concepts presented within this disclosure in order to facilitate a general understanding. The summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor it is intended as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter. Further aspects, details, advantages, and improvements on the subject mater will be described hereinafter to a greater extent.

[0011] In a first non-limiting example of the method in the present disclosure a supply of a reactant such as the non-limiting example of hydrocarbon containing stream (hereby extending in definition to hydrocarbon derived materials such as plastics, biomass, biofuels, e-fuels, etc...), hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, air, oxygen, or a combination thereof is contacted with or injected to a moving fluid (hereby extending to a fluid where motion is induced upon contact or injection, and not to be limited in any regard by the direction of motion of the fluid relative to injection, gravity, or buoyancies). Wherein the fluid is able solubilize ionic species derived from the reactants, such as the non-limiting case of ionic oxygen species, protons or both. In so doing, inducing at least one of the following: an electric current, an electric potential gradient, a chemical potential gradient, a magnetic potential, an electrochemical gradient, or a combination thereof; wherein optionally at least oneAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 3electrode is included. Furthermore the moving fluid transports at least one ionic species (e.g. protons and / or oxygen species) and produces at least one effluent (e.g. H2O). Other potential effluents include carbon, as well as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Furthermore the circulation path of the fluid is of variable length as to regulate the production of energy or distinct effluents. As a nonlimiting example the circulation path of the fluid is extended as to reduce or eliminate the production of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, or both. Non-limiting examples of fluids for this particular embodiment include salts, such as to include: carbonate salts, nitrates, halides, phosphates, to name a few; deep eutectic solvents, such as to include inorganic deep eutectic solvents, organic deep eutectic solvents, phosphate based deep eutectic solvents, sulfate based deep eutectic solvents, to name a few; liquid metals; carrier material (system), such as to include: high entropy alloys, high entropy hydrides, carbides, high entropy ceramics (e.g. carbides or carbonitrides, to name a few) to name a few; catalyst materials, such as to include nickel, cobalt, ex-solved nickel (e.g. such as from the nonlimiting examples of a ceria, fluorite, or perovskite based material), ex-solved cobalt, ex-solved alloys, carbides, plasmonic carbides, nitrides, plasmonic nitrides, carbonitrides, plasmonic carbonitrides; nanofluids thereof; high entropy compounds thereof; composites thereof; or combinations thereof. It is noteworthy that a protonic layer or ionic conducting layer as mentioned in US20250250692A1 for contacting intends to a point, line, area, volume, time or combination thereof of the fluid of choice. To further illustrate, in a non-limiting manner, the temporal component, or the non-static demarcation of such a layer, or both, consider at least one long circulation path wherein the reactants injected alternate between a first oxidant (e.g. oxygen or air) and a first fuel (e.g. methane, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, to name a few) with an injection pause in between streams. It is noteworthy that alternating reactant injection or vessels increase the poisoning tolerance (e.g. poisoning due to H2S containing streams). The solvation of ionic species in a moving fluid would reach an initial concentration from a first oxidant injection, after a spacer (non-injection period) the first fuel is injected, wherein the first injected oxidant comes in contact with an electrode further promoting ion solvation as well as the alternate reactant is in contact with the electrode injector. Thereafter the fluid further circulates (e.g. spacer) wherein the electrode is in contact with the first injected fuel and the second injected oxidant is injected, effectively reversing the electric potential between electrodes and creating an alternating current, alternating voltage or both. Furthermore at a sufficient length both ionic species will diffuse due to electrochemical potentials and create an effluent (e.g. H2O) at a layer location, time, or both could then be dictated beyond a delimited location by at least one of the following diffusivity of the fluid, spacer length, flow speed, or a combination thereof, to name a few. Now to further illustrate the alternating current or alternating voltage consider two parallel circulation paths with conjugate reactant injection and an optional mixing tank. Please note that the pairing of the electrodes must not follow the path of fluid flow.

[0012] In a second non-limiting example of the method in the present disclosure a carrier material system is used for a reaction or catalysis process involving a moving fluid (e.g. the non-limiting examples of: a cavitating fluid, a plasma, or a combination of both), a piezoelectric material,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 4ultrasonication, an emulsion (e.g. the non-limiting examples of: nanoemulsion, microemulsion, a cavitation induced emulsion, or a combination thereof), or a combination thereof, in order to at least one of the following: produce energy, convert energy, produce a material, convert a material, transmute a material, or a combination thereof, wherein the carrier material system has carried materials (e.g. a hydrogen isotope or isotopes) to carrying material atom (e.g. metals) ratio is above 2, the carried materials in the material carrier system are at held at a proximity of twice or less of their distance in their unbound state (e.g. hydrogen isotope to hydrogen isotope distance in relation to the interatomic hydrogen isotope distance in the molecular state), or a combination thereof. As a non-limiting example consider a carrier material system at least partially composed of a high entropy alloy, medium entropy alloy, Kubas (effect) interaction material for a hydrogen isotope storage such as Y3Fe4H20, Zr0.5V(Hx), decorated h-BN, or YScNdGd(Hx). The carrier being optionally at least partially patterned, sculpted or both as to interact at least with one of the following with electromagnetic radiation, sub-atomic particles, contacting fluid, an electrical stimuli, a magnetic stimuli, a quantum vacuum stimuli, a weakly interacting particle, or a combination thereof e.g. as in the non-limiting examples of creating an antenna, a meta-material, a plasmonic material or a combination thereof. As a non-limiting example consider that the frequency to interact with electromagnetic radiation (e.g. the non-limiting example including a coherent source, an entangled source or both) is designed as to interact with or close to the of emission, absorption, transition, vibrational, resonance, displace, the similar or a combination frequency thereof of at least part of the reactants, products, or both (e.g. the non-limiting example including sub-atomic particles as protons, neutrons, the nucleus [NMR], atomic vibrations [FTIR], atomic bonds, atomic transitions, molecular vibrations [DCS], molecular bonds, molecular transition states [Raman / CARS], to name a few). Furthermore the carrier material system optionally contacted (e.g. partially enclosed, directly contacted, fluidly contacted, or a combination thereof) with at least one of the following: a piezoelectric material, an ionic pump material, an ionic pump material with a liquid electrode and optionally a liquid electrolyte, an ionic non-conductor (e.g. blocking layer), a thermoelectric material, structural reinforcement layer, a sticking layer material (e.g. Ti, Cr, or similar), a material with a thermal expansion coefficient mismatch, a magnetic material, a further meta-material, a metal, an insulator (e.g. including high-K dielectrics), a semi-conductor, a piezoelectric vibration source, highly energetic particles, highly energetic sub-atomic particles, a sub-atomic particle absorber, to name a few.

[0013] Optionally, the carrier material system being loaded or unloaded after encapsulation (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of loading through the ionic pump, or thermal shock unloading), wherein the carrier material system creates a mechanical strain (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of a lattice strain) through the reaction. Optionally the carrier material system being used to make a nanofluid in the moving fluid. Optionally the carrier material system being used as a trigger as in the non-limiting case of at least one subsequent reaction.

[0014] A third non-limiting embodiment involves the use of cavitation with a plasma beingAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 5contacted (injected) to a cavitating fluid. Wherein optionally a carrier material is used, the carrier material could optionally be further used as a (nano)particle for a nanofluid, colloid in a fluid, as a target material, or a combination thereof. A further non-limiting examples of cavitating fluids includes at least one of the following magnetic (nano)particles, electrically charged (nano)particles, emulsions, an electrical potential, a magnetic potential, the like or combinations thereof.

[0015] A fourth non-limiting embodiment involves shaping a plasma to create a hollow toroid, a helical toroidal plasma, a double-helical toroidal plasma, a multi-helical toroidal plasma, or induce filamentation of the plasma by using at least partially a magnetic stimulus, an electrical stimulus or both leading to the creation of a plasmoid.

[0016] A fifth non-limiting embodiment involves the levitation of a high boiling temperature fluid (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of liquids with a boiling point above 350°C, 500°C, 1000°C, 2000°C, 3000°C, 4000°C, 5000°C, or 6000°C) and at least inducing cavitation on the fluid in order to produce, convert, or both at least one of the following: energy, a material, a sub-atomic particle or a combination thereof; optionally the high boiling temperature fluid could include solids (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of a carrier material system), gases, nanofluids, supercritical fluids, or combinations thereof. Non-limiting methods for inducing levitation include at least one of the following methods: magnetic, electric, electro-magnetic, acoustic, optical (e.g. non-limiting example of optical tweezers), or a combination thereof. A further non-limiting example of the embodiment includes adding energy to the fluid by at least one of the following methods: magnetically, electrically, electro-magnetically, acoustically, thermally, by the conversion of mass to energy, with highly energetic particles, with highly energetic sub-atomic particles, or a combination thereof (e.g. as in the non-limiting example of using RF to make or maintain the fluid at least partially liquid). A further non-limiting example of the embodiment includes rotating, adding at least one vortex or both to the levitating fluid (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of creating at least one of the following: a vortex diode, helical-toroid, multi-helical toroid or a combination thereof). A further non-limiting example of the embodiment includes circulating or moving at least a portion of the fluid while it levitates (e.g. non-limiting examples include creating a toroidal trajectory, a linear trajectory, a curvilinear trajectory, an oscillating trajectory, a directional trajectory, a looped trajectory, a helical trajectory, an open path trajectory or a combination thereof). A further non-limiting example of the embodiment includes the levitating high boiling temperature fluid being at least partially contained, surrounded, contacted, or a combination thereof, with a solid. A further non-limiting example of the embodiment includes the formation of a vortex diode, a Venturi or a combination thereof using one of the means of levitation of the high boiling temperature fluid.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0017] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying Figures. Like elements in the various figures may be denoted by like reference numerals for consistency. Further, in the following detailed description of embodiments of the Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 6present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that embodiments disclosed herein may be practised without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features or alternatives have not been described in detail to avoid further unnecessarily complicating the description. Additionally, it will be apparent to one of skill in the art that the scale of the elements presented in related figures may vary without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Variations can include yet are not limited to at least one of the following: process step reordering, step repetition, steps omission, steps merging or combinations thereof. The use of “and / or” is meant for the ease of lecture and it is to intend that at least one of the listed items or at least one combination of the listed items is to be considered.

[0018] Embodiments of this disclosure relate to the need to develop sustainable, clean, and efficient methods for the production and / or conversion of energy, energy vectors, and / or materials including within the scope of greenhouse gasses (GHG) emissions avoidance and to shift the mindset of an energy transition to that of an energy expansion.

[0019] Hydrocarbons are currently the main source of energy world wide. This patent application, as well as the one where priority is claimed, discloses a alternative routes to break at least two paradigms. The first is that hydrocarbons or fossil fuel for energy generation equals net greenhouse gases emissions. The second is that cavitation is a process to be avoided, rather than to be enhanced and harnessed for multimodal energy generation, particularly for high temperature fluids mediated processes.

[0020] On the net GHG emission paradigm, the disclosed net-zero or net-zero-oriented processes by design involving hydrocarbon based energy are the key to globally scalable net+positive carbon sequestration. Although this probably sounds counter-intuitive at first, consider the scenario of a net- zero hydrocarbon based energy process with the following scenario. When the hydrocarbon based energy generation process does not produce (or barely produces) GHGs, the likely outcomes on net GHG emissions range from net-zero (almost net-zero) to net+positive carbon capture (herein after net+positive). The net+positive process appears to be counter-intuitive never the less one is to consider that the top economies in the world require by law, that a percentage (e.g. 15%) of the hydrocarbon based fuels used must be sourced from bio-fuels or e-fuels. It is noteworthy that this is an already scaled up process for fuels (implemented policies) with a complete infrastructure and facilities around their deployment. An energy generation process where hydrocarbons do not produce (marginally) any further carbon-oxygen bonds, such as those in the previous patent application, will in the overall fuel life cycle assessment sequester a percentage of carbon from the atmosphere as bio-fuels or e-fuels in the deployed fuel blends. In other words, on an ideal scenario for net+positive energy generation processes based on atmosphere derived fuels would represent an improvement by a factor of two in terms of GHG emissions from the current state of energy generation in most countries. Wherein rather than pumping carbon out of the ground and converting it to GHG in the atmosphere, GHGs in the atmosphere are transformed to bio / e-fuels and then toAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 7carbon in the ground. Namely this represents switching from a factor of -lx to +lx in carbon sequestration per unit of fuel used (e.g. litre or kg).

[0021] The estimates of an energy transition cost on “net-zero” hydrogen based fuels adoption is expected to be around 1 trillion USD. Unlike other “clean” fuels like hydrogen and ammonia, which are not traditionally derived from hydrocarbons, there are no required assumptions to prove scalability on fuel production, distribution and / or adoption, since this is already economically viable today and has been for at least the past couple of decades. From a state, country, union, or global incentives perspective, rather than spending on continuous subsidies and infrastructure to the “net- zero” fuels, the subsidies can be invested towards the adoption of net+positive (net-zero) energy generating processes. This is portrayed as an investment both environmentally as well as economically due to the carbon credits market in addition to the carbonaceous materials produced; wherein carbon credits are to be gained from the avoidance of emissions, and in the case of blended fuels, additional carbon credits are to be gained from net+positive carbon sequestration. At a hopeful yet still pragmatic near future, where one could assume a global Pareto non-adoption of these patented net+positive processes of 20%. One should keep in mind that if the 80% that adopted net+positive processes for hydrocarbon fuel usage and the fuel composition is a blend containing 20% bio-fuels and / or e-fuels, one would achieve global net-zero energy derived emissions. Higher percentage blending of bio-fuels and / or e-fuels would effectively pave the way towards a global net+positive energy economy regime and thereafter a path towards pre-industrial atmospheric GHG levels. Which means that the touted 1 trillion USD CAPEX investment required for the global hydrogen fuel economy could be best invested in net+positive hydrocarbon energy adoption in order to achieve economy of scale production. The net+positive hydrocarbon energy route steers the world out of the energy trilemma path and into an energy trifecta path with a win-win-win-win scenario. Where the population (affordability), the environment (sustainability), the big / legacy energy companies (availability), and governments (incentives) win. In some regions of the world, governments collect tax from hydrocarbons sales of up to 50% of the total cost, thus maintaining governmental incentives would increase global “good will” (invisible hand) towards net+positive processes adoption. Examples of such governments with such levels of taxation and the intention to become a net-zero (net+positive) nation can be found throughout the “developed world”.

[0022] To provide further details to the previously claimed and patented, which pertain to the use of solvents that solubilize ions, which expand the design space for (net+positive) processes development as well as facilitate fabrication and scale-up. Also expanding to explicitly cover rather than implicitly as well as for completeness sake on the previous claims pertaining to ease of fabrication and bottleneck (intermediate) processes alleviation. A proton conducting layer as mentioned in the summary intends to a point, line, area, volume, time or combination thereof of the fluid of choice. As disclosed in US20250250692A1 a bottleneck for electrochemical processes involving oxygen is the creation of the ionic species (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of those containing oxygen, hydrogen or both) in a given electrode. It is to remember that the electrode forAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 8such an electrochemical device includes the triple phase boundaries and extends in most cases to materials directly contacting it. A further bottleneck process is the ionic conductivity of an ionic conductor. Therefore to circumvent conventional limitations for both an ionic conductor that solubilize multiple ionic species is selected (whether the solubility of ionic species are is in the same range or might vary by orders of magnitude). A non-limiting example would be the use of carbonates and combinations with carbonates that can simultaneously solubilize protons, ionic oxygen species, or both; wherein optionally non-ionic species are not significantly soluble in the fluid e.g. carbonaceous solids (particularly for oxygen lean segments of the method and / or apparatus). For the latter case, one could observe that since ionic species are soluble in a fluid, the need for a static ionic conductor, a solid ionic conductor, an immobilized ionic conductor, a supported ionic conductor, or a combination thereof is hence obviated. Undissolved reactants can be separated by a plurality of means (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of buoyancy, differential pressure, baffles, grit, etc.) and dissolved ionic species can be additionally mechanically conducted rather than only electrochemically. Thereafter the ion carrying fluids could be further mechanically mixed enhancing the overall apparent ionic conductivity, overall reaction throughput or both. As a non-limiting analogy to the process, one could visualize that dissolving oxygen ionic species pulls electrons and dissolving protons “pushes” electrons out of one reactant into the other reactant is akin to an allwheel drive vehicle moving faster and safer than a simple front wheel drive or a back wheel drive vehicle. As a non-limiting embodiment the use of a oxide ion solubilizer (e.g. superoxide, and / or peroxide ion) and cationic conductor (e.g. proton isotope (H+ / D+ / T+), lithium, sodium, etc...) could be used to generate electricity when contacted with two electrodes (e.g. not only for a moving fluid but also a static material). A non-limiting embodiment of a simple application of the method comprises a hydrocarbon containing vessel (e.g. metallic one such as a nickel containing alloy), fluidly and / or ionically connected to the oxide ion solubilizer and proton conductor, which is also fluidly and / or ionically connected to an electrode and / or to an oxygen source (e.g. air, or oxygen containing vessel) in order to generate electrical energy and / or heat; wherein optionally a segment of the electrode overlaps with the fuel vessel at a gap to enhance the reaction rate. Further optional elements could include a vapour release outlet, a columnar structure as to maintain hydrocarbon pressure with the fluid weight, a fuel dosing mechanism, a floating electrode, oxygen dosing mechanism (e.g. lid), electrical insulating conduit, electrical insulating spacers (e.g. between closely placed overlapping electrodes or additional electrodes), other elements described below, among other elements readily obvious for those skilled in the art. For those partially skilled in the art wondering about CO2recirculation needed for MCFC, carbon can diffuse through (electro)chemical potential in the fluid or mechanical mixing for circulating devices. Furthermore 60% of the eutectic mix can be sourced from the air (by weight) and about 35% from desalinization wastes, which not only reduces the environmental impact but also could acquire carbon credits in addition to facilitate a route towards zero or reduced discharges back to the ocean. Furthermore with the further optimization of projects involving low-carbon or carbon free energy to “net-zero” hydrocarbons, e.g. particularly for thoseAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 9not operating at full capacity due to societal daily or seasonal energy demands, the need for pumping hydrocarbons will be diminished. Allowing for hydrocarbon lean nations to store their energy surplus as hydrocarbons while striving towards net+positive.

[0023] Those skilled in the art know that one of the most time consuming steps, energy consuming steps, quality control requiring steps, or a combination thereof (jointly known as fabrication bottlenecks) is fabricating the electrolyte and / or the MEA stack. This is exemplified for higher temperature electrochemical devices. By using a moving fluid as the ionic carrier, the required processing and / or design of the electrochemical device is drastically simplified. As a non-limiting example an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell could be produced with piping materials (e.g. as in the non-limited example of nickel containing alloys such as hastealloy X, inconel, etc...). Furthermore, the power produced, CO2produced, or both per fuel (e.g. hydrocarbons) input unit could be varied by varying the length path of the fuel contacting the fluid prior oxidation, as well as by varying the fuel throughput or both. This provides additional power capacity by up to a factor of about 2x, although at the expense of producing CO2. Although not environmentally ideal, this could prevent grid collapses by peak energy demands, other reactor downtime, or simply delay further CAPEX investments as required by the grid. This aligns well with developed nations where their base capacity nears 60% of their total power capacity. This would reduce non-environmentally friendly power generation to peak times, which could be balanced by the routine use of blended fuels. Additional optional materials such as (high temperature) electric insulators would further prove convenient for device fabrication and scaling. Additional optional components include pumps, mixers, injectors, separators, vortex diodes, Venturis, ejectors, grits, foamed metals, divertors, as well as further items mentioned for the methods described in US20250250692A1. The Venturi effect (device) is traditionally defined as the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid speeds up as its flows from a larger cross area to a smaller area (in a device), and in most cases returning to the initial larger cross area. Nevertheless, the Venturi effect (device) has a plurality of uses beyond its traditional definition, in particular within the scope of novel fluids and novel fluids usage.

[0024] Consider reducing greenhouse gases (GHG) by CO2for carbon sequestration and utilization.In a non-limiting embodiment rather than using electrical energy to drive a CO2 reduction a chemical (or indirect electrochemical) route could be devised. By using our cell configuration with a proton conductor and oxygen ion conductor (e.g. carbonates) the following overall reaction CH4+CO2→C+H2O+H2+CO→2C+2H2O can be achieved (e.g. as a starting parameter with a shorted circuit, to promote ion migration, and additional electrolyte modifiers). This is reaction has a Gibbs free energy at room temperature of ≈-29 kJ / mol and becomes ≈0 kJ / mol at about 300°C, while the entropy of mixing the reaction further facilitates the reaction in the liquid mix at higher temperatures. This presents yet another way keep up with operation time while electrical energy demand has been reduced, while still producing carbon based materials and minimal to non additional non-chemical energy input. In other words, this could keep legacy energy companies functional, particularly when the locally produced carbon is an engineering grade material or ofAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 10commercial value, e.g. as a to reduce mining, (s)melting and / or processing of CO2intensive ores.

[0025] A further novelty of this disclosure pertains to a method of producing of alternating current (voltage) directly from an electrochemical method by alternating the reactants injection (e.g. between fuel and oxidant). A plurality of means could be used to achieve this effect without deviating from the scope of this disclosure, such as those including valves, manifolds, actuators, capacitors, to name a few. Further current (voltage) conditioning could be further optionally achieved with the use of electronics, e.g. as in to smoothen out the output to a sinusoidal wave. Furthermore the heat produced could be used as a means of co-generation. Heat was the initial bridge in application between electrochemistry and sub-atomic chemistry (or sub-atomic physics, hereinafter used interchangeably) relies in the observed additional or “ueber-efficient” heat derived from cavitation, particularly that facilitated by including atomic carriers.

[0026] On the paradigm of cavitation, these processes are sources of localized highly energetic phenomena. When properly channelled and enhanced it opens pathways to new chemistry routes such as sonochemistry as well as processes for sub-atomic chemistry (physics). Nevertheless, to the best of the author’s knowledge, the applications for materials processes of these processes have been limited to aqueous solvents, oils, low boiling temperature fluids or select few cases to simple liquid metals with fuels, with no precedents for useful energy generation, energy transfer, propulsion and / or materials generation. One could argue that for most cases it was probably due to the requirement of low pressure for cavitation and high pressure to drive turbines, low excess power generated, as well as most of the material systems being tested produce low grade gases (not being as effective as liquids) at low temperatures and do not meet power / heat transfer media requirements, nor effective hydrogen isotope carriers. Expanding on the explanation of the previously claimed and disclosed, these limitations can be circumvented by using high boiling temperature fluids during cavitation, particularly for increasing the fuel usage whether for molecular chemistry, sub-atomic chemistry, or both.

[0027] Expanding to explicitly mention rather than implicitly as well as for completeness sake on the previous patent, this patent will be explicitly disclosed their applicability on sub-atomic processes, as well as part of the motivation of involving carrier material systems as a processes catalyst. Furthermore this disclosure expands on novel methods for sub-atomic processes involving cavitation of high boiling temperature fluids and / or plasma state fluids, wherein the method optionally includes at least one of the following a carrier material, a magnetic material, metamaterials, a piezoelectric material, a target material, a metamaterial, or a combination thereof. Further enhanced non-limiting embodiments will be mentioned and are not intended as delimitations of the disclosure.

[0028] Additionally, a method of solid state reactions and solid state reactors (SS-R) is disclosed for sub-atomic processes, particularly those related to energy generation, materials production, energy conversion, materials transmutation, propulsion, or a combination thereof. Having disclosed SS-Rs, a high energy fluids plus SS-R hybrid method for high temperature fluids (e.g. including plasmas,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 11gases, and liquids) control and / or shaping is further disclosed with applications including sub-atomic reactions, optionally in conjunction with a SS-R. Wherein unlike for traditional plasma and / or high (boiling) temperature fluids based reactors where interactions between the fluid and any other state of matter is considered as a negative interaction, in this case it is leveraged as a means of energy generation, materials production, energy conversion, materials transmutation, propulsion, or a combination thereof.

[0029] Extending on the disclosed in US20250250692A1, the use of particular atomic carriers or structured atomic carriers is at hand for the production of energy, particularly as heat (e.g. including highly energetic sub-atomic particles), electric charges, or both. Conventional high energy physics processes require very high temperatures at relatively high density (e.g. particularly relative to plasma densities). When one envisions the process as a non-limiting analogy, one could relate it to attempting to hit a bullet with another bullet and expect that most of the bullets’ mass stays together, hence the need of many bullets flying in a tight space to statistically achieve enough events. In contrast, LENR and MENR have a larger design space for engineerable solutions. Continuing with the analogy, one would find it easier to hit a bullet with another bullet if one of those bullets were to be held in a target, specially if each target could hold more than one bullet. Also having many of those targets in a tight space would statistically increase the chances of a (nuclei) conjunction event, dissociation event, or both. In a more routinely analogy, consider the probability of two scenarios, involving a pool table and marble balls. In one a fast marble ball hits another marble ball on the pool table, in the other one a fast marble balls hits the well of the pool table. The well of the pool table already has one marble ball inside. Now consider all the possible angles and directions from the fast marble ball aiming roughly at either the other marble ball or the well in the pool table. Which scenario is it more likely that two or more marble balls stay together? That being said “fast balls” are not the only way of bringing marble balls together and making them stay together. Hence the need to engineer solutions, particularly for the “wells”.

[0030] In solar energy production the density of hydrogen nuclei is estimated to be higher than 1025nuclei / cm3, which is roughly about two orders of magnitude more the nuclei density of most solid materials and some liquid materials. In stark contrast solid materials and liquids have nuclei density almost 10 orders of magnitude higher than most traditional plasma reactors. That being said, for the case of hydrogen atoms in the sun that would mean to bring two or more hydrogen atoms together at distances about a third of the distance between two hydrogen atoms in a hydrogen molecule (H2) at standard pressure and temperature (e.g. 25pm vs 75pm), whereas conventional plasmas are several orders of magnitude apart. The hydrogen molecule has a particularly short distance bond, relative to other bonds in conventional matter states. When one looks at the triple product which combines fuel density, temperature, and energy confinement time for the sun (n = 1025cm-3, T~1.3keV / 15MK, τ≈1017s, nTτ≈1048keVs / m3), those projected for TOKAMAK plasma reactors (n = 1014cm-3, T≈15keV / 170MK, τ≈0.5s, nTτ≈1021keVs / m3), and as if this metric were to apply to a low temperature cavitating fluid ( n = 1023cm-3, T≈1.7eV / 20kK, τ≈0.01-1ms, nTτ≈1021-1023keVs / m3),Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 12one could get a notion that cavitation metrics would hint towards LENR events occurrence. For reasons unbeknownst to the author, only conventional or traditional (e.g. single transition metal) hydride (carrier) materials have been attempted for LENR processes, at least in currently available literature. An avid out-of-the-box thinker material scientist or physicist, would quickly identify further carrier materials to increase the hydrogen, deuterium, and / or tritium density such as those found in high entropy alloys (HEA), briefly mentioned in US20250250692A1, carriers and hydrides made with HEA, for practicallity here including medium entropy alloys (MEA), superhydrides and Kuba effect materials. HEA, HEA hydrides, or both will be hereinafter referred to as “HEA” for convenience sake.

[0031] Material carrier systems including HEA, hydrides and / or superhydrides, such as those comprising TiVZrNbHf(H2.5), ScYNdGd(Hx), Li2MgH16, ThH3.75, Y3Fe4H20, can achieve a hydrogen isotope to metal ratio above two (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of a hydrogen isotope to metal of 2.5) or interatomic distances between hydrogen isotopes within almost twice the average bond length of a molecule comprised by hydrogen isotopes as in CeNiIn(Hx), NbNiIn(Hx), LaNiIn(Hx), Y3Fe4H20, or Zr0.5V(Hx) or in an alternative perspective Kubas reaction materials such as (pristine / decorated / doped) hexagonal BN, (pristine / decorated / doped) BeN4, (amorphous / polymeric) MnHx, yet for this disclosure considering up to 200 pm. In other words, about three times the interatomic distance of hydrogen isotope nuclei in the sun. More importantly some of these material carrier systems can store hydrogen at temperatures above 200°C (e.g. as in the non-limiting case of 350°C), which means that higher operating temperatures than traditional hydrides can be allowed in processes and that higher quality heat can be produced and transferred.

[0032] As mentioned earlier the low temperatures (relative to high energy physics processes and solar temperatures) allow for a wider design space. In this case the design space extends beyond plasma and cavitating fluids into carrier materials systems. Consider the non-limiting example of a composite carrier material system, wherein the non-limiting example of a HEA is at least partially encased or a composite with a piezoelectric material. In one non-limiting embodiment, the piezoelectric material contributing pressure to the system to bring further hydrogen isotopes closer together and increasing the probabilities of an (LENR / MENR) event. In another non-limiting embodiment pressure is transduced to electric fields contributing to produce a charge screening effect at at least a portion of the carrier material system and thus increasing the probabilities of an event. It is noteworthy that in all the non-limiting examples involving carrier material systems (e.g. atomic carriers, HEA or both) the optional inclusion of conventional LENR, MENR or high energy physics processes triggers, such as a cavitating fluid, plasma, highly energetic particles or a combination thereof, are envisioned within the scope of this disclosure. For those not skilled in the art, HEA (hydrides) tend to behave as metals(semi-metals, semiconductors or insulators). Accounting for those transitions and / or possible metallic interfaces optional in-situ synthesis, loading (e.g. higher H / M) and / or unloading (e.g. nano-sized metal-like interface creation) steps with electrochemical pumps is considered within the scope of this invention (e.g. optionally includingAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 13temperature targets for a given step). In a further non-limiting case at least a portion of the carrier material system (e.g. HEA, Kubas effect materials, superhydrides) can be patterned as to interact with electromagnetic waves such as in the case of metamaterials, e.g. plasmonic metamaterials can generate electric fields beyond to those found in conventional plasmas (e.g. surpassing fields needed for gaseous plasmas by up to 105orders of magnitude) or those transduced by piezoelectric materials yet without (usually) destroying the material itself (unlike plasma reactors). For those not skilled in the art, in addition to hydrogen pumping, patterning techniques are not limited to planar structures (e.g. plasmonic and / or magnonic layers) yet also include further (nano / micro)fabrication techniques allow for creating more complex structures as in the non-limiting examples of wall structures (e.g. piezoelectric, hydrogen pumping thus in-situ metallic / semi-conductor tuning, anchoring AKA sticking layers), pillars (concentric), resonant structures, free standing layers, encapsulation (e.g. including heterogeneous), electron (quasi)transparent windows / layers (e.g. anchored), protonic (quasi)transparent windows / layers (e.g. anchored), hydrogen (quasi)transparent windows / layers (e.g. anchored), anchored hydrogen diffusion blocking layers, atom implantation (e.g. Li), ion implantation (e.g. boron), and / or microfluidics, which optionally can thereafter be mechanically reinforced, encased or packaged (e.g. for higher pressure and / or temperature) environments. As a non-limiting embodiment these methods enable a sub-atomic reaction on chip design with a plurality of use cases readily evident to those skilled in the art. Thus the importance of disclosing the use of a solid (e.g. extending to condensates and other solid-like states of matter) carrier material system with at least one of the following: a hydrogen isotope to metal ratio of above two, interatomic distances between hydrogen isotopes within twice the average bond length of a molecule comprised by hydrogen isotopes, interatomic distances up to 200 pm or a combination thereof for at least one of the following: energy production, energy conversion, materials production, materials conversion, propulsion, or a combination thereof. Furthermore it is to be considered that interatomic distances also are to consider distances between interstitial atoms that may or may not have a bond directly between them, which in this context it allows for other modes of vibration beyond those of a molecule comprised of hydrogen isotopes. Thereafter, as a disclosure of the materials and process design space for the aforementioned applications, one is to consider the following systems. A carrier material system, patterned carrier material system, structured carrier material system, carrier material system metamaterial, composite carrier material system, or a combination thereof could produce, promote, interact, or a combination thereof with at least one of the following: electromagnetic waves, coherent waves, photons, phonons, plasmon resonances, electric fields, magnetic fields, magnon resonances, mechanical vibrations, mechanical resonances, sub-atomic processes, atomic processes, atomic transmutation, molecular transmutation, dipole interactions, molecular resonances, quasi-particle, quasi-particle-like state, quasi-particle-like effect, quantum entanglement, entangled particles, condensed matter, quantum transfer of energy, shorter interatomic distances, energy, subatomic particles, or a combination thereof, which could interact with at least one of the following: components of the carrier material system itself, the carrier material system as a whole, with aAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 14contacting material (e.g. as in the non-limiting example of at least one material within the group comprising: piezoelectric materials, non-plasmonic carrier materials systems, magnetic materials, insulating materials, semi-conducting materials, ionic conducting materials, ionic pumps, thermoelectric materials, catalytic materials, materials with a thermal expansion mismatch, a lattice strain inducing material, ionic non-conductors, hydrogen isotope impermeable materials, other fuel material, absorber material, breeder material, sticking material, liquids, gases, high boiling temperature materials, or a combination thereof), carrier material system containing composite materials, applied fields, (abrupt) temperature changes, (abrupt) pressure changes, quantum entangled materials, quantum entangled particles, quantum entangled quasi-particles, or a combination thereof. As a non-limiting example consider an carrier material system (e.g. HEA) without hydrogen isotopes being contacted with at least one piezoelectric material at a temperature Tl, thereafter the carrier material system (e.g. HEA) is loaded with hydrogen isotopes through an ionic pump at temperature T2, and thereafter the material is taken to a temperature T3 thus creating a hydrogen isotope loaded and strained carrier material system (e.g. HEA). Keep in mind that the temperatures Tl, T2, or T3 could have similar or dissimilar value depending on the process and materials of choice. Thereafter, the carrier material system (e.g. HEA) containing material (solid state reactor) could be triggered by a plurality of means including the aforementioned stimuli such as electrically stimulated, (electro)mechanically stimulated, or thermally stimulated (heating or cooling), to name a few. As a further non-limiting embodiment consider a carrier material system (e.g. MnHx, decorated h-BN, beryllium nitride, etc.) which resonant structure (e.g. plasmonic) and hydrogen pressure is at least partially encased by a hydrogen pumping material wherein optionally after loading is further encased in a electrical insulator, a hydrogen blocking layer, a piezoelectric material or a combination thereof. As a further non-limiting embodiment a nanocolumnar and / or aligned nanopores carrier material system (e.g. a decorated h-BN or beryllium nitride grain or grains with at least one or more dimension being in the nm or um scale) comprising a Kubas effect material is contacted by two active plasmonic metamaterials (e.g. top and bottom) each with a resonant frequency (not necessarily different, yet to be considered so for this embodiment) and activating (e.g. as in a plasma-like state) at least of one hydrogen isotope (or nucleus), one hydrogen isotope containing molecule or both as to produce a sub-atomic reaction; wherein optionally the material is further contacted by at least one electrochemical pump material (e.g. a hydrogen isotope pump on the left, a lithium isotope pump on the right); wherein a magnetic stimulus is applied locally or non- locally (e.g. material vs field). It is obvious for those skilled in the art that this design can be readily optimized and / or the architecture upgraded based on those core elements, and thus those upgrades are comprised within the scope of the invention. For those not skilled in the art a Kubas effect material binds the hydrogen molecule without dissociating it, by lending an additional electron, which could serve as a charge screening element for the accelerated and / or compressed hydrogen isotopes an embodiment.

[0033] As a non-limiting illustration consider sub-atomic reactants (particles) and (sub)atomicAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 15processes as if one were to apply the rational of chemical and / or semiconductor processes, wherein to promote a reaction a reactant is promoted to a higher energy state to overcome a reaction barrier as in the non-limiting case of using a photon. In that context, in order to promote an atomic process one would also promote sub-atomic reactants to a higher energy state, to a resonant state or both. In a non-limiting example a sub-atomic reactant could be energetically promoted such as by the use of a electromagnetic wave (e.g. low frequency photon, coherent light waves, coherent waves, entangled photons), an electromagnetic wave and a magnetic field (e.g. varying frequency with the magnetic field), spin transfer (e.g. with electrons, positrons), with higher energy particles, recoil absorption, quantum entanglement, or a combination thereof. These energetic promotions might be considered orthogonal to other type of energy promotions such as temperature, and thus enhance the rate of conjunction events, dissociation events, or both. These more than justifies the creation of metamaterials with carrier materials systems (e.g. HEA), wherein the desired frequency can be tuned geometrically or otherwise in order to enhance or facilitate (catalyze) the reaction rates by at least one or more of the previously mentioned effects, processes, stimuli, or a combination thereof.

[0034] As mentioned earlier, a carrier material system (e.g. HEA) could be used in conjunction with cavitating fluids, plasma, or both. Conventionally, plasma or cavitation are avoided due to their ablative nature, yet for those skilled in the art it is known that plasma, cavitation or both could also be used to create materials, device, processes, or a combination thereof (e.g. for semiconductorbased processes device fabrication, ALD, PE-CVD, PE-ALD, PPD, PLD, etc...). This is particularly valid for controlled exposure to these ablative processes. As a non-limiting example consider LENR, MENR, or high energy physics processes could be triggered by contacting a carrier material system (e.g. HEA) with a plasma, a cavitating fluid, or both. For those not skilled in the art, a select group of molten salts are transparent to the visible, infrared, or other type of electromagnetic waves. As a further non-limiting example consider a circulating plasma in an electrical and magnetic field (e.g. a z-oriented magnetic field and a radially oriented electric field), wherein the electrical and / or magnetic field are varied such that at least a portion of the plasma is contacted with the carrier material system (e.g. HEA) such as to trigger a sub-atomic process while maintaining at least a portion of the plasma. Furthermore, the carrier material system could be optionally contacted with an ionic pump (e.g. a hydrogen isotope ion conductor) and the ionic pump contacted with a hydrogen isotope conducting electrode, hydrogen isotope ion conducting electrode or both (e.g. a liquid metal such as gallium). The carrier material system could optionally be further mechanically reinforced with a plurality of structural materials including but not limited to metals, ceramics, insulators, or a combination thereof. Furthermore a carrier material system could be cooled by the means of a fluid as in the non-limiting examples of: a liquid electrode, hydrogen isotope conducting electrode, hydrogen isotope ion conducting electrode, lithium isotope conducting electrode, lithium isotope ion conducting electrode, a gas, or a combination thereof. A further non-limiting example includes contacting the carrier material system (e.g. HEA) with a high boiling temperature fluid or solid, e.g. including but not limited to liquid metals, liquid salts, nanofluids, carbides, borides, nitrides, oxides,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 16fluorides, high entropy compounds thereof, or combinations thereof (e.g. carbonitrides). Using high boiling temperature fluids or solids increases the quality of the produced heat for energy generation. Additionally using high boiling temperature fluids as the main driver allow for an unexplored design space for sub-atomic processes wherein the working temperature of the fluid is well above 150°C (embodiments discussed below) and low atomic number fuels. Furthermore the carrier material system could be optionally contacted with an ionic pump (e.g. a hydrogen isotope ion conductor) and the ionic pump contacted with a hydrogen isotope conducting electrode, hydrogen isotope ion conducting electrode or both (e.g. a liquid metal such as gallium). In a further simpler non-limiting embodiment, carrier material system particulates (e.g. HEA) could be placed within the cavitating high temperature fluid (e.g. extending to cavitating nanofluids, cavitating emulsions, and others to name few) with optional additional contact to a further non-particulate carrier material system (e.g a reactor wall).

[0035] As a further non-limiting example for the applications mentioned in this disclosure, a plasma and cavitation processes could be combined with or without a carrier material system, wherein unlike in US20250250692A1 means of cavitation is not limited to (hydro)dynamic cavitation. As a non-limiting example consider contacting a plasma to a cavitating fluid (e.g. as in the non-limiting cases of: a liquid metal, a liquid salt, a nanofluid, an emulsion, an ionic liquid, eutectic solvent, etc...) or high boiling temperature cavitating fluid (e.g. also including carbides, borides, oxides, nitrides, fluorides, high entropy compounds thereof, the like, or combinations thereof), wherein upon cavitation the compression, temperature, or both trigger a sub-atomic process. Furthermore the plasma, which can be neutral or charged, contacting fluid could optionally at least one of the following: comprise at least one magnetic particle, be within a magnetic field, be within an electric field, be at an electrical potential (e.g. kV), a carrier material system, comprise a gas, comprise an emulsion, or a combination thereof, be in contact with a piezoelectric material. As mentioned earlier a plurality of variations of these embodiments are within the scope of this disclosure as they would appear evident to any with skill in the art, such as using the cavitation enhancements described herein with SS-R without a plasma (although it probably would be formed or induced on the spot, particularly for piezoelectric element containing SS-Rs even at atmospheric conditions or above). This include using materials with a larger temperature gap between the melting temperature and boiling temperature as a proxy to vapour pressure delta between vapour pressure at operating temperature and vapour pressure at boiling temperature / cavitation (e.g. including Ga or Sn). The larger the vapour pressure gap, the higher the potential energy that could be stored in the cavitation as well as the easier that a plasma can be contacted to the cavitating fluid. In addition to the bonding type (e.g. ionic bonding) and depending on the target operating temperature and ease of cavitation, one could choose to extend that gap by employing ionic liquids, eutectics solvents, deep eutectic solvents, and / or inorganic deep eutectic solvents. As the energy stored during cavitation increases the means of achieving it purely on fluid motion become more daunting. As a non-limiting example a moving object (e.g. including a projectile, or a piston) could be used to at least partially createAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 17cavitation conditions, and whereinto a plasma ensues. Non-limiting examples of solid projectiles include a high speed metal or ceramic object which could optionally include a means of ultrasonication and / or a hollow cross section. For the case of a piston trigger, consider a cyclic two chamber reactor system, where in the first the plasma is being energized (e.g. electro-magnetically sustained plasma); adjacent is a high boiling temperature fluid (e.g. Ga), wherein a piston retracts (e.g. with a toroidal profile) from a surface creating a cavitation bubble and opening a window where at least a portion of the plasma is directed and thereafter compressed upon finalizing of the cavitation. Those skilled in the art would readily recognize that cavitation of some materials by simple piezoelectric means would not suffice to ensure (enough) cavitation (e.g. for those liquid materials that are good hydrogen diffusers). For those not skilled in the art, voltage potential, electric fields, magnetic fields or magnetic potential or a combination thereof can facilitate an “evaporation” like event by modifying the surface tension of the material, which significantly facilitates the initial cavitation through the means of an applied field and / or potential (for the readers reference see ion guns and field emission guns e.g. in the FIB-SEM context). Furthermore the reversal or reduction of the applied field and / or potential further triggers the implosion of the cavitation. Thus, a non-limiting example the cavitating fluid has an applied stimulus of at least one of the following a voltage potential, electric fields, magnetic fields, magnetic potential, electromagnetic radiation, acoustic excitation, or a combination thereof wherein optionally the fluid contains particulate matter as to store charges (e.g. including insulating particles, semiconducting particles and / or nanofluids at least partially resembling a capacitor) or magnetically active particles (e.g. including nanofluids thereof). It is noteworthy to state that the particulate materials space is quite vast and is included within the scope of this invention as well as nanofluids thereof as well as that there is no temporal and / or spatial restriction to the applied stimulus such as to optionally include standing waves such as the non-limiting example of electrical standing wave e.g. using the fluid as a waveguide. Such materials include, yet are not restricted to: BN, graphene oxide, lithium nitride, zirconium nitride, zirconium oxide, thorium nitride, to name a select few cases of the vast design space. Further examples are referenced in mentioned in US20250250692A1 from which priority and benefits are claimed from. A further non-limiting embodiment considers the use of a vacuum (pump) as to evacuate at least a fraction of the cavitating fluid (vapour) as to maintain pressure or partially maintain pressure when the plasma is contacted with the fluid (e.g. not to over pressurize the bubble core, or to induce a higher pressure gradient). Furthermore shaping of the cavitation bubble is considered within the scope of this invention such as to create a toroidal-shaped cavitation bubble within the fluid. E.g. consider a non-limiting case of a piston with a ring or cylindrical end being moved, wherein optionally a (toroidal) plasma (gun) is contacted (e.g. by the non-limiting case of applying a magnetic field as to shrink the radius of a toroidal plasma and fit into the toroidal-shaped cavitation bubble).

[0036] As a further novel method for sub-atomic processes to be considered within the scope of this disclosure is: the use of high boiling temperature fluids for cavitation wherein the high boilingAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 18temperature fluid is further levitated, wherein optionally the levitation is induced magnetically, electrically, electro-magnetically, optically (e.g. optical tweezers), acoustically, low gravity environments, capillarity, surface tension, energetic particles, or a combination thereof. It is to be noted that within the former also include, inductive effects, capacitive effects as well as one or multiple elements to produce the levitation (e.g. non-limiting example of one magnet or more than one magnet to conjointly tune a magnetic field, a coil or set of coils and / or solenoid(s) to produce segmented toroidal mirror-cusps), provide a stimulus, or a combination thereof. As an illustrative non-limiting example consider the use of a metal, salt, semiconductor, or insulator with a high melting point wherein optionally the operating temperature of the fluid (e.g. the non-limiting example including thorium, iron, praseodymium, cerium, tungsten, zirconium carbide, tantalum carbide, or carbonitrides) limits the design space for contacting material choices (e.g. to gases, high temperature carbides, high temperature carbonitrides, high temperature borides, high entropy ceramics, vacuum, or combinations thereof), or particulates within the fluid. Wherein optionally the cavitation could be at least partially induced, contained, or both by at least one of the mentioned means of levitation, a mechanical means, or both. Solar processes occur at elevated temperatures thus by approaching higher operational temperatures than LENR (e.g. by approximately one order of magnitude or more) one could envision the facilitation of sub-atomic processes, and thus the designation of MENR. To the best of the authors knowledge, there is no precedent of measurement of cavitating refractory materials, optionally contacting a plasma, thus raising further the locally achievable temperature and optionally in some cases providing directly an absorption material, a breeding material or both. Optionally, at least a partial enclosure of the high boiling temperature fluid is in a high melting temperature materials (e.g. refractory carbides, which become carbon species conductors at elevated temperature, carbonitrides, carboborides, or their high entropy variants) is envisioned within the scope of this disclosure. Further configurations include having a molten region contacting a solidified region of a material or dissimilar materials (e.g. a molten core and an outer solid crust). Furthermore optionally at least a partial formation of a vortex, vortex diode, Venturi effect, low pressure zone, high pressure zone, rotation, cavitation, turbulence, or a combination thereof by a means of levitation, high temperature materials (e.g. mechanically) or both is envisioned within the scope of this disclosure. As an illustrative non-limiting example consider the use of at least one means of levitation means to further create rotation (e.g. including azimutal, poloidal, or both) of a levitating toroidal fluid, wherein in a segment of the toroid the flowing fluid cross section is reduced as to form the Venturi effect and thus induce cavitation, wherein optionally the cavitation is induced in the vicinity of the central line (circle) of the toroid. Optionally, the high boiling temperature fluid could comprise high temperature materials such as those used as subatomic process regulators (e.g. the non-limiting case of carbon, boron, carbon black), breeder materials, absorber materials, the like or a combination thereof. These additional materials could be contained within the toroid by the fluid (e.g. including by surface tension, emulsions, dissolved particles, to name a few), the levitation means, a high melting temperature material, or a combinationAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 19thereof. In a further non-limiting example the cavitation region is kept within the material by inducing poloidal fluid rotations e.g. in addition to a toroidal fluid rotation. In a further non-limiting example the pressure variations (e.g. Venturi effect forming) can be created by radial movement of at least a segment of the fluid. It is to remember that unlike the Venturi effect induced in materials within solids (e.g. piping), the Venturi effects induced in levitating materials could be induced dynamically. This allows for the Venturi effect to be not only induced statically, in the closed-loop path direction (e.g. a toroidal direction, a spheroid with internal circulation) and / or in a directional path (e.g. for non-closed loops paths such as linear), but also radially and dynamically. This extends to creating standing or propagating wave modes for cavitation within the closed-loop direction (e.g. ellipsoidal toroid) or directional path (e.g. as a non-limiting example a (spinning) sphere being fluidly displaced [collinear with the spinning vector] to create a low pressure zone and then to form a subsequent sphere.) An additional non-limiting embodiment of a levitating fluid sphere wherein a projectile is contacted as to induce cavitation, and a plasma is directed at the induced cavitation in order to be compressed and induce a sub-atomic reaction. As it would be now evident to those skilled in the art, the operating pressure, speeds, or both can be easily varied to adjust the desired parameters for cavitation. As a non-limiting example the pressure surrounding the high boiling temperature fluid can be increased (e.g. by the levitation means or surrounding fluid) or decreased in order to increase or decrease the required temperature to induce cavitation or to conduct heat out of the reactor. This could increase the boiling temperature of high temperature materials by a factor of two or more at the expense of extreme pressures, system complexity and cost (e.g. consider pressurized tungsten, carbide fluids, carbonitride fluids). Nevertheless, an increase in the containment pressure (e.g. in addition to surface tension) can be achieved by creating self-stabilizing fields (e.g. magnetic, electrical, or both) such as helicoidal toroidal paths (e.g. the non-limiting example of a hollow toroidal resembling geometry), multi-helicoidal toroidal paths, arrangements comprising more than one toroid at a given relative positions or angles (e.g. including toroids previously listed), a spheroid with optional internal flows (e.g. non-limiting example of a spheroid shell with optional internal (central) circulation, or the non-limiting analogy akin to a field reversal configuration for plasma), or a cylindroid with optional internal flows.

[0037] For completeness sake it is to be envisioned that an electrically and / or magnetically confined plasma is shaped to form a helical toroidal path, double-helical toroidal path, multi-helical toroidal path, scalar toroid, a plasmoid, or a combination thereof by varying an electrical field, a magnetic field or both for the aforementioned applications and / or to increase its stability, wherein optionally at least a segment of the plasma is contacted with a carrier material system. It is to be noted that a multi-helical and nested-helical can be used interchangeably to mean either or both. Furthermore the use of optional adjacent and / or perpendicular plasma toroids, (multi- )helical plasma toroids or both is considered within the scope of this invention as a means to create closed field lines and / or increase plasma stability, e.g. including magnetic, electric, and / or otherwise. Additionally the optional use of (toroidal) solenoid windings (e.g. around the device, encasing the device poloidally, or both) as aAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 20mean of energy transfer is considered within the scope of this patent. As an optional means of identifying helicity the mean particle and / or sub-particle distribution (e.g. as counts per length, area, and / or volume) along at least one defining axis (e.g. poloidal, axial, toroidal or a combination thereof) is to be considered e.g. the non-limiting case where a (skewed) Gaussian distribution is expanded or the non-limiting case where a (skewed) Gaussian distribution is expanded to an (almost) uniform distribution plus edge case distributions. As a non-limiting example consider at least one of: a cylindrical, toroidal, or ellipsoidal, (e.g. including with a first radius rl, a second radius r2, and a height z) reactor with a magnetic field in the axial direction and an electric field in the radial direction, wherein a plasma is created or injected to (e.g. including hydrogen isotopes, lithium isotopes, boron isotopes, potassium isotopes, to name a few), the reactor comprising at least one electrode (e.g. non-limiting examples of a cylindrical outer electrode, a central electrode, or a combination thereof as well as the non-limiting case of at least one electrode being metallic, superconducting, semiconducting, metamaterial, (slow)waveguide, at least partially insulating, or a combination thereof) with an optional material carrier system within the reactor. Optionally the central and the outer electrodes could be positioned as if they were to make a toroid with gaps in the upper, lower, outward, and inner direction (e.g. having an approximate cross section resembling “ ”), with optionally having at least one further centre oriented element (e.g. solenoid, coil, (composite) electrode, etc). Optionally the energy of the plasma can be ramped up, whether through constant energy, pulsed energy, or controlled energy input in a predominantly toroidal path, circular path, ellipsoidal path or a combination thereof by conventional means (e.g. including electromagnetic, inductively, capacitively and / or energetic particles). Thereafter the radial and / or axial field strength are varied as to make at least a segment of the plasma to vary its radius, or its radius and axial position, wherein optionally a voltage variation is to be propagated across a given electrode (e.g. non-limiting example of a ring electrode with a gap in the theta direction where a given voltage at a given frequency is propagated between the two ends of the electrode with or without a constant voltage bias) wherein optionally a set of electrodes (e.g. non geometrically limited) are particularly aligned in relation to the theta direction (e.g. as poloidal oriented rings with a gap). Optionally a ring electrode, or a set of electrodes (e.g. non geometrically limited) particularly aligned in relation to the axial direction direction are applied a varying voltage, a pulsed voltage, a constant voltage, or a combination thereof (e.g. non-limiting example the voltage applied is within the electrode or in relation to another electrode, where the electrode has a gap and the voltage is propagated between the two ends of the electrode, e.g. a top ring-like electrode or a lower ring-like electrode), wherein at least a portion of the plasma is accelerated in an axial direction (e.g. positive axial direction and / or negative axial direction). As a non-limiting consider this as a means to induce filamentation of the plasma helically. Furthermore it is to consider that the produced plasma could lead to a two (multi-)helical toroids (e.g. an ion rich one and an electron rich one, one toroid not being totally enclosed by the other). As a non-limiting example, neutral beams are directed to collide at the electron rich toroid. As an illustrative non-limiting example consider the difference between aAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 21solenoid coil with or without insulation, with insulation the internal magnetic field is increased without there is barely any multiplication of the field. Conventional reactors thus far have a “limited” toroidal field, a filamented (multi-)helical plasma can achieve higher magnetic fields. As a continuation of the non-limiting example, an external magnetic field and / or electrical field (e.g. depending on the number of nested toroids in the path) could be applied such as to increase (or decrease after fusion events) the helical current, e.g. akin to two concentric toroidal solenoids (see Tesla coils). Furthermore by varying the strength of the magnetic and / or electrical fields so that for the case of a double helical toroid system the ion rich (multi-) helical toroid and electron rich (multi-) helical toroid come in contact. For those not skilled in the art, a higher electron density traversing through an ion or series or ions reduce (screens) the core to core electrical repulsion, and thus facilitates their proximity and subsequent reactions. Furthermore the non-limiting case where the plasma is made to follow helical toroidal path at a given electrical and / or magnetic field frequency in the radial and axial direction, after which the frequency, amplitude, or both are varied as to increase the helical poloidal filament density of the plasma (e.g. to increase the number of turns in the helical toroidal path), wherein optionally at least one of the following: the radial electrical field is increased, a toroidal magnetic field is increased, an axial electric field is increased, or a combination thereof. In a particular non-limiting embodiment the helical toroidal plasma is compressed as to form a plasmoid. In a particular non-limiting embodiment at least two (multi-) helical toroids are made or brought together within 10 times the diameter (or characteristic length) of the largest toroid, wherein optionally at least two toroids have an opposite circulation direction, a perpendicular circulation direction, follow a closed toroidal moment lines or a combination thereof. Whereby additionally as a non-limiting example (multi-)helical toroid can be further compressed by a mirror-cusp coils (e.g. superconducting, metallic, semiconducting, metamaterial, (slow)waveguide, or a combination thereof) and / or electrodes (electrical accelerators). Optionally an electrical current is flown through a central electrode, through an insulated electrical conductor in the central electrode, through an insulated electrical superconductor in the central electrode, through an insulated metamaterial in the central electrode, through a (slow)wave guide in the central electrode, or a combination thereof; wherein the electrical current can be constant, pulsed, variable or a combination thereof. It is to be noted that for variable and / or pulsed fields and / or currents, the frequency is not limited e.g. frequency being varied between 0.001 mHz to 1000 PHz and / or beyond that range (e.g. including kHz, MHz, GHz, Hz, etc...), furthermore the frequency could also be considered in terms of length, area, volume, wavelength, pulse (width) modulated, pulse encoded, or any other measure pertinent to the reactor, the process, or both. Optionally, different electrodes can have different frequencies, phase offsets, modulation, wavelength, encoding, the like, and / or a combination thereof. As an illustrative non-limiting example consider maintaining an angular proportion such as by the relation given by the arc length at a central electrode radius versus the arc length at an further radial electrode. Furthermore the plasma can be made to resonate poloidally, toroidally and / or otherwise. Optionally, although not preferred, at least a portion of an electrode is atAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 22least partially retractable (e.g. central electrode). Optionally a electrodes with a gap in the axial direction (e.g. including externally connected central electrode, also including as a means to transfer energy to and / or from the plasma), composite electrode (e.g. including two solid electrode segments bridged by a liquid electrode segment), hollow electrode (e.g. including as to comprise at least one of: a fluid, at least a solenoid segment, a coil, or a combination thereof ), and / or fuel pumping electrode. For those skilled in the art, it is known that select liquid metals have low vapour pressures (e.g. including Ga, Tin, galistan) and are compatible with high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum systems. As a further nont-limiting embodiment a material carrier system is circulated through the reactor by the means of a high boiling temperature fluid. In continuation of those non-limiting embodiment a plasmoid may be optionally formed after excitation of the mentioned plasmas. As a further optional embodiment the plasmas and / or plasmoids may decouple from the electrical and / or magnetic stimulus.

[0038] For the propulsion, consider the previously mentioned cases where particles and / or radiation is only absorbed in a particular set of directions and not in another. Such as the non-limiting case of enclosing a reactor with boron, lead, and / or acrylic, wherein emissions are only allowed in the direction of propulsion, wherein optionally collimating structures are used to refine the propulsion direction. Furthermore these embodiments could be used as an initiator (trigger) for a (series of chained) reaction.

[0039] Reactants (e.g. including fuels, oxidizers, particles, or the like) and / or product utilizable range usable have a wide range including conventional and / or isotopes of hydrogen, hydrocarbons (e.g. including biomass, polymers, oxygen containing hydrocarbons, nitrogen containing hydrocarbons, copolymers thereof and mixtures thereof), H2S, ammonia, CO, CO2, SO, SO2, NO, NO2, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Cn, Nh, Fl, Me, Lv, Ts, Og, Uue, Ubn, Ubu, Ubb, Ubt, Uqe, Ubp, Ubh, Ubs, Ubo, Ube, Utn, a, v, n, p, n, plasmas thereof, compounds thereof, metamaterials thereof, or a combination thereof.

[0040] Further optional elements include particulates (e.g. including catalyst materials, support materials, atomic carrier materials, molecular carrier materials, inert materials, nanoparticles, or nanofluids, to name a few), electrolytes, ionic conductors, or porous matter. A further non-limiting embodiment wherein cavitation is utilized in conjunction with liquid metals, molten salts, inorganic deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, catalysts, a combination thereof, or a combination thereof with H2O in order to catalyze a chemical reaction. The former could be further synergized with at least one of the following: a chemical potential, electrochemical potential, photochemical potential, photoelectric potential, photoelectrochemical potential, plasmonic potential, sonochemical potential, thermal pyrolysis, triboelectric potential, the like or a combination of potentials.Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 23

[0041] Further elements considered within this invention including, bubbler (e.g. regardless of fluid flow orientation or lack thereof, such as counter flow bubbler, cross-flow bubbler, to state the obvious), Venturi injectors, vortex diodes, Helmholtz resonators, self-resonators, acoustic resonators, pumps and / or pumping elements (e.g. mechanical energy driven, reactant density bubble driven, fuel density driven, thermally induced density change, particulate matter, magnetic energy driven (e.g. comprised of magnetic particles, nanofluids, ferrofluids), electrical energy, chemical potential driven (e.g. osmotic, electro-osmotic), turbo-molecular pumps, cryogenic pumps, the like, or combinations thereof (e.g. electrochemical pumps)), injectors, ejectors, eductors, mixers (e.g. static mixers, vortex diodes), baffles (e.g. to direct a flow), stirrers, extruders, ejectors, scrubbers, heaters (e.g. include electric, microwave, solar, combustion), heat exchangers, insulation, jacket (e.g. jacketed reactor), valves (e.g. include Tesla valves, directional valves, heated valves, flow valves, etc...), sensors (flow, level, temperature, composition, magnetic, pressure, voltage, current, power), re-circulators, separators (e.g. including vortex diodes, cyclones, membranes, pressure swing absorption, cryogenic separation, or cross-flow phases), vibration absorbers (e.g. dynamic vibration absorber, siphon, “pig tail”, or U pipe, Helmholtz resonator), solubilizing agents, adsorbants, dispersants, meshes, supports, metallic meshes, grits, gas diffusion layers, dryer (as in H2O), oxygen scrubber, oxygen concentrator, electric power sources (e.g. including high voltage), frequency generators, magnetic field generator, magnets, coils, solenoids, capacitors (e.g. including ceramic, electrolytic, supercapacitors), high temperature insulators, (pulsed) plasma guns, electron gun, cation gun, switches (e.g. including high power, high speed, opto-coupled, spark gap, Thyratron, etc.), the like, or combinations thereof. There are additional elements which could be included and would be obvious to a person skilled in the art without deviating from the scope of this disclosure.

[0042] The fluids within this invention could further include several layers or phases. In a nonlimiting embodiment a fluid could include more than one layer wherein one layer is at least partially stratified (e.g. a phase rises to form a layer through a density difference), such as in a non-limiting examples of a molten salt layer on top of a molten metal layer in a (flowing) fluid, a gaseous central phase surrounded by a liquid phase in a vortex diode, a catalysts at the interface of a cavitating gas and a liquid in a vortex diode, or a high temperature oil above a liquid metal or molten salt. An additional non-limiting embodiment of a fluid the electrically conductive material is a solid and the liquid or fluid phase is an ionic conductive material. Further non-limiting embodiments of further layers include dense materials, as in volumetrically dense, as particulates or solid layers (plug reactor-like, e.g. porous, low-void space, non-porous, meshes, the like) or combinations thereof. Furthermore the particulates could be placed within the fluid as in a packed bed reactor or as free moving particles as in a fluidized bed reactor (e.g. as in circulated by reactants, the fluid, stirrers, baffles, and or combinations thereof). Furthermore baffle materials could be used for a plurality of orientations for diverse applications, such as the non-limiting examples wherein the baffles induce the reactants or products: to rotate, facilitate removing of a given fluid component (e.g. removing metals from carbon), extend reaction time, catalyze reactions, conduct ions, be polarized, extend aAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 24potential (e.g. including shockwave electrodialysis), carry atomic species, carry molecular species, act as an electromagnetic waveguide, propagate vibrations, the like or a combination thereof. In a non-limiting embodiments the diverse stratified materials could be circulated independently (e.g. in separate circuits), throughout each other (e.g. the lighter phase circulated onto the lowest segment of a heavier phase), mixed with reactants (e.g. through one or more Venturi mixers, static mixers and / or active mixers), mixed with products, the like or a combination thereof.

[0043] A compilation of the materials from US20250250692A1 where priority and benefits are claimed which also have application in this invention with additional materials pertinent to this invention include (it is to be noted that some material have dual, triple, or multiple roles and hence are listed multiple times for clarity’s sake):• chloride salts,• phosphates or pyrophosphates (e.g. (NHw)xPyOa, (NHw)xMyPzOa[where M is at least one metal, such as Sn, In, Mg, Mn, Ga, Mo, Ce, Cu, or Ni, to name a few]),• phosphorous containing acids (e.g. phosphoric acid, phosphonic acid, ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid, or variants with longer carbon chains or hyperbranched e.g. CyN2(CzPO3H2)4),• phosphorous containing IDES (e.g. H3.xPO4-d including with ZnClx, CuClx, MoClx, CoClx, BiClx, NiClxPC1X, LiCl, LiF, FeClaand other metal halides, the like, or mixtures thereof as well as mixtures comprising more than one stoichometry of a phosphorous containing acid, such as including H3. XPO4. a, H3.xPO4.a-,(NHw)xPyOa, (NHw)xMyPzOa, or combinations thereof),• nitrates (e.g. including based on Li, Na, K, P, and Ca, to name a few),• carbonate salts (e.g. including carbonates based on cations such as: Li, Na, K, Be, Ba, Ca, Sr, metal oxide cations, LaOx, CeOx, carbonates with protonic (H+ / D+ / T+), superoxide (O2-), and / or peroxide (O22) ion solubility, or combinations thereof, to name a few),• oxalate salts (e.g. including carbonates based on cations such as: H, Li, Na, K, Be, Ba, Ca, Sr, metal oxide cations, LaOx, CeOx),• rhodizonate salts (e.g. including carbonates based on cations such as: H, Li, Na, K, Be, Ba, Ca, Sr, metal oxide cations, LaOx, CeOx),• organic carbonate salts (e.g. including: diphenyl carbonate, ethyl phenyl carbonate, alkyl phenyl carbonates, ethylene carbonates, methyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, metal halides or a combination thereof),• metal nitrites, metal nitrates, metal nitroxide,• vanadates (e.g. including NaxVyOa, LixVyOa, KxVyOa,(NHw)xVyOa),• phosphovanadates,• vanadic acid (e.g. including vanadic acid, or combinations of vanadic acid with H3.xPO4.d, ),• alkali halides (e.g. including Nal, KI, Lil, KBr, LiF, high entropy mixtures such as those including vanadates, molybdates, ammonia, the like, or combinations thereof or subsets thereof, such as the non-limiting system comprising LiF-KBr-KxVyOa-LiKMoyWzOa),Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 25• alkali molybdates (e.g. including L12M0O4,. or K2M0O4).• oxides (e.g. VxOa, MoxOa, WxOa, Hx-LiyMnzOa, Hx-SryCozOa, SixOa, AlxOa, CexOa, YyZrxOa, MgOa, TiOa, NiOa, FexOa, LiwNixCoyAlzOa, LawSrxCryMnzOa, LawSrxCoyFezOa, BawSrxCoyFezOa, BaOx, NaOx, LiOx, CoOx, GDC, SDC, EDBi, BSCF, BiSCO, LSCF, PBSCF, PBC, SSC, PrNiO, LaNiO, BiRuO, SmxNiyOa, SnxInyPOa, HxMoyOa, HxWyOa, HxSryCozOa, CsHPOa, CePOa, ZrPOa, BaxInyOa, BauZrvCewYxYbyZnzOa, BawInxAlyZrzOa, SryFezOa, HxMoyOa, HxWyOa, HxSryCozOa, BaxZryYzO3.a, BaxCeyYzO3.a, BawZrxCeyYzO3.a, BauZrvCewYxYbyO3.a, BauZrvSnwTixHfyYzOa, BauZrvGawTixHfyYzOa, SmxNiyO3.a, SrwFexTiyZnzOa, PruBavZrwCeyYzYbsO3.a, NbxTiyO3.a, HxSryCozOa, HxLiyMnzOa, HxMoyOa, HxWyOa, LawSrxGayMgzOa, SnxInyPOa, HxMoyOa, HxWyOa, HxSryCozOa, CsHPOa, CePOa, ZrPOa, BaxInyOa, BauZrvCewYxYbyZnzOa, BawInxAlyZrzOa, SryFezOa, HxMoyOa, HxWyOa, HxSryCozOa, or combinations thereof),• (liquid) metals, eutectics and / or (liquid) alloys thereof (e.g. including Li, Be, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Cn, Nh, Fl, Me, Lv, Ts, Uue, Ubn, Ubu, Ubb, Ubt, Uqe, Ubp, Ubh, Ubs, Ubo, Ube, Utn, and alloys including NixMoyBiz, ZnxCuy, ZnxMoyNiz, CuxNiySnz, ZnxMoyCoz, ZnxSny, SnxBiy, SnxPby, ZnxPby, BixPby, ZnxGay, TlxPby, TlxGay, TlxZny, as well as doping with catalytic elements such as Cu, Ni, Mo, W, Co, Fe, Ag, V, Ir, Pt, Dy, Ru, Os, Si, Ge, Tl, the aforementioned partially oxidized, the aforementioned with partial exsolutions from the alloys, alloys where only one component is liquid, the like, or combinations thereof),• electrode materials (e.g. non-comprehensive NixCry, AlxNiyCrzOa, LixNiyOa, LiwNixCoyOa, LixCoyOa, AlxNiyCrzOa, hastalloy grades, inconel, CeOacoated, Ag coated, etc),• liquid non-metals (e.g. including B, F, Si, P, S, Ge, As, Se, Br, Sb, Te, I, At),• high melting point materials (e.g. including at least one of a subset formed by the mentioned liquid metals, non-metals, oxides, nitrides, borides, vanadates, tungstates, molybdates, oxinitrides, carbonitrides, carboborides, carboboronitrides or combinations thereof),• high boiling point materials (e.g. including a subset of the aforementioned high melting point materials),• low melting point metals and eutectics mixtures involving one or more of: Bi, Sn, Sb, Ag, Ga, or Zn with catalysts such as Mo, Ni, Co, as well as the aforementioned high entropy alloys or catalysts, • ionic liquids,• nitrides (e.g. boron nitride, hexagonal boron nitride, beryllium nitride, molybdenum nitrides, molybdenum cobalt nitrides, iron nitrides, lanthanum nitride, lanthanum aluminum nitride, aluminum nitride, iron nitride, lithium nitride),• catalysts (e.g. metals such as transition metals including Pt, Ru, Rh, Ir, Ag, Re, Pd, Au [e.g.photocatalytic], In, Cd, Al or combinations thereof; nitrides such as MnxNy, MoxCoyNzcarbides including pristine, carbon-allotrope coated, nitrogen or phosphide doped carbides such as FexCy,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 26MoxCy, WxCy, WxCyNzPa, TixCy, NixCy, CoxCy, CrxCy, RuxCy, PtxCy, BaxCy, SrxCy, CaxCy, compounds thereof e.g. MnuNvMowCoxNiyCz-BaaHa, MntNuWvMowCoxNiyCz-BaaHa, MnsNtVuFevMowCoxNiyCz-BaaHa, [to mention a few] the afore mentioned decorated with transition metals such as noble metals [Ru, Pt, Os, Ir], photo-catalysts / plasmonic catalysts including MoxSa, CuxZnySnzSa, CuxInzSa, CuxSbzSa, CdxSa, TixNaOpCySa, ZrxNaOpCvSaand VxNaOpCvSa, high entropy alloys including CouNivCuwRuxPdyPtzVa, CouMovFewNixCuyWzVa, IrvPdwRhxRuyPtzVa, TiuVvCrwMnxMoyCez, NiuCowFexCryPtzVa, AlvNiwCuxPtyMnz, PtvRhwMoxFeyMnz, the catalyst support such as SiOa, TiOa, AlOa, AlxMgyOa, ZrOa, CeOa, Si, Ge, BxNy, GaxAsy, and further examples below),• supercritical fluids (e.g. including CH4, H2S, H2O, COX, light hydrocarbons or alcohols to name a few),• atomic carriers or molecular carriers (e.g. hydrogen isotope carrier, nitrogen carrier, oxygen carrier, carbon carrier, sulfur carriers, high entropy alloys, the like or combinations thereof),• ionic conductors (e.g. proton conductor, hydride conductor, oxide conductor, ammonium conductor, hydroxide conductor, or lithium conductors to name a few),• phosphides (e.g. including molybdenum phosphide, cobalt phosphide, lithium phosphide, molybdenum phosphide, vanadium phosphide),• phosphates (e.g. including SnxInyPOaClp, (NHw)xPyOa, (NHw)xMyPzOa[where M is at least one metal, such as Sn, In, Mg, Mn, Ga, Mo, Ce, Bi, Th, V, Cu, or Ni, to name a few]), ammonium based perovskites / bronze-like structures (e.g. ammonium metal halides including NxHyMgzCla, NxHyTizFaor to generalize NxHyMzXawhere M is at least one metal and X is at least one halide, lithium phosphate, molybdenum phosphate),• adsorbing, solubilizing, or dispersing agents (e.g. for hydrocarbons such as methane, including Osmium and Os derived compounds, carbides / MXenes such as VxCy, TixCy, MoxCy, WxCy, BaxCy, SrxCyas well as YxCy, CrxCy, HfxCy, ZrxCy, TaxCy, CexCy, LaxCy, GdxCy, TaxCy, rare earth carbides, ethylene glycol, PEG, ethylene oxide, PEO, polyethylene dimethyl ether, polyethylene monomethyl ether, polypropylene dimethyl ether, polypropylene monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, PPG, ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, poloxamers, or compounds in between; as well as other material streams such as zeolites and other molecular sieves, or combination thereof to name a few),• high-temperature oils (silicon oils, polydimethylsiloxane, diphenyl-dimethylsiloxane, phenylmethylsiloxane, “Fragol” style silicon oils, diphenyl oxide / biphenyl eutectics, perfluoropolyethers, or nanofluids thereof.)• M(A)Xenes (e.g. including vanadium carbides, tungsten carbides, molybdenum carbides),• partially inorganic DES (iDES doped with organic materials, including: choline halides, urea, (di)carboxylic acids, ADP, ATP, ethylene glycol, PEG, ethylene oxide, PEO, polyethylene dimethyl ether, polyethylene monomethyl ether, polypropylene dimethyl ether, polypropylene monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, PPG, ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, poloxamers, to name a few)• multi-anion materials (e.g. including more than two anions including anions of oxides, nitrides, carbides, sulfides, borides, halides, such as the non-limiting examples of Moy(CN)o.5-x, doped VWCX,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 27VwNaCpSv, VxPyC1-z, FeyVzCxNw, TiyVzCxNw, MoyCozCxNw, LivVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSy, LiuFevVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSv, LiuTivVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSv, LiuNivVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSy, and LiuCuvVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSyand rare earth phosphide-carbides wherein the subscripts range from 0 to 1 including all values between 0 and 1, 0, and 1),• high entropy materials (e.g. including high entropy alloys, high entropy ceramics including TiuVvZrxNbyHfz, TiuVvZrxNbyTaz, Mgu+.1Tiv+0.3Vx+0.25Zry+0.1Nbz+0.25, Tiv+0.4Vx+0.3Cry+0.2Nbz+0.1, TiuTavZrxNbyHfzCa, HfvVxNbyHfzCa, TiuZrvTaxHfyNbzNaCp, hydrogenated version thereof, and stoichiometric variations thereof),• polymeric ion conductors (e.g. Nafion, polybenzimidazole [PBI], polypyridobisimidazolefPPI], polyethersulfone [PES], polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP], PTFE, sulfonates, celadyne, and the aforementioned dopped with diverse acids),• hydroxides (e.g. NaOH, KOH, LiOH, Nix(OH)y, Cux(OH)y, and other transition metal hydroxides), • inorganic DES (e.g. HxPyOa, MvNwHxMoyOa, MvNwHxWyOa, and / or MvNwHxByOa. with ZnCla, CuCla, MoCla, CoCla, BiCla, NiCla, PCla, LiCl, LiF, and other metal halides, the like, or mixtures thereof as well as mixtures comprising more than one stoichometry of a phosphorous containing acid, such as including H3.xPO4.a, H3.xPO4.a-,(NHw)xPyOa, (NHw)xMyPzOa, or combinations thereof)• molten salts (e.g. including at least one of n-ammonium metal phosphates (NuHvMwPzOaClp) e.g.having an overall composition of NuHvSnwGaxZnyPzOaClp, LiXrKXrVzOarHxMoyOa rHx-Wy Oa- rHx- Sry -Coz -Oa” where X is at least one halide, as well as the mentioned a molten carbonate, a molten oxalate, a molten rhodizonates, a molten vanadate, a molten nitrate, a molten nitrite, a molten halide, a molten molybdate, a molten tungstate, or a combination thereof),• ammonium salts (e.g. including ammonium (metal) phosphates, ammonium (metal) vanadate, ammonium tungstate, ammonium molybdate, ammonium vanadate, ammonium tin phosphate, or ammonium phosphomolybdate, or a combination thereof),• NHXconductors (e.g. including VxOa, metal ammonium phosphates, metal ammonium pyrophosphates, TixC2Tx),• hydrides, superhydrides, imides, nitrides and / or heterostructures thereof (e.g. including BaxNyHz, TiuVvZrxNbyHfzHa, ScvYxNdyGdzHa, LixMgyHa, ThxHa, YxFeyHa, CexNiyInzHa, NbxNiyInzHa, LaxNiyInzHa, YxFeyHa, ZrxVyHa, MnwNxBayHz, NixBayHz, NiuCovMnwNxBayHz, MouCovMnwNxBayHz, FevMnwNxBayHz, LaxNyHz, LixNyHz, CaxNyHz, VNyHz, TiNyHz, MouCovMnwNxKyHz, MouCovMnwNxNayHz, FevMnwNxKyHz, FevMnwNxNayHzas well as their encapsulation [core-shell / chainmail] in a carbon-allotrope such as graphene)• palladium (e.g. palladium membranes including doped with Ag, Au, Pt, Cu, H, to name a few.) • carbides (e.g. SiC, ZrC, TaC, HfC, and others previously mentioned, particularly considering their mechanical, chemical stability, and / or temperature stability, such as when used as electrolyte support),• plasmonic materials (e.g. including metamaterials, TiNaOpCvSa, ZrNaOpCvSaand VNaOpCvSa)Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 28• sulfides (e.g. AuxLiySa, MoSa, AuzLiySa, VxCuySa, or CuvZnxSnySa)),• piezoelectric materials (e.g. including PbxMgyNbzO„, PbxTiyOa, PbxZryTizOa, PbxInyNbzO„, PbxZnyNbzOa, BaxZryTizOa, BaxCayTizOa, BaxTiyOa, BixNayTizOa, doped variants thereof such as including Al, Co, K, Fe, Mn, Ni, Sm, W, Gd, to name a few),• the aforementioned in a hydrated state or mixed with H2O,• the aforementioned containing H2S,• the aforementioned as a solid for structural or containment purposes,• further particulate mater, the like, combinations thereof or subsets thereof.

[0044] The extensive listed materials included are meant to accommodate for diverse stoichiometries or hetero structures such as composites, chainmail, core-shell, graded structures or functional groups where carbon or carbon nitride (to mention a few) can coat the atomic carrier or catalyst in order to facilitate the kinetics or thermodynamics of the process.

[0045] In one aspect, the embodiments herein relate to a system for processing an input stream to produce an output stream by a plurality of means e.g. by contacting with an multiphasic fluid, an ionic conductor layer and a subsequent electrode, and optionally a catalyst, a catalyst support, and a combination thereof, at a given state to produce a hydrogen containing output material stream, an ammonia containing output stream, or further output streams detailed below. Such embodiments relate to steps or procedures which could be conducted concomitantly, sequentially, parallelized, in one or more reactors as well as skipping, merging or adding features, phases, steps or procedures without deviating from the present disclosure.

[0046] A non-limiting embodiment considers the following material space for achieving low melting point fluid of interest (e.g. below 100°C, below 250°C, below 350°C, below 400°C, below 500°C, below 600°C, etc): metal halides+Mw(NH4)xHyPOz+ oxides + carbonyls + carbonates + oxalates + rhodizonates + carbides + IDES + borides + nitrates + nitrites + compounds thereof (+ optionally H2O);

[0047] As a non-limiting embodiment, some of the aforementioned materials can exsolve metallic nanoparticles (e.g. including nickel, cobalt, iron, Mn, copper, platinum, palladium, alloys, or Au, to name a few) as in the non-limiting examples of a reducing environment, voltage, temperature or a combination thereof. The nanoparticles can be further reacted to produce an oxide, a nitride, a carbide, a sulfide, a phosphide, or a combination thereof. These exsolved nanoparticles exhibit a higher interaction with the host material and exhibit: higher catalytic effects, higher poisoning resistance or both.

[0048] It is envisioned within the scope of this invention that a synergy between the diverse orthogonal energy stimuli can provide diverse advantages from the material selection as well as the process and / or device design perspective. Thermal limitations of the aforementioned considerations are generally related to diffusion, melting, or evaporation of a component or subcomponent. It is envisionable for those skilled in the art that materials diffusion and reaction are generally dependent on each other, yet in-situ or ex-situ application of at least one of the following: an electric field, a Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 29magnetic field, an electromagnetic field (e.g. UV-Vis-IR or microwave), a plasmon, a plasma (e.g. thermal or non-thermal), a chemical potential, ultrasound, and a combination thereof, to name a few, can promote a reaction without significantly altering the diffusion or degradation of a material in relation to the required thermal energy to achieve similar yields.

[0049] Furthermore it could be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a continuous process could be envisioned, particularly when operating near the thermodynamic inflection point from changing from a thermodynamically and / or kinetically preferred state to another such that the orthogonal energy input could promote a given reaction with a reduced thermal budget. Such reduced operational temperature window could reduce the energy expenditure of the overall process ensuing higher sustainability and economic benefits.

[0050] Throughout the application ordinal numbers (for example, first, second, third) may be used as an adjective for an element (that is, any noun in the application). The use of ordinal numbers does not imply or create a particular ordering of the elements or limit any element to being only a single element unless expressly disclosed, such as by the use of the terms “before,” “after,” “single,” and other such terminology. The use of ordinal numbers is to distinguish between the elements. By way of an example, a first element is distinct from a second element and the first element may encompass more than one element and succeed (or precede) the second element in an ordering of elements.

[0051] Throughout the patent subscripts represent values which range between -1.00 and 6.00 and include -1.00 and 6.00, where physically applicable. Non-limiting examples of subscripts utilized within this application include u, v, w, x, y, z, a, β, γ, Δ, ε, ð or Đ.

[0052] It is to be understood that the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an active catalyst” includes references to one or more of such catalyst, or a “material stream” includes references to one or more of such material stream.

[0053] It is to be understood that when a reduction of a characteristic or trait is stated the total avoidance of such characteristic or trait is included. Thus, for example, reference to “reduce CO2emissions” includes to avoid CO2emissions.

[0054] Terms such as “approximately” or “substantially” mean that the recited characteristic, parameter, or value need not be achieved exactly, but that deviation or variations, including, for example, tolerances, measurement error, measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those skilled in the art, may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide.

[0055] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the millionth of the unit of the lower limit (unless the context clearly dictates otherwise), between the upper and lower limit of the range, and any other stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure.

[0056] It is to be understood that one ore more of the steps shown in a flowchart associated with this Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 30invention may be omitted, repeated, or performed in a different order than shown. Accordingly, the scope disclosed should not be considered limited to the specific arrangement of the steps shown in related flowcharts.

[0057] Although multiple dependent claims are not introduced, it would be apparent to one of skill in the art that the subject matter of the dependent claims of one or more embodiments may be combined with other dependent claims without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure.

[0058] Within the skill of the art are to be included, unless otherwise indicated, techniques of physics, chemistry, engineering, catalysis, material science & engineering, analysis & quantification, economics, and the like. Such techniques are fully explained in the literature.

[0059] Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detail above those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example embodiments without materially departing from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as a defined in the following claims.Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 31

Claims

CLAIMSThe invention claimed is:

1. A method for reacting electrochemically, chemically, physically, or a combination thereof of at least one first reactant to produce at least one output material stream by at least one of the means selected from the group consisting of: contacting the first material stream with at least one first electrode, wherein the first electrode comprises at least a liquid, a multiphasic fluid, or both, wherein the first electrode is in contact with a first cation conducting layer or a first hydride ion conducting layer, and the first cation or hydride conducting layer is in contact with a first counter electrode; contacting the first reactant with at least one first electrode, wherein the first electrode comprises at least a liquid, a multiphasic fluid, or both, and wherein the first electrode is in contact with a first oxygen-containing ion conducting layer or a first hydroxide conducting layer, and the first oxygen-containing ion conducting layer or first hydroxide conducting layer is in contact with a first counter electrode, wherein the oxygen-containing ion is at least one of superoxide ion, peroxide ion, oxide ion, or a combination thereof; at least one of the aforementioned, wherein the first counter electrode, the ion conducting layer, or both are in contact with a second reactant and the first counter electrode is a solid, a liquid, or a multiphasic fluid and the electrolyte is a solid, a fluid, or multiphasic fluid, wherein optionally at least one of the electrodes or the electrolyte is in motion and optionally a catalyst is applied; at least partially cavitating a material stream dynamically, electrostatically, inductively, thermally, mechanically, piezoelectrically in combination with a material stream flow or movement, or a combination thereof, wherein at least one of the following material streams selected from the group consisting of: a first reactant, an optional second reactant, an output material stream, or a combination thereof in a liquid or a multiphasic fluid wherein optionally an electrical conductor is contacted with at least one of the first reactant, the liquid, the multiphasic fluid or a combination thereof; contacting a reactant by means of the Venturi effect, a bubbler, or both in a liquid or multiphasic fluid; mixing at least one liquid, multiphasic fluid, or a combination thereof by the means of the Venturi effect; mixing a liquid electrolyte, multiphasic fluid electrolyte, or both at least partially to increase the effective electrolyte conductivity; reacting at least portion of an output material stream with at least one of the following H2O, CO, CO2or a combination thereof; or a combination thereof; wherein at least one of the aforementioned liquid or multiphasic fluid comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a liquid metal, a liquid salt, an inorganic deep eutectic solvent, an inorganic deep eutectic solvent, a supercritical fluid, a material carrier system, a plasma, a nanofluid comprising at least partially of at least one of the aforementioned liquids or multiphasic fluids, at least one of the aforementioned further consisting of H2O, or a combination thereof.

2. A method of claim 1, wherein the overall reaction occur in, on, or both of a liquid or multiphasic fluid, yet at least 1 reaction step occur primarily at a given location, area, volume, time, or a combination thereof of a flowing material.

3. A method of claim 1, wherein the method is intended for at least one application selected from the group consisting of: produce electrical energy; produce alternating voltage electrical energy; produce thermal energy; reduce the content of a hazardous waste; increase the reaction rate of a fuel; reduce the half-life time of a fuel; reduce the half-life time of a fuel waste; reduce emissions of CO2; reduce emissions of CO; reduce Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 32the molecular carbon content in gaseous emissions; catalyze a reaction; reduce the thermal energy input requirements for a reaction; reduce the electrical energy input requirements for a reaction; produce a fuel; produce a decarbonized fuel; mobile applications; static applications; propulsion; applications in low or zero gravity; increase the throughput of a reaction; reduce coking; reduce poisoning by CO2, CO, or both; produce hydrogen; reduce sulfur poisoning; reduce molecular sulfur content in gaseous emissions; reduce sulfur deposition; remove sulfur from H2S; reduce the average operating temperature without reducing the reaction yield; increase the number of reaction sites; extend the reaction sites from an interfacial area to a volume; increase the contact time; allow for non-destructive electrode regeneration; allow for external electrode regeneration; allow for electrode ionic layer interface performance regeneration; selectively oxidize an input material stream in order to reduce by 20% or more the emissions of CO2, CO, or both in comparison to direct oxidation; produce more energy than the expected by non-sub-atomic chemical reaction calculations; generate heat for at least one of the following: a thermal cycle, a Rankine cycle, to generate steam, or a combination thereof; produce high pressure H2O or all the material precursors in order to produce high pressure H2O; produce energy with an overall positive carbon sequestration; produce carbon nanotubes; produce diamonds; produce diamond-like carbon; produce graphene; produce graphite; produce amorphous carbon; produce a carbon allotrope; produce a doped carbon allotrope; the like; or a combination thereof.

4. A method of claim 1, wherein the production, conversion, or both of at least one of the following CO, CO2, C allotrope, H2O, SO, SO2, S, NO, NO2, HxSOy, CxNy, impurities, energy, voltage, current, heat, efficiency, is modified by using, varying, or avoiding at least 1 of the group consisting of: a grit, venturi, vortex diode, bubbling, cavitation stimulus, reactant input flow, ultra-sonication stimulus, modifying the reactor length for at least one segment of the reactor, modifying at least one circulation distance, contacting time between the reactant and a fluid, a circulation flow speed, a circulation flow, regulating recirculating flows, regulating pressure, regulating, direction, oxygen impermeable fluids, orthogonal fluids, fluids with different oxygen / superoxide solubility as the primary fluid, fluids with different oxygen / oxide ion solubility as the primary fluid, fluids with different oxygen to oxygen-containing ion solubility ratio as the primary fluid, fluid speed, fluid temperature, fluid pressure, ion conducting layers, ion selective layers, swirlers, mixers, a Helmholtz resonator, a rotor-stator, a Bernoulli device, a Coanda device, gears, a cyclone, a screw pump, an electromagnetic radiation device, regardless of fluid speed or direction, at least one material throughput, variations thereof, or a combination there of; wherein x has a value between 0 and 6 and y has a value between 0 and 6.

5. A method of claim 1, wherein at least one of the group consisting of: the system, a reactant, a product, a liquid, a multiphasic fluid, an output material stream, or a combination thereof is at least partially stimulated, catalyzed, promoted to a higher energy level, promoted to a higher energy state, levitated, or a combination thereof by at least one of the means selected from the group consisting of: electrical potential, magnetic potential, chemical potential, electrochemical potential, triboelectric potential, electric field, magnetic field, an electric current, thermal energy, photonic stimulus, plasmonic stimulus, magnonic stimulus, metamaterial structuring, composite structuring, mechanical stimulus, density differential, thermal expansion mismatch, lattice strain, a thermal variation, an acoustic resonator, a pressure variation, a vacuum, a vacuum energyAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 33fluctuation, a scalar variation, reduced gravity, a quantum entangled object, a quantum energy transfer, a quasi-particle, a particle, a sub-atomic particle, a quasi-particle-like state, a weakly interacting particle, a transmutation, bubbling, a surface tension variation, interface tension variation, or a combination thereof; wherein optionally at least one of the following input conditions is met selected from a group consisting of: a potential is between -1MV and 1 MV, a magnetic field between 0 and 350T, photon or plasmon energy is between 0 to 5 PeV, speed between 0 and 100 m / s, density differential between 0 and 24 g / cm3.

6. A method of claim 1, wherein at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a first reactant, an optional second reactant, an output material stream, a fluid, or a combination thereof contains at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a hydrocarbon, a bio-sourced hydrocarbon, H2S, SOX, COX, biomass, vegetable oil, plastics, recycled plastics, waste plastics, alcohols, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, air, NOX, ammonia, bitumen, heavy oils, fly ash, vacuum, hydrogen peroxide, KOH, NaOH, LiOH, H2O, aldehydes, a carbon allotrope, diamonds, carbon nitride, CxNy, CxNyHz, CS2, sulfur allotrope, aromatic hydrocarbons, linear hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, a doped carbon allotrope, doped carbon nitride, hydrazine, water, steam, an alcohol, acetic acid, formic acid, a carboxylic acid, an organic hydrogen carrier, inorganic hydrogen carrier, a metal nitrate, fuel, a decarbonized fuel, a desulfurized fuel, ammonium nitrate, H2SOX, a high entropy alloy, a high entropy ceramic, a waste atomic fuel, a Kubas effect material, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Cn, Nh, Fl, Me, Lv, Ts, Og, Uue, Ubn, Ubu, Ubb, Ubt, Uqe, Ubp, Ubh, Ubs, Ubo, Ube, Utn, a, v, n, p, n, an isotopic variation thereof, plasmas thereof, allotropes thereof, compounds thereof, metamaterials thereof, the like, or a combination thereof, wherein subscripts x,y,z are independent from a selected material to another selected material and range between 0 and 11 including all values between 0 and 11, 0, and 11 where physically applicable.

7. A method of claim 1, wherein the production or consumption of electricity, thermal energy, or both is compensated, traded, or exchanged with the production of at least one material output stream in order to achieve at least one of the following outcomes selected from a group consisting of: reducing on / off cycles, balancing an electrical grid, compensate for fluctuating renewable energy production, balancing an electrical circuit, storing energy in a chemical energy vector, reduce downtime, store energy surplus, or a combination thereof.

8. A method of claim 1, wherein the method involves the use of at least one of the following materials selected from the group or sub-groups consisting of: ZnCla; Znla; ZnBra; chloride salts; CuCla; MoCla; CoCla; BiCla; NiCla; PCla; LiCl; LiF; FeCla; alkali halides; metal halides; (NHw)xPyOa; (NHw)xMyPzOa; SnxIn1-xHyPzOa; CsHxPOa; ZrxHyPzOa; phosphates, pyrophosphates; phosphorous containing acids; HxPOa; SnxInyPOaClp; HxVzOa; HxMyVzOa; at least one material selected from the group consisting of: HXPOD, HX-POD-, (NHw)xPyOD, (NHw)xMyPzOD, HXVZOD, HxMyVzOD, HxMyMozOD, HxMyWzOD, HxMyBzOD, with at least one materials selected from the group consisting of: Znla, ZnCla, CuCla, MoCla, CoCla, BiCla, NiCla, PCla,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 34LiCl, LiF, FeCla, metal halides; HxMyMozOD; the partially inorganic deep eutectic solvents; inorganid deep eutectic solvents doped with choline halides, urea, (di)carboxylic acids, ADP, ATP, ethylene glycol, PEG, ethylene oxide, PEG, polyethylene dimethyl ether, polyethylene monomethyl ether, propylene glycol, PPG, polypropylene dimethyl ether, polypropylene monomethyl ether, ethoxylates, alcohol ethoxylates, poloxamers or a combination thereof; HxMyWzOD; HxMyBzOD; My(NOa)z; My(COa)z; HxVyOa; HxMyVzOa; NaxVyOa; LixVyOa; KxVyOa; (NHw)xVyOa; HxVyOa, HxMyVzOa, NaxVyOa, LixVyOa, KxVyOa, (NHw)xVyOa, with at least one materials selected from the group consisting of: Znla, ZnCla, CuCla, MoCla, CoCla, BiCla, NiCla, PCla, LiCl, LiF, FeCla, metal halides; HwMxPyVzOa; phosphovanadates; mixtures of metal halides; mixtures of alkali halides; LiX: NaX: KX; high entropy liquid mixtures including at least three species of salts selected from the group consisting of: NwHxMyVzOa, NwHxMyMozOa, NwHxMyWzOa, NwHxMyBzOa, NwHxMyPzOa, My(CO3)x, MyOx(CO3)z, MyNOa, LiX, NaX, KX, SnX, MgX, MnX, ZnX, BiX, MoX, FeX Ammonium X, SnOa, PbOa, AgOa, MnOa; metal carbonates; Li2CO3; Na2CO3; K2CO3; Lax(CO3)y; LaxOy(CO3)z; mixtures of metal carbonates and metal nitrates; LiNOa; NaNOa; KNOa; mixtures of carbonates; oxolate salts; rhodizonate salts; diphenyl carbonate; ethyl phenyl carbonate; alkyl phenyl carbonates; ethylene carbonates; dimethyl carbonate; propylene carbonate; mixtures of carbonates with at least one metal selected from the group consisting of: Ag, Sn, Pb, Sb, Ga, Zn, Bi, In, Cu, Pd, Pt, Li, Mn, Mg, Fe Hg or oxides thereof; VxOa; MoxOa; WxOa; HxLiyMnzOa; HxSryCozOa; SixOa; AlxOa; CexOa; LaxSryCrzMnwMvOa, YxCeyOa, SrxMoyMnzOa, ErxDyyBizOa, SmwGdyCexMzOa; YyZrxOa; ZrxOa; MgOa; TiOa; NiOa; FexOa; AlxMgyOa; LiwNixCoyAlzOa; LawSrxCryMnzOa; LawSrxCoyFezOa; BawSrxCoyFezOa; BixSryCozOa; PrvBawSrxCoyFezOa; PrxBayCozOa; SmxSryCozOa; PryNizOa; LayNizOa; BiyRuzOa; BaxZryYzO3.a; BavCowFexZryYzOa; LavBawSrxCoyFezOa; BaxCeyYzO3.a; BawZrxCeyYzO3.a; BauZrvCewYxYbyO3.a; BauZrvSnwTixHfyYzOa; BauZrvGawTixHfyYzOa; SmxNiyO3.a; Pd; PdxAuy; MnxHy; KMH-1; PdxHy; PdxAgy; PdxPty; PdxRhy; PdxCuy; PdxOsy; PdxRuy; PdxTay; NixCry, AlxNiyCrzOa, LixNiyOa, LiwNixCoyOa, LixCoyOa, AlxNiyCrzOa, hastalloy grades, inconel, superalloys, graphene; a carbon molecular sieve; zeolites; amorphous silica; carbon nanotubes; SrwFexTiyZnzOa; PruBavZrwCeyYzYbsO3.a; NbxTiyO3.a; HxSryCozOa; HxLiyMnzOa; HxMoyOa; HxWyOa; LawSrxGayMgzOa; Li; Ga; Zn; Sn; In; Mg; Mn; Al; Sb; Pb; Hg; P; Na; Cs; Bi; Ce; NixMoyBiz; SnwNixMoyBiz; SnwNixMoySbz; ZnxCuy; ZnxMoyNiz; CuxNiySnz; ZnxMoyCoz; ZnxSny; SnxBiy; SnxPby; ZnxPby; BixPby; ZnxGay; TlxPby; TlxGay; TlxZny; ZnxCuy; ZnxMoyNiz; ZnxMoyCoz; SbxSny; SbxPby; MoxNiySbzSna; MoxNiySbzPba; ZnxSnyCuz; ZnxSnyNiz; ZnxSnyInz; SnxBiyIna; ZnuSnvInxBiwNiyMozCua; ZnuSnvInxBiwNiyMozCua; at least one of the aforementioned low melting point metals, alloys, or both doped with at least one catalytic element selected from the group consisting of: Cu, Ni, Mo, W, Co, Fe, V, Ir, Pt, Pd, Dy, Ru, Rh, Os, Si, Ge, Tl; at least one of the aforementioned low melting point metals, alloys, or both partially oxidized; Pt; Ru; Rh; Ir; Ag; Re; Pd; Au; Ni; Co; Cu; In; Cd; Al; Os; V; Ti; Mo; Si; Ge; Tl; Li; Mg; Ca; Ce; Zr; BxNy; GaxAsy; MnxNy; MoxCoyNz; iron nitrides; lanthanum nitride; lanthanum aluminum nitride; aluminum nitride; iron phosphide; molybdenum phosphide; cobalt phosphide; carbides; carbon-allotrope coated carbides; graphene coated carbides; nitrogen or phosphide doped carbides; BaxCy; SrxCy; CaxCy; FexCy; MoxCy; WxCy; WxCyNzPa; TixCy; NixCy; CoxCy; CrxCy; RuxCy; PtxCy; SiCy; YxCy; CrxCy; HfxCy; ZrxCy; TaxCy; CexCy; LaxCy; GdxCy; at least one of the aforementioned carbides doped with nitrogen; VwCxNaCpSv;Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 35VxPyCz; FeyVzCxNw; TiyVzCxNw; MoyCozCxNw; LivVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSY; LiuFevVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSY; LiuTivVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSY; LiuNivVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSY; LiuCuvVwMoxCoyWzNaCpSY; MnuNvMowCoxNiyCz-BaaHa; MntNuWvMowCoxNiyCz-BaaHa; MnsNtVuFevMowCoxNiyCz-BaaHa; photo-catalysts / plasmonic catalysts including MoxSa; CuxZnySnzSa; CuxInzSa; CuxSbzSa; CdxSa; TixNaOpCvSa; ZrxNaOpCvSa; VxNaOpCvSa; CouNivCuwRuxPdyPtzVa; CouMovFewNixCuyWzVa; IrvPdwRhxRuyPtzVa; TiuVvCrwMnxMoyCez; NiuCowFexCryPtzVa; AlvNiwCuxPtyMnz; PtuNivCowFexMoyRuzVa; PtvRhwMoxFeyMnz; supercritical fluids, supercritical CH4; supercritical H2S; supercritical H2O; supercritical COX; supercritical light hydrocarbons; supercritical alcohols; atomic carriers; molecular carriers; hydrogen isotope carrier; nitrogen carrier; oxygen carrier; carbon carrier; sulfur carriers; ionic conductors; proton conductor; hydride conductor; oxide conductor; ammonium conductor; lithium conductors; carbides, MXenes, or both consisting of at least one material selected from the group of VxCy, TixCy, MoxCy, WxCy, YxCy, CrxCy, HfxCy, TaxCy, ZrxCy, TaxCy, CexCy, LaxCy, GdxCy, rare earth carbides, or compounds thereof; zeolites; molecular sieves; polymeric ion conductors; Nafion; Celadyne; polybenzimidazole [PBIJ; polypyridobisimidazolefPPI]; polyethersulfone; polyvinylpyrrolidone; PTFE; PVDF; fluorinated polymers; fluorocarbons; sulfonates; at least one of the aforementioned polymeric ion conductors further doped with at least one of the following materials selected from the group of: phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphonic acid, ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid, CxN2+y(CzPO3H2)4+a, an inorganic deep eutectic solvent; phosphoric acid; phosphonic acid ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid; CxN2+y(CzPO3H2)4+a; NaOH; KOH; ionic liquids; NuHvMwPzOaClpIY; NuHvSnwGaxZnyPzOaClpIY; LiX; KX; VzOa; HxMoyOa; HxWyOa; HxSryCozOa; NxHyMgzCla; NxHyTizFa; NxHyMzXa; hydrides; superhydrides; TiuVvTawZrxNbyHfzHa; ScwYxNdyGdzHa; LixMgyHa; ThxHa; YxFeyHa; CexNiyInzHa; NbxNiyInzHa; PtwLaxNiyInzHa; YxFeyHa; ZrxVyHa; MnwNxBayHz; h-BxNyHa; BexNyHa; imides; nitrides heterostructures involving hydrides imides and nitrides; BaxNyHz; MnwNxBayHz; NixBayHz; NiuCovMnwNxBayHz; MouCovMnwNxBayHz; FevMnwNxBayHz; LaxNyHz; LixNyHz; CaxNyHz; VNyHz; TiNyHz; MouCovMnwNxKyHz; MouCovMnwNxNayHz; FevMnwNxKyHz; FevMnwNxNayHz; at least one of the aforementioned hydrides, imides nitrides, carbides, or combinations thereof encapsulated in a carbon-allotropes; the aforementioned containing H2O; the aforementioned containing H2S; plasmonic materials; TiNaOpCvSa; ZrNaOpCvSa; VNaOpCvSa; AuxLiySa; MoSa; AuzLiySa; VxCuySa; CuvZnxSnySa; hydroxides; Nix(OH)y; Cux(OH)y; transition metal hydroxides; silver fluoride; transition metal fluorides; silicon oils; polydimethylsiloxane; diphenyl-dimethylsiloxane; phenylmethylsiloxane; “Fragol” style silicon oils; diphenyl oxide / biphenyl eutectics; perfluoropolyethers; nanofluids of the aforementioned high temperature oils; dimethylformamide or related salts; guadinine or related salts; formamidine or related salts; Ce„MnpCxSyNzOa; Ce„AupCxSyNzOa; Ce„PtpCxSyNzOa; CeaLipCxSyNzOa; CeaLipMnvCxSyNzOa; CeaLipMnYBi8CxSyNzOa; CeaLipMnYBi8AuECxSyNzOa; CeaLipMnYBi8PtECxSyNzOa; CeaLipMnYBi8AgECxSyNzOathe aforementioned doped with Gd or Sm; LiaMopCxSyNzOa; Mn„MopCxSyNzOa; LiaNapCxSyNzOa; LiaNapPvSxCyNzOa; LiaGepPvCxSyNzOa; LiaNapPvCxSyNzOa; LiaSipPvCxSyNzOa; LiaNapSrYZrsPECxSyNzOa; LiaNapMnYMg8ZnsPwCxSyOaXz; LiaSipPYX8CxSyNzOa; LiaLapZrvCxSyNzOa; LiaLapCevCxSyNzOa; LiaNapZrYPsCxSyNzOa; LiaCepPvCxSyNzOa; CaCxSyNzOa; AgLiCxSyNzOa; MnCxSyNzOa; MgCxSyNzOa; ZnCxSyNzOa; LiaYpZrvCxSyNzOa; MnaYpZrvCxSyNzOa; MgaYpZrvCxSyNzOa; CaaYpZrvCxSyNzOa; Li„VpCxSyNzOa;Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 36LaaSrpVYCxSyNzOa; GdaTipMovCxSyNzOa; BiaMepVvCxSyNzOa; DyaGdpBivLisCxSyNzOa; DyaGdpBivMnsCxSyNzOa; DyaGdpBivMgsCxSyNzOa; DyaGdpBivCasCxSyNzOa; BaZrYCxSyNzOa; BaCeYCxSyNzOa; CoaNipZnYInsCxSyNzOa; LiaNapMeYTeECxSyNzOa; PbxMgyNbzOa; PbxTiyOa; PbxZryTizOa; PbxInyNbzOa; PbxZnyNbzOa; BaxZryTizOa; BaxCayTizOa; BaxTiyOa; BixNayTizOa; themoelectric materials; thermocouples; exsolutions of M; MCxSyNzOaexsolutions; isotope variations thereof, or combinations thereof; and wherein M consists of at least one species selected from the group of: a transition metal, an alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, a lanthanide, an actinide, Si, Ge, Bi, B, Sb, As, Te, or combinations thereof; and wherein X is a halide; and wherein subscripts u,v,w, x, y, z, a,, 3, y and D are independent from a selected material to another selected material and range between 0 and 6 including all values between 0 and 6, 0, and 6, where physically applicable.

9. An apparatus comprising at least the following: a reactor for chemical reactions, electrochemical reactions, physical reactions or a combination thereof with at least one input and at least one output to react a reactant; wherein the reactor comprises at least one of the following ionic conductors selected from the group consisting of: a cationic ion conductor, hydride ion conductor, superoxide ion conductor, a peroxide ion conductor, oxide ion conductor, hydroxide ion conductor, or a combination thereof, in between at least two electrodes, wherein at least one electrode is a liquid electrode or a multiphase fluid electrode, wherein the electrode consists at least partially of at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a liquid metal, a molten salt, an inorganic deep eutectic solvent, inorganic deep eutectic solvent, a supercritical fluid, a material carrier system, a plasma, a nanofluid consisting at least partially of at least one of the aforementioned liquids, or multiphase fluids, at least one of the aforementioned further consisting of H2O, or a combination thereof; and wherein at least one of the reactant is in fluid contact with at least one of the electrodes; and wherein optionally one or more electrodes could consist of a solid metal electrode; wherein optionally an electrode further consists at least for a material selected from the group of high temperature oils, water, hydrocarbons, halocarbons or a combination thereof; and wherein optionally the reactor further comprises a cavitation inducing device, a Venturi injector, a bubbler or a combination thereof.

10. A method of a material carrier system for at least one of the following: energy production, energy conversion, material production, material conversion, propulsion, or a combination thereof; wherein at least 1 of the following is comprised: an atomic carrier system, a molecular carrier system, catalyst, reactant, or a combination thereof and is at least 1 of the following: holding at least two from the group consisting of atoms, molecules, nuclei or a combination thereof at a distance of 200 pm or less; comprising a hydrogen isotope to metal ratio of above two; interatomic distances between hydrogen isotopes within twice the maximum bond length of a molecule comprised by hydrogen isotopes at ambient conditions, or a combination thereof; wherein at least one sub-atomic reaction occurs.

11. A method of claim 10, wherein the sub-atomic reaction is triggered, continued, or both by comprising, contacting, structuring, actuating, stimulating, entangling, or a combination thereof of at least one of the means selected from the group consisting of: piezoelectric material, electrochemical pump, ionic conductor, plasmonic material, a magnonic material, a material with thermal expansion mismatch, a cavitating material, a lattice straining material, a sticking layer material, at least two sub-atomic particles moving closer together,Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 37a transmutation, thermoelectric material, ionic material, ionic blocking material, a sub-atomic particle, an entangled quanta, a further material carrier system; a reaction of an quantum entangled material, a quantum energy transfer, a coherent wave, a shock-wave, a promotion to a higher energy level, a promotion to a higher energy state, a quasi-particle, becoming in a quasi particle-like state, a resonant frequency, the screening a charge, a patterned material, a sculpted material to interact with electromagnetic energy, a magnetic alignment, a structure to interact with vacuum energy fluctuations, a structure to interact with a weakly interacting particles, a cavitating fluid, a material expansion, a material contraction, Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein-like condensate state, a metallic material, a breeder material, a neutron absorber, a semi-conducting material, an insulating material, reactant solubility change, a plasma, a plasmoid, a highly energetic particle, a highly energetic sub-atomic particle, a composite thereof, a patterned material thereof, a structured material thereof, a metamaterial thereof or a combination thereof.

12. A method of claim 10, wherein the method is intended for at least one application selected from the group consisting of: produce electrical energy, produce thermal energy, reduce the content of a hazardous waste, increase the reaction rate of a fuel, reduce the half-life time of a fuel waste, trigger an additional subatomic reaction, produce highly energetic particles, produce a sub-atomic reaction on a chip, produce a fuel, or a combination thereof.

13. A method of claim 10, wherein at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a first reactant, an optional second reactant, an output material stream, material carrier system, or a combination thereof comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a hydrocarbon, a Kubas effect material, a bio-sourced hydrocarbon, H2S, SOX, COX, biomass, vegetable oil, plastics, recycled plastics, waste plastics, alcohols, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, air, NOX, ammonia, bitumen, heavy oils, fly ash, vacuum, hydrogen peroxide, KOH, NaOH, H2O, aldehydes, a carbon allotrope, diamonds, carbon nitride, CxNy, CxNyHz, CS2, sulfur allotrope, aromatic hydrocarbons, linear hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, a doped carbon allotrope, doped carbon nitride, hydrazine, water, steam, an alcohol, acetic acid, formic acid, a carboxylic acid, an organic hydrogen carrier, inorganic hydrogen carrier, a metal nitrate, fuel, a decarbonized fuel, a desulfurized fuel, ammonium nitrate, H2SOX, a high entropy alloy, a high entropy ceramic, a waste atomic fuel, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Cn, Nh, Fl, Me, Lv, Ts, Og, Uue, Ubn, Ubu, Ubb, Ubt, Uqe, Ubp, Ubh, Ubs, Ubo, Ube, Utn, a, v, n, p, n, an isotopic variation thereof, plasmas thereof, compounds thereof, allotropes thereof, metamaterials thereof, the like, or a combination thereof, wherein subscripts x,y,z are independent from a selected material to another selected material and range between 0 and 11 including all values between 0 and 11, 0, and 11 where physically applicable.

14. A method of shaping at least one of: a plasma, a high boiling temperature fluid, or both wherein at least a portion of it is shaped into at least one of the group consisting of: a hollow toroid, a hollow cylindroid, a helical toroid, a double-helical toroid, a multi-helical toroid, helical fractional toroid, or a combinationAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 38thereof; wherein optionally at least one plasmoid is formed thereafter; wherein optionally the hollow toroid, hollow cylindroid or both can be considered as having a lower particle count in a central segment than in the densest plasma structure; wherein optionally at least one of the mentioned toroids mainly has poloidal motion; wherein optionally several shaped plasma structures are placed together within 20 times the largest characteristic length of the largest one.

15. A method of claim 14, wherein at least 1 of the applications selected from the group consisting of: energy production, energy conversion, material production, material conversion, material transmutation, propulsion, or a combination thereof, wherein a plasma or a subset of the plasma performs at least one of the following: contacting of at least a segment with a material that is not in a gaseous or plasma state, a hollow toroidal path, helical toroidal path, double helical toroidal path, multi-helical toroidal path, nested helical toroidal path, helical fractional toroidal path, a linear path, repeated expansion and contraction of at least a segment in the main radial orientation, repeated expansion and contraction of at least a segment in a poloidal radius orientation, repeated expansion and contraction of at least segment in an axial orientation, repeated expansion and contraction of at least segment in a theta orientation, a compression on at least one of the former, or a combination thereof, by the means of a varying electrical potential or varying electrical potential plus at least one or more of the following: varying electrical field, electrical current, a varying electric current, varying magnetic field, varying magnetic potential, varying magnetic field with at least an axial component, varying electrical potential with at least a theta dependence, at least one ring electrode, at least one ring-like electrode, at least one ring-like waveguide, at least one ring-like metamaterial, at least one ringlike slow waveguide, a static electric field, a static magnetic field, or a combination thereof; wherein optionally a plasma or a subset of a plasma is at least partially contacting a material carrier system, cavitating liquid, or both, wherein optionally the contacting is performed at least partially by the means of at least one of: reactant, liquid reactant, a catalyst, reactant pump, vacuum pump, mechanical actuator, a plasma gun, induced cavitation, a projectile, electrical bias, an applied field or a combination thereof; wherein optionally at least one of the mentioned toroids or plasmoid decouples.

16. A method of claim 15, wherein at least one material property selected from the group consisting of the helicity, filamentation, number of turns, compression, density, levitation, internal field strength, or a combination thereof of the plasma, the fluid, or both is controlled at least partially by temporal variations, frequency variations, or both of an at least partially propagating: electric field, electric potential, electric current, electric wave, magnetic field, magnetic potential, electromagnetic wave; wherein optionally the plasma is encased by a mirror-cusp field; wherein optionally a material is sustained, shaped, or both by the means of an acoustic stimulus, reduced gravity, or both.

17. A method of claim 15, wherein at least one of: the carrier material system, the catalyst, or the reactant comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: piezoelectric material, a cavitating material, electrochemical pumping material, ionic conductor, plasmonic material, a magnonic material, a material with thermal expansion mismatch, a lattice straining material, a sticking layer material, a sub-atomic particle, a transmuted material, thermoelectric material, ionic material, ionic blocking material, an entangled quanta, a reaction of an quantum entangled material, a quantum energy transfer, a coherent wave, a shock-Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 39wave, a material promoted to a higher energy level, a material promoted to a higher energy state, a quasiparticle, becoming a quasi particle-like material state, a magnetically aligned material, a material resonating at a frequency, the screening a charge, a patterned material, a structured material to interact with electromagnetic energy, a material structured to interact with vacuum energy fluctuations, a material structured to interact with a weakly interacting particles, a cavitating fluid, a material expanding, a material contracting, Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein-like condensate material state, a metallic material, a semi-conducting material, an insulating material, a material with a reactant solubility change, an additional plasma, a highly energetic particle, a highly energetic sub-atomic particle, a composite thereof, a patterned material thereof, a structured material thereof, a metamaterial thereof or a combination thereof.

18. A method of claim 15, wherein energy is transferred directly from the plasma to at least one of: the electrodes, the coils, the solenoids, a fluid, or a combination thereof; wherein optionally that energy is stored, exchanged, distributed, or combination thereof.

19. A method of claim 14, wherein at least one material in the method selected from the group consisting of: a first reactant, an optional second reactant, an output material stream, plasma, high temperature boiling fluid, or a combination thereof comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of: a hydrocarbon, a bio-sourced hydrocarbon, H2S, SOX, COX, biomass, vegetable oil, plastics, recycled plastics, waste plastics, alcohols, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, air, NOX, ammonia, bitumen, heavy oils, fly ash, vacuum, hydrogen peroxide, KOH, NaOH, H2O, aldehydes, a carbon allotrope, diamonds, carbon nitride, CxNy, CxNyHz, CS2, sulfur allotrope, aromatic hydrocarbons, linear hydrocarbons, carbon disulfide, a doped carbon allotrope, doped carbon nitride, hydrazine, water, steam, an alcohol, acetic acid, formic acid, a carboxylic acid, an organic hydrogen carrier, inorganic hydrogen carrier, a metal nitrate, fuel, a Kubas effect material, a decarbonized fuel, a desulfurized fuel, ammonium nitrate, H2SOX, a high entropy alloy, a high entropy ceramic, a waste atomic fuel, He, Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Kr, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Xe, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Rn, Fr, Ra, Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr, Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, Ds, Rg, Cn, Nh, Fl, Me, Lv, Ts, Og, Uue, Ubn, Ubu, Ubb, Ubt, Uqe, Ubp, Ubh, Ubs, Ubo, Ube, Utn, a, v, n, p, n, an isotopic variation thereof, plasmas thereof, compounds thereof, allotropes thereof, metamaterials thereof, the like, or a combination thereof, wherein subscripts x,y,z are independent from a selected material to another selected material and range between 0 and 11 including all values between 0 and 11, 0, and 11 where physically applicable.

20. An apparatus comprising at least the following: a reactor for chemical reactions, electrochemical reactions, physical reactions, or a combination thereof to react a reactant; wherein optionally the reactor has at least one input, at least one output, or both; wherein at least one reaction is a sub-atomic reaction; wherein a reactor comprises a material carrier system, which is applied for at least one of the following: energy production, energy conversion, material production, material conversion, propulsion, or a combination thereof; wherein a material carrier system comprises at least 1 of the following elements of: an atomic carrier system, a molecular carrier system, catalyst, reactant, or a combination thereof; and the element is reactedAdrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 40by, contacted with, or both by at least one of the means selected from the group consisting of: piezoelectric material, electrochemical pump, ionic conductor, plasmonic material, a magnonic material, a material with thermal expansion mismatch, a cavitating material, a lattice straining material, a sticking layer material, at least two sub-atomic particles moving closer together, a transmutation, thermoelectric material, ionic material, ionic blocking material, a sub-atomic particle, entangled quanta, a reaction of an quantum entangled material, a quantum energy transfer, a coherent wave, a shock-wave, a promotion to a higher energy level, a promotion to a higher energy state, a quasi-particle, becoming in a quasi particle-like state, a resonant frequency, the screening of a charge, a patterned material, a material structured to interact with electromagnetic energy, a magnetic alignment, a material structured to interact with vacuum energy fluctuations, a structure to interact with a weakly interacting particles, a cavitating fluid, a material expansion, a material contraction, a Bose-Einstein condensate, Bose-Einstein-like condensate state, a metallic material, a semi-conducting material an insulating material, reactant solubility change, a plasma, a highly energetic particle, a highly energetic sub-atomic particle, a composite thereof, a patterned material thereof, a structured material thereof, a metamaterial thereof, the like, or a combination thereof.

21. An apparatus comprising at least the following: a reactor for chemical reactions, electrochemical reactions, physical reactions, or a combination thereof to react a reactant; wherein optionally the reactor has at least one input, at least one output, or both; wherein at least one reaction is a sub-atomic reaction; wherein optionally an enclosure is comprised; wherein a reactor is comprising at least one of the following selected from a group consisting of: a plasma, a high boiling temperature fluid, or both; wherein at least a portion of the reactor is shaped into at least one shape selected from the group consisting of: a hollow toroid, a hollow cylindroid, a helical toroid, a double-helical toroid, a multi-helical toroid, a nested-helical toroid, helical fractional toroid, or a combination thereof; wherein optionally at least one plasmoid is formed thereafter; wherein optionally the hollow toroid, the hollow cylindroid, or both can be considered as having a lower particle count in a central segment than in the densest segment; wherein optionally at least one of the aforementioned toroids mainly has poloidal motion; wherein the reactor is shaped at least partially by at least one of the following selected from a group consisting of: a field, a potential, particles, sub-atomic particles, quasi-particles, the like, or a combination thereof.Adrián César Cavazos Sepúlveda, 2025-2026 41