Constellations for wireless communication

Abstract

Various aspects of the present disclosure relate to constellations for wireless communication. An apparatus (e.g., a network equipment (NE), a user equipment (UE)), generates a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication. The apparatus transmits information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations.

Description

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT1CONSTELLATIONS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONRELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Non-Provisional Application Serial No.19 / 183,468, filed 18 April 2025 entitled “CONSTELLATIONS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION,” the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to modulation and coding in wireless communications.BACKGROUND

[0003] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, which may be otherwise known as network equipment (NE), supporting wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE), or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like)). Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G)).SUMMARY

[0004] As used herein, including the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a,” “at least one,” “one or more,” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT2

[0005] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of’ or “one or more of’ or “one or both of’) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on”.

[0006] As used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.

[0007] The apparatuses (e.g., NE, UE), processors, and methods of the present disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable features disclosed herein.

[0008] An apparatus (e.g., a NE, UE) for wireless communication is described. The apparatus may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the apparatus may be configured to, capable of, or operable to generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.

[0009] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of an apparatus (e.g., UE, NE)) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT3

[0010] A method performed or performable by an apparatus (e.g., UE, NE) for wireless communication is described. The method may include generating a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.

[0011] In some implementations of the apparatus, the processor, and the method described herein, the apparatus, the processor, and the method may further be configured to, capable of, operable to, performed to, or performable to transmit information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0012] In some implementations of the apparatus, the processor, and the method described herein, each nonuniform constellation is applicable for mapping of bits associated with the wireless communication, and wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for demapping of bits associated with the wireless communication; the objective function is based at least in part on a bitinterleaved coded modulation (BICM) function; a maximum of the objective function is based at least in part on a constraint, and wherein the constraint is based at least in part on a type of nonuniform constellation; the type of nonuniform constellation includes one or more of a onedimensional nonuniform constellation, a two-dimensional nonuniform constellation, or a M-ary amplitude phase shift keying (M-APSK) constellation; the constraint includes a power normalization constraint, and wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on the power normalization constraint; the constraint includes one or more of channel properties, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios, or coding rates.

[0013] In some implementations of the apparatus, the processor, and the method described herein, the apparatus, the processor, and the method may further be configured to, capable of, operable to, performed to, or performable to determine the objective function based at least in part on one or more of a brute force algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, a genetic algorithm, or a Nelder-Mead algorithm.

[0014] An apparatus (e.g., a NE, UE) for wireless communication is described. The apparatus may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as describedAttorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT4herein. For example, the apparatus may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; and receive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0015] A processor (e.g., a standalone processor chipset, or a component of an apparatus (e.g., UE, NE)) for wireless communication is described. The processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to perform one or more operations as described herein. For example, the processor may be configured to, capable of, or operable to receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; and receive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0016] A method performed or performable by an apparatus (e.g., UE, NE) for wireless communication is described. The method may include receiving information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; and receiving or transmitting data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0018] Figure 2 illustrates an example system in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT5

[0019] Figures 3 and 4 illustrate different constellation arrangements for wireless communications systems.

[0020] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0021] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0022] Figure 7 illustrates an example of an NE in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0023] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

[0024] Figure 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] In a wireless communications system, a UE and an NE (e.g., a base station, gNB) may support wireless communication (e.g., reception and / or transmission of wireless communication) using time-frequency resources. Channel coding and modulation schemes can be employed as part of using time-frequency resources in wireless communication, for example, to enable efficient data transmission and error correction using time-frequency resources. Some modulation and coding schemes use constellations (also known as constellations symbols), which involve mapping data symbols of data to be transmitted to specific points in a complex plane, known as constellation points. These constellation points represent different signal states that can be transmitted over a communication channel. In examples, each constellation point is a combination (e.g., unique combination) of phase and amplitude, with phase represented by the angle and amplitude by the distance from the center of a constellation diagram.

[0026] In some wireless communications systems, uniform quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations can be used for mapping and demapping of encoded data. While QAM constellations may reduce computational complexity for mapping and demapping, QAM constellations may cause performance loss in terms of data rates and error probability. To address Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT6these shortcomings, non-uniform constellations (NUC) may be used, which may provide performance improvements in terms of data rates and error probability. However, NUC may involve greater complexity for mapping and demapping compared to QAM constellations. For example, demapping complexity can be significantly higher due to the non-uniform structure of NUC. One option to reduce the complexity at the receiver entity (e.g., a UE and / or an NE) is to use demapping through a max-log operation, known as max-log demapping. However, NUC may be implemented under the assumption that the receiver entity employs optimal demapping. As a result, the designed NUC may not perform properly when used with a max-log demapper at the receiver entity.

[0027] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system and include implementations to generate constellations generated (e.g., designed, configured, tailored) for receiver entities using a max-log demapper. Implementations may generate constellations using an objective function that utilizes a max-log operation, where such constellations can accommodate max-log demapping that may be employed at a receiver entity (e.g., a UE and / or an NE).

[0028] By performing the described techniques, entities in a wireless communications system can realize improved encoding and decoding capabilities, while conserving computational and network resources. In examples, utilizing max-log operations to generate constellations may reduce computational complexity at a receiver entity, while achieving a balance between performance and practicality.

[0029] Reference is made herein to communicating data or information, such as signaling communication resources and / or communications that are transmitted or received between devices. It is to be appreciated that other terms may be used interchangeably with communicating, such as signaling, transmitting, receiving, outputting, forwarding, retrieving, obtaining, and so forth.

[0030] Aspects of the present disclosure are described in the context of a wireless communications system. Aspects of the present disclosure are further set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. The description set forth herein, in connection with the accompanying drawings, describes example implementations and does not represent all the implementations that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the describedAttorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT7implementations. These implementations, however, may be practiced without these specific details. Additionally, the description set forth herein, in connection with the accompanying drawings is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the present disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not limited to the examples and implementations described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

[0031] Figure 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications system 100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more NEs 102, one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultrawideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or code division multiple access (CDMA), etc.

[0032] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, an access point (AP), a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN), a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB (gNB), or other suitable terminology. An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT8

[0033] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc.) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN). In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with different NE 102.

[0034] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (loT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (loE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.

[0035] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.

[0036] An NE 102 may support communications with the CN 106, or with another NE 102, or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with other NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., SI, N2, N6, or other network interface). In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106). In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC). An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs).Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT9

[0037] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC), or a 5G core (5GC), which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc.) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.

[0038] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an SI, N2, N6, or other network interface). The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session). The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106).

[0039] In the wireless communications system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers)) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures). The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.

[0040] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT10numerology (e.g., / r=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., / r=l) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., / r=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., / r=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.

[0041] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames). Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.

[0042] Additionally, or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., / r=0, / =l , / r=2, / r=3, / r=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols). In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing), a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., / r=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT11

[0043] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz - 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz - 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz - 24.25 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz - 114.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz - 71 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz - 300 GHz). In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data). In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.

[0044] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies). For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., / r=0), which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., / r=l), which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies). For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., / r=2), which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., / r=3), which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.

[0045] According to implementations, one or more of the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 are operable to implement various aspects of the techniques described with reference to the present disclosure. For example, a first apparatus (e.g., a NE 102, a UE 104) may generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication. The first apparatus may transmit information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0046] In another example, a second apparatus (e.g., a NE 102, a UE 104) may receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations. Each nonuniform constellation of Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT12the set of nonuniform constellations may be generated based at least in part on an objective function. The objective function may include maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, and each nonuniform constellation may be applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication. That is, a receiver entity and a transmitter entity may use a same nonuniform constellation. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may use the same nonuniform constellation for wireless communication (e.g., downlink transmission, downlink reception, uplink transmission, uplink reception). The second apparatus may receive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0047] Reference is made herein to communicating data or information, such as signaling communication resources and / or communications that are transmitted or received between devices. It is to be appreciated that other terms may be used interchangeably with communicating, such as signaling, transmitting, receiving, outputting, forwarding, retrieving, obtaining, and so forth.

[0048] Figure 2 illustrates an example system 200 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The system 200 can be implemented for BICM. The system 200 includes a transmitter apparatus 202 and a receiver apparatus 204. In the system 200, an encoder 206 at the transmitter apparatus 202 applies forward error correction (FEC) coding to encode data 208 (e.g., information bits). An interleaver 210 then applies interleaving to the encoded data, which may cause the encoded bits to be independent from each other. A mapper 212 applies mapping to the interleaved encoded information bits. For mapping by the mapper 212, each m encoded bits may be mapped to a corresponding transmit symbol based on a constellation X, where m represents a modulation order. The number of symbols in the constellation may be denoted by M = 2m. For example, if m = 2, each two bits are mapped to one of the four symbols (M = 4) in the constellation X. The sequence of mapped symbols may be transmitted by the transmitter apparatus 202 to the receiver apparatus 204 via a channel 214.

[0049] The receiver apparatus 204 receives the sequence of mapped symbols which are demapped by a demapper 216, deinterleaved by a deinterleaver 218, and decoded by a decoder 220 to generate the data 208. The channel 214 may introduce noise and distortions to the transmitted symbols. The channel 214 may be represented as Pg(y|%) , where 0 denotes the channel parameters that define its characteristics. For example, in a zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, the receive symbol follows a complex Gaussian distribution pe(y|x)~CW(0, cr2), where Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT130 = a2represents the noise power. The receiver apparatus 204 may process the noisy sequence of receive symbols and attempt to recover the original data 208. At the demapper 216, the receiver apparatus 204 may calculate the log-likelihood ratios (LLRs) of the transmitted bits given the receive symbol y, using the known constellation X. In BICM systems, this step can allow per-bit processing, reducing receiver complexity. The deinterleaver 218 can be applied to reorder the LLRs back to their original sequence before decoding. The receiver apparatus 204 can aggregate the LLRs from the receive symbols and feed them into the decoder 220 (e.g., FEC decoder) to reconstruct the original data 208, e.g., information bits. In the system 200, utilizing the interleaver 210 between the encoder 206 and the mapper 212 can enable the encoded bits to be independent after interleaving. This independence can enable the demapping process to be decoupled from the decoding process, which can reduce the receiver’s complexity.

[0050] Figures 3 and 4 illustrate different constellation arrangements for wireless communications systems. Figure 3 illustrates a QAM constellation 300 where symbols are approximately uniformly distributed on a rectangular grid, and Figure 4 illustrates a NUC 400 where symbols are arranged for AWGN channels by adjusting symbol placements considering BICM capacity.

[0051] In some wireless communications systems, uniform QAM constellations may be utilized. In such systems, the selection of a constellation X which defines a set of transmit symbols can impact signal shaping. In an AWGN channel, a transmit signal for achieving channel capacity may follow a Gaussian distribution. However, some systems cannot implement Gaussian signaling because it may involve an infinite number of symbols, which is infeasible. To address this issue, wireless communication standards (e.g., 3GPP) may utilize QAM constellations. QAM may simplify the demapping process at the receiver, and symbols in a QAM constellation may be uniformly spaced to generate a uniform constellation. The QAM constellation 300 illustrates an example of a QAM constellation where M = 256.

[0052] A NUC represents a constellation where symbols are non-uniformly spaced. Unlike QAM, NUC is designed to optimize the shape of the transmit signal. For instance, in an AWGN channel, NUC may better approximate Gaussian signaling by placing more symbols near the origin and fewer symbols further away, as illustrated in the NUC 400. While NUC may enable increased performance over QAM, its adoption in standardized wireless systems faces challenges. One Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT14challenge involves increased receiver complexity. Unlike QAM, NUC may involve the receiver using a NUC for demapping, which can increase computational load. As a result, the complexity of NUC-based demapping may outweigh its benefits, particularly in some wireless communications systems where mobile devices as receivers may have limited processing power and computing resources. Thus, while NUC may provide advantages in improved performance, its practical feasibility remains an issue in its adoption for future wireless systems.

[0053] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., utilizing 3GPP standards), QAM constellations may be employed for both mapping and demapping. The QAM constellation 300, for example, represents a constellation where QAM constellation for M = 256 is used. A constellation X may include M complex-domain symbols, where adjacent symbols are equally spaced along a rectangular grid, where the x-axis denotes the in-phase / real component, while the y-axis represents the quadrature / imaginary component of each symbol. This uniform spacing may simplify the receiver’s demapping process, which may reduce computational complexity.

[0054] In BICM systems, symbols may be assumed to occur with equal probability. Under this assumption, NUC design may focus on optimizing the constellation X to improve the channel capacity for BICM systems, e.g., BICM capacity defined as:m m Yx'&xPo^yt.^x') BICMOO = (Q; y)= mEbe{o,i},p0f=iO82Sx'exf 6P0(yAb|%').

[0055] Here, E is the expectation operator (with Ede(0,i}, 0 implying expectation over b G {0,1} and 6) and represents the -C-th bit contained in the transmit symbol x. As an example, consider 4-QAM (M = 4), where each transmit symbol x contains two bits (m = log2M = 2). For instance, if x carries bits 10, then q = 1 (first bit) and c2= 0 (second bit). The set Xi bis a subset of X in which the -C-th bit q is b G {0,1}. Note that the two sets, X{ b=0and X^b=1, are complementary, i.e., X = Xf,b=0U Xfb=1. The receive symbol yfbis a noisy version of XfbG X^bgoing through the channel, e.g.,ye,b~Po(y\xe,b) where x{,bG X{,b.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT15

[0056] An objective of NUC design is to maximize the BICM capacity while ensuring that the constellation is power-normalized. An optimization problem can be formulated as:maximize CBICMQOXsubject to EXEX[ 11 x 112] = 1

[0057] NUC may be designed differently depending on the channel properties. The NUC optimized for AWGN channels is provided in the right figure in Figure 2. Here, 1D-NUC is considered as an example. The symbol placement in NUC (e.g., the NUC 400) resembles Gaussian signaling rather than the uniform QAM constellation (e.g., the constellation 300).

[0058] The BICM capacity of NUC may be higher than that of conventional QAM constellation because NUC is specifically designed to maximize the BICM capacity. As a result, NUC may provide better communication performance in terms of both capacity and error probability.However, this improvement may result in increased computational complexity, particularly in the demapping process at the receiver. Demapping in NUC may involve more computations than in QAM due to its non-uniform structure, making it more demanding in terms of computations. In contrast, QAM constellations provide a simplified mapping and demapping process due to their uniform structure, but this simplicity may result in decreased performance, as QAM is not an optimized constellation for maximizing capacity. Ultimately, neither QAM nor NUC individually provide an ideal balance between performance and practicality, as NUC requires high demapping complexity, whereas QAM compromises on performance.

[0059] In some implementations, the BICM capacity is analyzed in relation to the transmitter mapping and the receiver demapping processes using their respective constellations. The BICM capacity can be specified as:m CBICM (X) tTl Ebe{o,i}, pg 1 -I - — - (Equation 1) \ L ' x'ext,bPe{yi!,b\x'} whereyej3~Po(y\xe,b) Where xf bE Xf b. (Equation 2)Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT16

[0060] In Equation 1, b is defined as a complementary value of b, such that 6 = 1 when 6 = 0, and 6 = 0 when 6 = 1. Using this definition, the subsetis complementary to the subset Xi b, meaning that the full constellation can be expressed as X = X{ bU X{ b. In other words, these two subsets form a partition of X, ensuring that every symbol in the constellation belongs to one of these two groups. E is the expectation operator.

[0061] Given a constellation X, the BICM capacity CBICM( ) can be computed from Equation 1 using the following steps: Step 1. In Equation 2, a symbol x{ bis randomly selected from the subset Xi bof the constellation X. This symbol is then passed through the channel, producing a receive symbol y^b, as described in Equation 2. Step 2. In Equation 1, given the receive symbol y^b, we compute the likelihood probability Pe^y^x') for each x' in both subsets Xgband X{ b. The likelihoods are summed up to calculate the likelihood ratio as shown in Equation 2, and the remaining calculations from Equation 2 are then performed to finally obtain the BICM capacity CBICMQO-

[0062] Regarding interpretation of Steps 1 and 2 in terms of transmitter and receiver operations, the constellation X may be used in both Steps 1 and 2. We observe that the use of a constellation in Step 1 is the mapping process at the transmitter, and in Step 2 the use of a constellation is the demapping process at the receiver. Step 1 may describe the transmitter’s mapping process where symbols are chosen from a given constellation X. To further describe how Step 2 relates to the receiver operation, consider the receiver demapping process in BICM systems. In BICM systems, the receiver demapping process may include calculating the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) for each bit , given by:. p(ylQ = i) _ , T.x'Ex{,b=1Po(.y\x')(Equation 3){ sp(y\c{= VsSx'exf,6=oP0(yk')'

[0063] Equation 3 may match the calculation of the likelihood ratio in Equation 1 (Step 2). The BICM capacity may consider all bits c1(... , cmcollectively in a logarithmic sum, whereas LLR calculations in demapping may be based on individual bits . This relationship highlights thatAttorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT17optimizing BICM capacity inherently enhances the reliability of bit-level demapping / decoding at the receiver.

[0064] In implementations, Step 1 can correspond to the transmitter mapping process, while Step 2 can correspond to the receiver demapping process. Some NUC designs which maximize BICM capacity (existing solution 2) may inherently assume that the receiver performs optimal calculation for LLR A^>. This means that the NUC produced by these methods may be designed for receivers other than those using max-log demapping.

[0065] Implementations described herein provide solutions to develop a NUC design tailored for receivers using a max-log demapping process. In some examples, a constellation is generated to align with the max-log demapping process. A BICM capacity formula may be modified to define a new objective function that reflects performance characteristics of max-log demapping.

[0066] By modifying the BICM capacity formula in Equation 2, a new objective function can be defined as:max p0(y^x'Jx EXt,b _f (X) = m - 27= 1Ebe{o,i},P0log2(Equation 4) max p0(y{,b\x')xbwhere the receive symbol y{bis a noised version of transmit symbol x{bG X, e.g.:yo~P0(y|%£;£)) where x{ bG X. (Equation 5)

[0067] One example difference between the modified objective function (Equation 4) and the original BICM capacity formula (Equation 1) is the replacement of the sum operation with the max operation. The fraction inside the logarithmic term may be the same as the max-log demapping process at the receiver, e.g., the LLR approximated using the max-log operation which can be given by:max pe(y|x')maxlogb=1= log (Equation 6)maxb=0P9(y|x')’Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT18

[0068] In some implementations, using the max operation enables the objective function / (X) to reflect the behavior of the max-log demapping process. Constellations can thus be generated that are tailored to receivers that use max-log demapping.

[0069] Based at least in part on the objective function above (Equation 4), an optimization function can be defined as:maximize / (X)Xsubjectto|%| |2] = 1. (Equation 7)

[0070] The constraint indicated in Equation 7 can enable a constellation to be power normalized.

[0071] The described implementations can be applied to various types of NUC, including but not limited to 1D-NUC, 2D-NUC, and Af-APSK. Based on a constellation type, constraints can be added to the optimization function. For example, in 1D-NUC design, a constraint can be applied to ensuring that symbols are arranged in a rectangular shape and remain symmetric along both in the in-phase and quadrature axes. For example, the implementations described herein can be applicable to any NUC design. Different optimization methods to solve the optimization function, including but not limited to a particle swarm optimization (PSO) method, a Nelder-Mead algorithm, and genetic algorithms (GA). The described implementations, however, are not limited to a specific optimization technique, and thus can be adaptable based on computational efficiency and convergence parameters.

[0072] Regarding communication with constellations generated using the described implementations, a constellation can be designed at a NE, e.g., a transmitter, a receiver, or another device. Different constellations can be designed based on various factors, including channel properties, transmitter / receiver constellation constraints, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), and coding rates. With reference to channel properties, constellations can be generated to compensate for noisy channel environments. For example, a larger Euclidean distance between symbols in a constellation can provide lower error rates (e.g., bit error rates (BERs)). With reference to transmitter / receiver constellation constraints, more complex constellations may incur higher computational costs on devices. Thus, constellations may be designed that consider computational Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT19constraints on transmitter entities and / or receiver entities. With reference to modulation order, constellations can be designed that consider available channel quality. For example, constellation complexity can correspond to channel quality, where lower complexity constellations may be used for lower quality (e.g., noisier) channels, and vice-versa.

[0073] In some examples, before wireless communication is performed, an entity (e.g., NE, UE) that designs (e.g., generates) the constellations can transmit the constellation information to a corresponding entity. For example, if the transmitter designs the constellation, the transmitter can communicate the constellation to the receiver, and vice-versa. The associated signaling exchange may be a one-time transmission, after which the transmitter and receiver may communicate using one of the pairs of the designed constellations.

[0074] Figure 5 illustrates an example of a UE 500 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 500 may include a processor 502, a memory 504, a controller 506, and a transceiver 508. The processor 502, the memory 504, the controller 506, or the transceiver 508, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0075] The processor 502, the memory 504, the controller 506, or the transceiver 508, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.

[0076] The processor 502 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 502 may be configured to operate the memory 504. In some other implementations, the memory 504 may be integrated into the processor 502. The processor 502 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the UE 500 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT20

[0077] The memory 504 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 502 cause the UE 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 504 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0078] In some implementations, the processor 502 and the memory 504 coupled with the processor 502 may be configured to cause the UE 500 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 502, instructions stored in the memory 504). For example, the processor 502 may support wireless communication at the UE 500 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The UE 500 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 504) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 502) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.

[0079] Additionally, the UE 500 may be configured to support any one or combination of where the at least one processor is further operable to transmit information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations; each nonuniform constellation is applicable for mapping of bits associated with the wireless communication, and wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for demapping of bits associated with the wireless communication; the objective function is based at least in part on a BICM function; a maximum of the objective function is based at least in part on a constraint, and wherein the constraint is based at least in part on a type of nonuniform constellation; the type of nonuniform constellation includes one or more of a one-dimensional nonuniform constellation, a two-dimensional nonuniform constellation, or a M-APSK constellation; the constraint includes a power normalization constraint, and wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on the powerAttorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT21normalization constraint; the constraint includes one or more of channel properties, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios, or coding rates; the at least one processor is further operable to determine the objective function based at least in part on one or more of a brute force algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, a genetic algorithm, or a Nelder-Mead algorithm.

[0080] The UE 500 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 504) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 502) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; and receive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0081] The controller 506 may manage input and output signals for the UE 500. The controller 506 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 500. In some implementations, the controller 506 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 506 may be implemented as part of the processor 502.

[0082] In some implementations, the UE 500 may include at least one transceiver 508. In some other implementations, the UE 500 may have more than one transceiver 508. The transceiver 508 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 508 may include one or more receiver chains 510, one or more transmitter chains 512, or a combination thereof.

[0083] A receiver chain 510 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 510 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 510 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 510 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 510 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT22

[0084] A transmitter chain 512 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 512 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or QAM. The transmitter chain 512 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 512 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0085] Figure 6 illustrates an example of a processor 600 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 600 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 600 may include a controller 602 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 600 may optionally include at least one memory 604, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 600 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 606. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses).

[0086] The processor 600 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 600) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM), static RAM (SRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), flash memory, phase change memory (PCM), and others).

[0087] The controller 602 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 600 to cause the processor Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT23600 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 602 may operate as a control unit of the processor 600, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 600. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.

[0088] The controller 602 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 604 and determine subsequent instruction(s) to be executed to cause the processor 600 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 602 may be configured to track memory addresses of instructions associated with the memory 604. The controller 602 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 602 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 600 to cause the processor 600 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 602 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 600. The controller 602 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs 606, and other functional units of the processor 600.

[0089] The memory 604 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 600 or other memory, such as RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 604 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 600). In some other implementations, the memory 604 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 600).

[0090] The memory 604 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 600, cause the processor 600 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 602 and / or the processor 600 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 604 to cause the processor 600 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 600 and / or the controller 602 may be coupled with or to the memory 604, the processor 600, and the controller 602, and may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 600 may include multiple processors and the memory 604 may include multiple memories. One or more Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT24of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.

[0091] The one or more ALUs 606 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 606 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 600). In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 606 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 600). One or more ALUs 606 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 606 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 606 may be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 606 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR), not-OR (NOR), and not-AND (NAND), enabling the one or more ALUs 606 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.

[0092] The processor 600 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 600 may be configured to or operable to support at least one controller (e.g., the controller 602) coupled with at least one memory (e.g., the memory 604) and configured to cause the processor to generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.

[0093] Additionally, the processor 600 may be configured to or operable to support any one or combination of where the at least one processor is further operable to transmit information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations; each nonuniform constellation is applicable for mapping of bits associated with the wireless communication, and wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for demapping of bits associated with the wireless communication; the objective function is based at least in part on a BICM function; a maximum of the objective function is based at least in part on a constraint, and wherein the constraint is based at least in part on a type of nonuniform constellation; the type of nonuniform constellation includes one or more of Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT25a one-dimensional nonuniform constellation, a two-dimensional nonuniform constellation, or a M-APSK constellation; the constraint includes a power normalization constraint, and wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on the power normalization constraint; the constraint includes one or more of channel properties, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios, or coding rates; the at least one processor is further operable to determine the objective function based at least in part on one or more of a brute force algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, a genetic algorithm, or a Nelder-Mead algorithm.

[0094] The processor 600 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 600 may be configured to or operable to support at least one controller (e.g., the controller 602) coupled with at least one memory (e.g., the memory 604) and configured to cause the processor to receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; and receive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0095] Figure 7 illustrates an example of an NE 700 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 700 may include a processor 702, a memory 704, a controller 706, and a transceiver 708. The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.

[0096] The processor 702, the memory 704, the controller 706, or the transceiver 708, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry). The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT26

[0097] The processor 702 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof). In some implementations, the processor 702 may be configured to operate the memory 704. In some other implementations, the memory 704 may be integrated into the processor 702. The processor 702 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 704 to cause the NE 700 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.

[0098] The memory 704 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 704 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 702 cause the NE 700 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 704 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.

[0099] In some implementations, the processor 702 and the memory 704 coupled with the processor 702 may be configured to cause the NE 700 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 702, instructions stored in the memory 704). For example, the processor 702 may support wireless communication at the NE 700 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein.

[0100] The NE 700 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 704) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 702) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.

[0101] Additionally, the NE 700 may be configured to support any one or combination of where the at least one processor is further operable to transmit information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations; each nonuniform constellation is applicable for mapping of bitsAttorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT27associated with the wireless communication, and wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for demapping of bits associated with the wireless communication; the objective function is based at least in part on a BICM function; a maximum of the objective function is based at least in part on a constraint, and wherein the constraint is based at least in part on a type of nonuniform constellation; the type of nonuniform constellation includes one or more of a one-dimensional nonuniform constellation, a two-dimensional nonuniform constellation, or a M-APSK constellation; the constraint includes a power normalization constraint, and wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on the power normalization constraint; the constraint includes one or more of channel properties, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios, or coding rates; the at least one processor is further operable to determine the objective function based at least in part on one or more of a brute force algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, a genetic algorithm, or a Nelder-Mead algorithm.

[0102] The NE 700 may support at least one memory (e.g., the memory 704) and at least one processor (e.g., the processor 702) coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the NE to receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; and receive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

[0103] The controller 706 may manage input and output signals for the NE 700. The controller 706 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 700. In some implementations, the controller 706 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, WINDOWS®, or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 706 may be implemented as part of the processor 702.

[0104] In some implementations, the NE 700 may include at least one transceiver 708. In some other implementations, the NE 700 may have more than one transceiver 708. The transceiver 708 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 708 may include one or more receiver chains 710, one or more transmitter chains 712, or a combination thereof.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT28

[0105] A receiver chain 710 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 710 may include one or more antennas to receive a signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA)) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the received signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 710 may include at least one decoder for decoding the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.

[0106] A transmitter chain 712 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets). The transmitter chain 712 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or QAM. The transmitter chain 712 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 712 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.

[0107] Figure 8 illustrates a flowchart of a method 800 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by an apparatus (e.g., NE, UE) as described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the apparatus to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0108] At 802, the method may include generating a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication. The operations of 802 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations,Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT29aspects of the operations of 802 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 5 and / or an NE as described with reference to Figure 7.

[0109] At 804, the method may include transmitting information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations. The operations of 804 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 804 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 5 and / or an NE as described with reference to Figure 7.

[0110] Figure 9 illustrates a flowchart of a method 900 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method may be implemented by an apparatus (e.g., NE, UE) as described herein. In some implementations, the apparatus may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the apparatus to perform the described functions. It should be noted that the method described herein describes a possible implementation, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible.

[0111] At 902, the method may include receiving information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication. The operations of 902 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 902 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 5 and / or an NE as described with reference to Figure 7.

[0112] At 904, the method may include receiving or transmitting data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations. The operations of 904 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 904 may be performed by a UE as described with reference to Figure 5 and / or an NE as described with reference to Figure 7.

[0113] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to otherAttorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT30variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT

Claims

Lenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT31CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A first apparatus for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to:generate a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.

2. The first apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is further operable to cause the first apparatus to transmit information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations.

3. The first apparatus of any one of claims 1 or 2, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for mapping of bits associated with the wireless communication, and wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for demapping of bits associated with the wireless communication.

4. The first apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the objective function is based at least in part on a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) function.

5. The first apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein a maximum of the objective function is based at least in part on a constraint, and wherein the constraint is based at least in part on a type of nonuniform constellation.

6. The first apparatus of claim 5, wherein the type of nonuniform constellation comprises one or more of a one-dimensional nonuniform constellation, a two-dimensional nonuniform constellation, or a M-ary amplitude phase shift keying (M-APSK) constellation.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT327. The first apparatus of claim 5, wherein the constraint comprises a power normalization constraint, and wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on the power normalization constraint.

8. The first apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the constraint comprises one or more of channel properties, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios, or coding rates.

9. The first apparatus of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the at least one processor is further operable to cause the first apparatus to determine the objective function based at least in part on one or more of a brute force algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, a genetic algorithm, or a Nelder-Mead algorithm.

10. A second apparatus for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and operable to:receive information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication; andreceive or transmit data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.

11. A method performed by a first apparatus, the method comprising:generating a set of nonuniform constellations associated with wireless communication, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is generated based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of the wireless communication.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT3312. The method of claim 11 , further comprising transmitting information associated with the set of nonuniform constellations.

13. The method of any one of claims 11 or 12, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for mapping of bits associated with the wireless communication, and wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for demapping of bits associated with the wireless communication.

14. The method of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the objective function is based at least in part on a bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) function.

15. The method of any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein a maximum of the objective function is based at least in part on a constraint, and wherein the constraint is based at least in part on a type of nonuniform constellation.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the type of nonuniform constellation comprises one or more of a one-dimensional nonuniform constellation, a two-dimensional nonuniform constellation, or a M-ary amplitude phase shift keying (M-APSK) constellation.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the constraint comprises a power normalization constraint, and wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on the power normalization constraint.

18. The method of claim 15, wherein the constraint comprises one or more of channel properties, modulation orders, signal-to-noise ratios, or coding rates.

19. The method of any one of claims 11 to 15, further comprising determining the objective function based at least in part on one or more of a brute force algorithm, a particle swarm optimization, a genetic algorithm, or a Nelder-Mead algorithm.

20. A method performed by a second apparatus, the method comprising:Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCTLenovo Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT34receiving information associated with a set of nonuniform constellations, wherein each nonuniform constellation of the set of nonuniform constellations is based at least in part on an objective function, wherein the objective function includes maximums of bitwise likelihood ratios, wherein each nonuniform constellation is applicable for transmission and reception of wireless communication; andreceiving or transmitting data based at least in part on the information of the at least a subset of the set of nonuniform constellations.Attorney Ref. No. SMM920250017-WO-PCT

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