Bracing, a braced column, and methods thereof

Abstract

Described herein is bracing configured to provide bracing capacity to a column, the bracing comprising a foot member and at least two elongated members, each elongated member having a first end, a second end, a first face and a second face. When assembled, the at least two elongated members are arranged on opposing sides of the column and are configured such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a respective opposing side of the column, and the foot member couples to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about a base end of the column. Also described is a braced column comprising the bracing, and a braced column coupled to a substrate along with a ductile connection.

Description

[0001] BRACING, A BRACED COLUMN, AND METHODS THEREOF

[0002] RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] This application claims priority from New Zealand patent application number 820594, filed on 14 April 2025 with WIPO DAS code 89AA. The disclosure of that application is incorporated herein by reference to the extent permitted.

[0004] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0005] The present disclosure relates to construction bracing for structural columns and, more particularly, to bracing, a braced column, and methods and uses thereof, the bracing comprising a foot member and at least two elongated members for a column.

[0006] BACKGROUND

[0007] Columns are widely used in construction to provide structural support and rigidity in structures such as residential, commercial and industrial buildings. In many applications, columns are provided in walls, corners and portal openings, and are mounted to a substrate such as a foundation or other supporting structure. Such columns are commonly required to resist lateral loads arising from actions such as wind and earthquake forces.

[0008] WO2024072232 describes a timber and steel composite portal frame in which posts are coupled to a substrate using a foot bracket and coupling arrangement. NZ806912 and NZ809375 describe a washer that may be used between a bolt and a bracket or mounting plate to direct the bolt at a prescribed angle into an underlying substrate. These references illustrate examples of established approaches used in relation to column mounting and structural connections.

[0009] However, conventional and known arrangements for column bracing and substrate connection can involve additional components, fabrication steps and installation complexity. Established side bracing techniques, including steel sections or timber framing fixed to a column and connected to other parts of a structure, may also be difficult to use where space is limited around the column location or where adjacent structural features constrain installation. In some implementations, there remains a need in the field for further construction bracing arrangements for structural columns that address stiffness and support requirements while accommodating practical installation considerations.

[0010] An alternative bracing and braced column and methods and uses thereof may be useful to overcome the above limitations or at least provide the public with a choice.In this specification where reference has been made to patent specifications, other external documents, or other sources of information, this is generally for the purpose of providing a context for discussing the features of the invention. Unless specifically stated otherwise, reference to such external documents is not to be construed as an admission that such documents, or such sources of information, in any jurisdiction, are prior art, or form part of the common general knowledge in the art.

[0011] Further aspects and features of the disclosure are described below.

[0012] SUMMARY

[0013] In one aspect, the disclosure relates to bracing configured to provide bracing capacity to a column to which the bracing is fitted. The bracing comprises at least two elongated members, each elongated member having a first end, a second end, a first face and a second face, and a foot member coupled to the first end of each elongated member about a base end of the column. When assembled, the elongated members are arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face of each elongated member is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a respective opposing side of the column.

[0014] In some embodiments, the bracing is made predominantly or entirely from steel and is configured for use with a column made predominantly or entirely from wood. The elongated members and the foot member may be formed as separate parts and welded together. The bracing may further comprise one or more extension plates, each extension plate coupling between the foot member and an end of a respective elongated member. In some embodiments, the foot member is linked to the extension plates, and the elongated members terminate where they abut the extension plates. The extension plates may be angled relative to the elongated members and the foot member and may extend at an angle of approximately 45 to 85 degrees relative to a horizontal plane defined by the foot member. The elongated members may be shaped to conform to and nest within one or more recesses in the column. The foot member may comprise holes configured to receive fasteners for coupling the foot member to the base end of the column. The second end of the elongated members may extend to a top end of the column and may couple at the top end to a retaining member. The retaining member may comprise a plate that at least partly abuts the top end of the column and at least partly abuts a top of an adjacent wall frame. The foot member may further comprise one or more directing members configured to guide an anchor fastener through the foot member and into a substrate.

[0015] In another aspect, the disclosure relates to a braced column comprising a column and the bracing described above. The column has an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides. When the bracing is assembled to the column, the elongated members are fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column, and the foot member is coupled about the base end of the column. In some embodiments, the column has an oblong cross-sectional shape. In someembodiments, the opposing sides of the column taper inwardly about the base end. In some embodiments, the base end of the column directly abuts the foot member.

[0016] In a further aspect, the disclosure relates to a braced column coupled to a substrate. The braced column comprises a column, the bracing described above, and a substrate to which the bracing is coupled. In some embodiments, an anchor fastener is driven into the substrate through the foot member at an angle relative to a vertical plane of approximately 10 to 30 degrees.

[0017] In a further aspect, the disclosure relates to a method of assembling a braced column. The method comprises selecting the bracing described above, selecting a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides, coupling the elongated members to the column such that the first face of each elongated member is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a respective opposing side of the column, and coupling the foot member to the first end of each elongated member about the base end of the column.

[0018] In a further aspect, the disclosure relates to a kit of parts comprising the bracing described above, fasteners configured to couple the bracing to a column, and at least one anchor fastener configured to couple the bracing to a substrate.

[0019] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The accompanying drawings illustrate example embodiments of the disclosed bracing, braced column, substrate-mounted arrangement, and associated testing configurations.

[0021] FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view from above of a first example of a coupled column and bracing. FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view from above of the first example bracing with the column removed. FIG. 3 illustrates a perspective view from above of a second example of a coupled column and bracing. FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view from above of the second example bracing with the column removed.

[0022] FIG. 5 illustrates a perspective view from above of a third example of a coupled column and bracing. FIG. 6 illustrates a perspective view from above of the third example bracing with the column removed. FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view from above of a fourth example of a coupled column and bracing. FIG. 8 illustrates a perspective view from above of the fourth example bracing with the column removed. FIG. 9 illustrates a perspective view from above of a fifth example of a coupled column and bracing. FIG. 10 illustrates a perspective view from above of the fifth example bracing with the column removed. FIG. 11 illustrates a perspective schematic view of a column with bracing fitted to a substrate.FIG. 12 illustrates a front elevation view of a column, bracing, and a standard concrete foundation substrate.

[0023] FIG. 13 illustrates a front elevation view of a column, bracing, and a waffle slab foundation substrate. FIG. 14 illustrates a perspective view of a first example of a column coupled to a wall frame by a top plate.

[0024] FIG. 15 illustrates a cross-sectional front elevation view of a second example of a column coupled to a wall frame by a top plate.

[0025] FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional front elevation view of a test set-up of bracing and a concrete substrate coupled by a fastener.

[0026] FIG. 17 illustrates a graph showing results of a first test comparing shear load in kilonewtons with deflection in millimetres for M12x200 anchor screws.

[0027] FIG. 18 illustrates a graph showing results of a second test comparing shear load in kilonewtons with deflection in millimetres for M 16x200 chem-set rods.

[0028] FIG. 19 illustrates a graph showing results of a third test comparing tension load in kilonewtons with deflection in millimetres for M12x200 anchor screws.

[0029] FIG. 20 illustrates a graph showing results of a fourth test comparing tension load in kilonewtons with deflection in millimetres for M 16x200 chem-set rods.

[0030] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] The present disclosure relates generally to construction bracing for structural columns and, more particularly, to bracing, a braced column, and methods and uses thereof. In general terms, the disclosure concerns bracing configured to provide bracing capacity to a column, the bracing comprising a foot member and at least two elongated members for the column, and further concerns a braced column, a braced column coupled to a substrate, method of assembling arrangements, and a kit of parts. In some embodiments, the at least two elongated members may be fixed against or at least partially fixed within opposing sides of the column, and the foot member may be coupled about a base end of the column. The examples and embodiments described below are illustrative only and are provided to explain principles and possible implementations of the disclosure and are not to be taken as limiting the scope of the claims.

[0032] The disclosure is described below with reference to example embodiments and the accompanying drawings. The embodiments are provided to illustrate the disclosure and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims.Unless the context requires otherwise, directional and positional terms such as upper, lower, top, bottom, front, rear, side, inner, outer, above, below, inward and outward are used for convenience with reference to the drawings and do not require a particular orientation in use.

[0033] Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms comprising, comprising of, comprise, includes, including, and similar terms are intended to denote the inclusion of a stated integer or step, or group of integers or steps, but not the exclusion of any other integer, step, or group of integers or steps.

[0034] Reference to an approximate value or range includes variations that would be understood by the skilled person to be consistent with practical manufacture, assembly, installation, measurement or use in the relevant context.

[0035] Where reference is made to a component being coupled, fixed, mounted, attached or connected to another component, the connection may be direct or indirect unless the context requires otherwise. The disclosure is described below with reference to example embodiments and the accompanying drawings. The embodiments are illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. Unless the context requires otherwise, directional and positional terms are used for convenience with reference to the drawings only.

[0036] For the purposes of this specification, the term 'about' or 'approximately' or 'substantially' and grammatical variations thereof mean a quantity, level, degree, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length that varies by as much as 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1% to a reference quantity, level, degree, value, number, frequency, percentage, dimension, size, amount, weight or length.

[0037] It is intended that reference to a range of numbers disclosed herein (for example, 1 to 10) also incorporates reference to all rational numbers within that range (for example, 1, 1.1, 2, 3, 3.9, 4, 5, 6, 6.5, 7, 8, 9 and 10) and also any range of rational numbers within that range (for example, 2 to 8, 1.5 to 5.5 and 3.1 to 4.7).

[0038] Unless otherwise stated, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include the plural reference.

[0039] As used herein the term "and / or" means "and" or "or", or both.

[0040] As used herein "(s)" following a noun means the plural and / or singular forms of the noun.

[0041] Bracing

[0042] In one aspect, there is provided bracing configured to provide bracing capacity to a column to which the bracing is fitted, the bracing comprising:

[0043] at least two elongated members, each elongated member having an elongated length with a first end, a second end, a first face and a second face, the at least two elongated members, whenassembled to the column, being arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column; and

[0044] a foot member configured to couple to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about a base end of the column.

[0045] As used herein, the term bracing may refer to a series of parts configured to provide bracing capacity to a column. The bracing may comprise the elongated members and the foot member and may further comprise one or more extension plates, one or more retaining members, one or more directing members, or one or more fasteners.

[0046] Bracing Capacity

[0047] Bracing capacity may refer to the capacity provided by the bracing to resist horizontal force or load acting on a building or on a building element. This may include bracing capacity attributable to a column fitted with the bracing. Bracing demand may refer to horizontal force or load imposed on a building or building element, for example by wind or earthquake action.

[0048] Bracing capacity may be measured or expressed in bracing units (BU). In some embodiments, the bracing may be configured to provide a selected level of bracing capacity to a column or to a structural assembly comprising the column.

[0049] Bracing capacity may refer to the horizontal forces resisted by a whole building or by an element within a building. These horizontal forces are a result of wind (wBU) or earthquake action (Eq BU). As used herein, the term "wind BU (wBU)" refers to bracing units representative of bracing capacity or bracing demand associated with wind action and, the term "earthquake BU (EqBU)" refers to bracing units representative of bracing capacity or bracing demand associated with earthquake action.

[0050] The column and bracing may have a wind BU (wBU) of 90-130, or 93-123 wBU. The column and bracing may have an earthquake BU (EqBU) of 100-160, or 106-147 EqBU. These measures are based on a 2.4m long column and column size of 360-400x90mm and may be subject to variation based on column size variations.

[0051] Bracing Materials

[0052] In some embodiments, the bracing is made predominantly or entirely from steel, although other suitable metals or alloys may be used. In some embodiments, the bracing is configured to be used with a column made predominantly or entirely from wood. The bracing may be manufactured from separate parts that are assembled together. For example, the at least two elongated members and the foot member may beformed as separate parts and welded together. One or more parts of the bracing may be manufactured by cutting, drilling, pressing, moulding, or otherwise forming material to a desired shape.

[0053] Elongated Members

[0054] As used herein, the term elongated members may refer to members each having an elongated length with a first end, a second end, a first face and a second face. In use, the elongated members may oppose each other and may be fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, opposing sides of the column. The first face may be the face configured to face towards and be fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a side of the column. The second face may be opposite the first face. In some embodiments, the elongated members may be formed from steel reinforcing members. In some embodiments, the elongated members are shaped to conform to and nest within one or more recesses in the column. Each recess may be shaped to receive at least part of one of the elongated members. In some embodiments, each elongated member may terminate where the elongated member abuts the foot member or an extension plate.

[0055] Where the elongated members are manufactured from steel, the steel may have a modulus of elasticity (Youngs Modulus) of at least 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100 GPa. The modulus of elasticity may be over 180 GPa.

[0056] Foot Member

[0057] As used herein, the term foot member may refer to a member configured to couple to the first end of each of the elongated members about the base end of the column. The foot member may comprise one or more holes, one or more extension plates, one or more elongated slots, one or more directing members, or a combination of these. The base end may refer to an end of the column that is, in use, at or towards the lower end of the column. The top end may refer to an opposing end of the column. The term column may refer to an elongate structural member having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides.

[0058] The foot member may comprise holes configured to receive fasteners therethrough for coupling the foot member to the base end of the column. In some embodiments, one or more of the holes are countersunk. The countersinking may be provided on an underside of the foot member. As used herein, the term fasteners may refer to one or more members configured to couple the bracing, or a part of the bracing, to the column or to a substrate. The fasteners may comprise screws, although other fasteners may also be used.

[0059] The foot member may comprise a base plate. The term base plate may refer to a plate having an elongated substantially planar shape and configured to fit against a substrate. The base plate may have a longitudinal axis. The foot member may be configured to fit against a substrate to which the bracing iscoupled. In some embodiments, the foot member has a thickness selected to provide rigidity and to reduce lifting of part of the foot member relative to the substrate during use.

[0060] The underside of the foot member may be configured to fit against a substrate to which the bracing may be coupled to.

[0061] The foot member may be sufficiently thick so as to provide rigidity in a vertical plane and prevent lifting of a part or parts of the foot member from the substrate to which it is fitted. As used herein, the term "vertical plane" refers to a plane extending vertically when the braced column is in an assembled position on a substrate. For example, if the foot member is manufactured from steel, the base plate may be approximately 5-15, or 8-12, or 9-11, or 10mm thick.

[0062] Extension Plates

[0063] The bracing may further comprise one or more extension plates. The term extension plate may refer to a member extending between the foot member and one of the elongated members. A first end of each extension plate may couple to the foot member, and a second end may couple to an end of one of the elongated members. In some embodiments, the foot member is linked to the extension plates, and the elongated members terminate where the elongated members abut the extension plates. The extension plates may be angled relative to the elongated members and the foot member. In some embodiments, a base of each extension plate is coupled to the foot member at the first end and extends from the foot member to an opposing second end that couples to an end of one of the elongated members. The extension plates may be angled from approximately 45 to 85, 50-80, or 60-80, or 65 to 75 degrees relative to a horizontal plane defined by the foot member. The extension plates may comprise holes configured to receive fasteners for coupling the extension plates to the column. In some embodiments, the holes are countersunk.

[0064] The top or second end of the extension plate may correspond to a top of the foot member, the foot member being a combination of a base plate and extension plate (angled or otherwise) as described. Each extension plate may have a width identical to a width of the base plate assuming the foot member is a combination of the base plate and extension plate(s) noted above.

[0065] The length of an extension plate may be from approximately 40-90%, or 50-90%, or 50-80%, or 50-70% or the length of the base plate.

[0066] The height the extension plates extend above a base plate may be approximately 40-90%, or 50-90%, or 50-80%, or 50-70% of the length of the base plate.

[0067] The extension plates may be angled away from each other so that the foot member from a front or rear appears to form a semi-V-shape. Expressed another way, a width between the first end of each extension plate where the extension plates join to the base plate, may be narrower than a width between the second end of each extension plate distant to the base plate.Retaining Member

[0068] The second end of the elongated members may extend to the top end of the column and may couple at the top end to a retaining member. The term retaining member may refer to a member configured to retain the elongated members relative to the top end of the column. In some embodiments, the retaining member is a plate that at least partly abuts the top end of the column and at least partly abuts a top of an adjacent wall frame. The retaining member may sit on the top of the column or may be at least partly recessed into the top end of the column.

[0069] The retaining member and the elongated member may be welded together to achieve coupling.

[0070] The retaining member may be a plate that at least partly abuts the top end of the column and at least partly abuts a top of an adjacent wall frame or other structural feature. As used herein, the term "wall frame" refers to a frame structure adjacent the column and forming part of a wall. The plate may at least partly abuts the top end of the column and at least partly abuts a top of an adjacent wall frame. The plate may sit on the top of the column or be at least slightly recessed into the top of the column.

[0071] The retaining member may instead extend over a whole of the top end of the column and over an adjacent framing member or framing members e.g. wall framing, a beam, or other column tops. As used herein, the term "framing member" or "framing members" refers to one or more structural members adjacent the column, including members of wall framing, beams, other column tops, or other structural features.

[0072] Through use of a retaining member, the whole perimeter of the column may be stiffened and not just a first end of the column.

[0073] Elongated Slots

[0074] The foot member may further comprise one or more elongated slots. An elongated slot may extend in a direction orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the foot member. In some embodiments, an elongated slot extends from a front edge of the foot member inwardly into the foot member. The elongated slot may extend at least 25% to 90%, or 30-75%, or 40-60% through the foot member width. An elongated slot may be located towards a side of the foot member where the side in this context may refer to an end or ends of the foot member. The elongated slot may be configured to receive an anchor fastener therethrough. The term anchor fastener may refer to a fastener configured to couple the bracing to a substrate. The anchor fastener may comprise, for example, a concrete screw, bolt, wood screw, anchor screw or chem-set rod. The position and dimensions of the elongated slot may be selected according to a desired installation position or angle of the anchor fastener.Directing Members

[0075] In some embodiments, the foot member further comprises one or more directing members. The term directing member may refer to a member configured to guide an anchor fastener through the foot member and into a substrate. A directing member may also provide connection between a base plate and an extension plate. One or more directing members may be provided. In some embodiments, a directing member is positioned between the base plate and an extension plate and connects part of the extension plate to part of the base plate. In some embodiments, the directing member may be temporarily connected to the foot member during manufacture, transport or installation, and may be detached after installation. For example, the directing member may be tack welded to the base plate, the extension plate, or both.

[0076] The directing member may be configured to provide a structural connection between the base plate and the extension plate.

[0077] Connection may be achieved in a variety of ways. For example, the directing member may comprise elongated members or webbing. The elongated members or webbing may link to part of the extension plate and part of the base plate. The directing member may link to part of an exterior side of the extension plate and a part of the base plate.

[0078] The connection achieved by the directing member may be of a temporary or releasable nature. For example, the connection may be sufficient to hold the angled bracket and base plate in the desired position during manufacture, storage and assembly of the foot member. The directing member may be detached when desired via for example, a deformable connection to the base plate and extension plate post installation to a substrate, column or both. Detaching may be by force e.g. use of a hammer to break a connection between the directing member and foot member. The directing member may for example only be tack welded to the extension plate and / or base plate. The tack weld may provide sufficient strength during assembly but also is easily plastically deformed and broken.

[0079] The directing member may also have a function of acting as a guide to position and angle an anchor fastener through the base plate and into the substrate, through the elongated slot if the elongated slot is present in the base plate. For example, the directing member may comprise a guide hole. The guide hole may be located in a position elevated from the base plate and elongated slot if present. The guide hole may be configured to receive the end of an anchor fastener therethrough and retain the head of the anchor fastener.

[0080] Guide Hole

[0081] In some embodiments, the directing member comprises a guide hole configured to receive at least part of an anchor fastener and to guide the anchor fastener at a selected angle during installation. The guide hole may be positioned above the base plate.The guide hole diameter may be larger than the anchor fastener diameter. When the anchor fastener head is close to the guide hole, the stiffening member may be detached from the foot member and the anchor fastener driven fully into the substrate so that the head abuts the base plate. This process ensures that the guide hole retains the anchor fastener at a desired angle during assembly.

[0082] The directing member may comprise first and second sections. The first section may extend in a generally vertical plane from the base plate and transition to the second section, the second section being in a generally horizontal plane. The guide hole may be located in the second section. The exact location of the guide hole in the second section may be determined by the desired angle of the anchor fastener relative to a vertical plane. The first section may be inclined relative to a vertical plane. For example, one end of the first section may start flush with a rear or front edge of the base plate and be inclined so that an opposing end of the first section terminates about a mid-width point of the extension plate. The second section may extend from the second section in a direction parallel to the direction of the elongated slot in the base plate. Further, the directing member(s) may extend from the base plate about the foot member sides. This position may correspond to around the ends of the base plate. The directing members may be located generally about an acute angle region between the extension plate and the base plate.

[0083] The directing member may be configured to be accessible from the top of the foot member. The anchor fastener may be installed from the top of the foot member. The directing member guide hole at least may be visible from outside a boundary or perimeter of the column or leg thereof. This was found to be particularly useful for installation of the combined foot member and column to a substrate.

[0084] Fasteners

[0085] The bracing may further comprise fasteners configured to couple the bracing, or a part of the bracing, to the column. In some embodiments, the fasteners comprise screws configured to connect the foot member and, where present, the extension plates to the column. For example, screws may couple the extension plates to a tapered region of the column and may also couple the foot member to the base end of the column. Suitable screw dimensions and arrangements may be selected according to the dimensions of the foot member, the column, and the intended application.

[0086] The screws may vary in length from 10 to 100, or 20-90, or 30-80, or 40-70, or 40-60 or around 50% of the height of the foot member. For example, if the foot member height is 200mm, the screws may have a length from 20mm to 200mm.

[0087] Braced Column

[0088] In a further aspect, there is provided a braced column comprising:

[0089] a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides; andthe bracing substantially as described above,

[0090] wherein the at least two elongated members, when assembled to the column, are arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column; and

[0091] wherein the foot member couples to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column.

[0092] The term braced column may refer to a column to which bracing has been fitted. In some embodiments, the braced column is configured to provide structural support in a building or other construction. The bracing may increase stiffness of the column and may assist the column in resisting horizontal loading transmitted through the surrounding structure.

[0093] Column Shape

[0094] In some embodiments, the column has an oblong cross-sectional shape. The column may have an oblong cross-section shape. For example, the column may be 360-400mm by 90mm in cross-section. The column may be 2.4m long although this can be adjusted to suit end applications.

[0095] The opposing sides of the column may be shaped to receive the elongated members. For example, one or more recesses may be formed in the opposing sides of the column, each recess being configured to receive at least part of a respective elongated member. The recesses may have a shape corresponding to the shape of the elongated members such that the elongated members conform to and nest within the column.

[0096] The first end or base of the column may be shaped to complement the shape of the bracing. In some embodiments, the opposing sides of the column taper inwardly about the base end. The taper may be configured to correspond with the arrangement of the foot member and, where present, one or more extension plates. For example, the taper may correspond with an angle of one or more extension plates extending between the foot member and the elongated members. In some embodiments, the base end of the column directly abuts the foot member.

[0097] In one example, the bracing may, as noted above, comprise a base plate and optionally also extension plates. The first end may comprise a complementary shaped ending. For example, opposing sides of the column first end may be tapered or angled inward, tapering from a first primary width to a second narrower width. The taper angle, start and finish widths may snug fit or match an angle of the extension plates linked a base plate of the bracing.

[0098] In some embodiments, the elongated members extend from the base end of the column towards the top end of the column. The elongated members may terminate at or adjacent the top end and may couple toa retaining member positioned at or about the top end of the column. The retaining member may be configured to retain the elongated members relative to the column and, in some embodiments, to abut a top of an adjacent wall frame or other framing member.

[0099] The column may be made predominantly or entirely from wood. Suitable wood materials may include solid timber, laminated timber, or engineered wood products. In some embodiments, the column is a structural column configured to support one or more loads within a building structure. The column may be used in conjunction with a wall frame, portal frame, or other structural assembly.

[0100] The column may be formed from a laminated wood.

[0101] Wood that may be used to manufacture the column may be the same as those already used in the art such as those from the Pinus genus, Pseudotsuga genus, Picea genus and many others. Specific examples include Pinus radiata, Douglas fir, spruce, larch, gum and so on. The plant species from which the wood may be produced is not understood to be critical to the beam described herein although, as may be appreciated, some woods are preferred for structural applications over other woods.

[0102] The wood may be treated for longevity and for use above or in ground.

[0103] Laminate columns such as those produced already by the applicant may be used to form the wood laminate column albeit, that they are modified in accordance with the above description.

[0104] Column is Structural

[0105] The column may be structural. The term 'structural' in the context of this specification means the column as a whole may achieve SG8 standard in terms of strength and stiffness / elasticity. The column may achieve at least SG9, or SG10, or SG11, or SG12, or SG13, or SG14, or SG15, or SG16, or SG17, or SG18 standard. In the inventor's experience, it would be possible to achieve structural standards well in excess of SG18. For example, SG50 could be achieved if desired.

[0106] Column is Part of a Portal Frame

[0107] In one example, the column may form part of a portal frame. The portal frame may comprise a beam and two columns coupled to either side of the beam.

[0108] The portal frame, when assembled, may comprise:

[0109] a first column and a second column, the first column and the second column defining a clear opening width between the first column and the second column, the first column and the second column having an upper end and a lower end;

[0110] a beam, the beam having a first beam end and a second beam end, the first beam end coupled about the upper end of the first column and the second beam end coupled about the upper end of thesecond column, wherein a distance between the beam and the lower end of the first column or lower end of the second column defines a clear opening height.

[0111] The clear opening width may be measured between an inner side of each of the columns.

[0112] The clear opening height may be measured between a lower side of the beam and the column lower end(s) or ground level.

[0113] Braced Column and Substrate

[0114] In a further aspect, there is provided a braced column coupled to a substrate comprising:

[0115] a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides;

[0116] the bracing substantially as described above; and

[0117] the substrate,

[0118] wherein the at least two elongated members, when assembled to the column, are arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column;

[0119] wherein the foot member couples to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column; and

[0120] wherein the foot member is coupled to the substrate.

[0121] Substrate

[0122] As used herein, the term "substrate" refers to the object, structure, material, or ground on which the column is mounted or to which the bracing is coupled, and includes a foundation, floor slab, masonry element, pile,joist, bearer, or ground-supported structure.

[0123] The substrate may be a variety of materials and is intended to refer to the object or even the ground on which the column is mounted (and connected to via the bracing).

[0124] For example, the substrate may be a concrete foundation such as a floor slab. This may comprise reinforcing steel or mesh. The substrate may be concrete or other masonry blocks or bricks again with or without steel reinforcing. The substrate may be a pile, joist or bearer. These may be manufactured from steel or wood for example.

[0125] The substrate may even as noted be the ground itself although, it is anticipated that the substrate will have some structure and sit intermediate the ground and the bracing e.g. a concrete block or slab placed on a ground surface.Bracing to Substrate Fastener

[0126] As noted, the bracing may be connected to a substrate via an anchor fastener. The exact design of the anchor fastener may depend on the material that the substrate is formed from. For example, a concrete substrate would ideally use a concrete screw. A bolt may be appropriate to fasten about a pile or beam of a floor (concrete or wood). A wood screw may be appropriate where the bracing is coupled to wooden bearers or joists of a floor.

[0127] The anchor fastener length may vary from 50 to 300, or 50-250, or 50-200, or 50-150, or 75 to 125 or around 100% of the height of the foot member. For example, if the foot member height is 200mm, the anchor fastener may have a length from 100mm to 600mm.

[0128] Anchor Fastener Angle

[0129] An anchor fastener may be driven into the substrate through the foot member of the bracing at an angle relative to a vertical plane of approximately 10-30 degrees offset from a vertical plane. The extent of angle has been the subject of numerous tests by the inventor. An optimum angle may exist between approximately 10-30, or 15-25, or 17-24, or 18-23, or 19-22 degrees offset from a vertical plane. The optimal angle that prevents lift out of the substrate connection and minimises twisting displacement is one that combines depth of entry into the substrate with vertical force imposed on a shaft of the anchor fastener as a result of the angle. If the angle is too high i.e. over 30 degrees, the anchor fastener will fail by bending or, by the substrate failing surrounding the anchor fastener. If the angle is too close to a vertical plane, there is no additional gain from being offset in angle and resulting in a higher likelihood of anchor fastener lift out or plastic deformation and failure.

[0130] Angling the fastener also has the added benefit that in some foundation designs, a low structural material such as an insulative material may be located immediately below the column hence, angling the anchor fasteners extends this primary connection into concrete and away from the insulative layer. In testing completed by the inventor, the increase in lift out force needed to cause failure was at least 10, or 20, or 30, or 40, or 50, or 60, or 70, or 80, or 90, or 100% higher. For example, a lift out force of 80 bracing units (BU) was needed for an angle of 30 degrees while, for an angle of approximately 19 degrees, the strength needed to cause lift out was 158 BU, nearly double. Because of this increased resistance under the tested configuration, use of the bracing described was found to be very useful.

[0131] Method of Assembling a Braced Column

[0132] In a further aspect, there is provided a method of assembling a braced column by:

[0133] selecting bracing substantially as described above;selecting a column, the column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides;

[0134] coupling the at least two elongated members of the bracing to the column, where a first face of each of the at least two elongated members is fixed against or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column; and

[0135] coupling the foot member of the bracing to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column.

[0136] Coupling of the at least two elongated members to the column may be achieved mechanically or chemically. For example, the at least two elongated members may be coupled to the column using fasteners, or adhesive, or both fasteners and adhesive. In a further example, the elongated member may extend to the second end of the column and couple at this second end to a retaining member as noted above. The retaining member may be a further elongated member arranged to abut the top or second end of the column. In this case, the retaining member and the elongated member may be welded together to achieve coupling.

[0137] Coupling of the at least two elongated members to the foot member may be via achieved mechanically or chemically. Coupling may be via welding an end of the elongated member to an end of the foot member e.g. the base plate or the extension plate if used.

[0138] One of the at least two elongated members may extend to the top end of the column and may couple about the top end to a retaining member. The retaining member and one or both of the at least two elongated members may be coupled together by welding.

[0139] Coupling of the at least two elongated members to the foot member may be completed by welding an end of one of the at least two elongated members to the foot member.

[0140] Once the bracing is assembled, the column rigidity or stiffness may be increased. This may be because in flex movement by the column is impeded or interfered with and halted by the bracing.

[0141] Method of Assembling a Bracing to a Substrate

[0142] In a further aspect, there is provided a method of assembling bracing to a substrate by:

[0143] selecting bracing substantially as described above;

[0144] selecting a substrate; and

[0145] coupling the bracing to the substrate.In the above method, coupling of the foot member to the substrate may occur by use of an anchor fastener substantially as described above. The anchor fastener may be driven into the substrate at an angle relative to a vertical plane. The foot member of the bracing may be coupled to the substrate by driving an anchor fastener through the foot member and into the substrate at an angle relative to a vertical plane of approximately 10-30 degrees offset from a vertical plane.

[0146] Method of Assembling a Braced Column to a Substrate

[0147] In a further aspect, there is provided a method of assembling a braced column, the method comprising:

[0148] selecting the bracing substantially as described above;

[0149] selecting a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides; coupling the at least two elongated members to the column such that the first face of each of the at least two elongated members is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a respective opposing side of the column; and

[0150] coupling the foot member to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column.

[0151] A Kit of Parts

[0152] In a further aspect, there is provided a kit of parts comprising:

[0153] The bracing substantially as described above;

[0154] fasteners configured to couple the bracing to a column; and

[0155] at least one anchor fastener configured to couple the bracing to a substrate.

[0156] As used herein, the term "kit of parts" refers to a collection of separate components provided together for assembly, the collection comprising the bracing, fasteners configured to couple the bracing to a column, and optionally at least one anchor fastener configured to couple the bracing to a substrate. The kit may be sold to suppliers of the column. The kit may be used to install the bracing to the column prior to sale of the column and bracing thereon.

[0157] In some construction applications, structural columns are required to provide lateral support while also being securely mounted to an underlying substrate. Existing column support and side bracing arrangements can involve multiple parts, additional fabrication steps, and installation practices that are difficult to execute consistently on site. These challenges may be more pronounced where space around the column is restricted, where adjacent wall or opening features limit access, or where a column-to-substrate connection is expected to provide both stiffness and reliable resistance to uplift, shear, and twisting behaviour.

[0158] To address these issues, the present disclosure provides a bracing arrangement in which at least two elongated members are positioned on opposing sides of a column and are coupled at a base region by a foot member configured to interface with the column and the substrate. In some embodiments, the elongated members may be received against or at least partially within side regions of the column so that the bracing acts with the column in a compact and integrated manner, while the foot member may provide a stable load transfer region at the base of the column. The foot member may optionally include extension plates, one or more directing members, or both, to support attachment to a shaped column base and to guide an anchor fastener into the substrate at an inclined orientation, which may improve resistance to lift-out and displacement while accommodating practical installation conditions. In some implementations, one or more of the elongated members may extend towards a top region of the column and cooperate with a retaining member to further stiffen the assembled structure.

[0159] The embodiments described above may also be said broadly to consist in the parts, elements and features referred to or indicated in the specification of the application, individually or collectively, and any or all combinations of any two or more said parts, elements or features.

[0160] Further, where specific integers are mentioned herein which have known equivalents in the art to which the embodiments relate, such known equivalents are deemed to be incorporated herein as if individually set forth.

[0161] WORKING EXAMPLES

[0162] The above described bracing, a braced column, and methods and uses thereof are now described by reference to specific examples and the following items and item numbers:

[0163] 1 Bracing

[0164] 2 Elongated members

[0165] 2A Length

[0166] 2B First end

[0167] 2C Second end

[0168] 2D First face

[0169] 2E Second face

[0170] 3 Foot member

[0171] 3A Holes3B Base plate

[0172] 3C Flat planar surface 4 Extension plate

[0173] 4A Flat planar first face 4B Flat planar second face 4C First end

[0174] 4D Second end

[0175] 4E Sides

[0176] 5 Elongated slot

[0177] 6 Directing member

[0178] 10 Anchor fastener

[0179] 11 Angle of entry

[0180] 20 Column

[0181] 20A Top end

[0182] 20B Base end

[0183] 20C Sides

[0184] 20D Front

[0185] 20E Rear

[0186] 20D Taper

[0187] 30 Retaining member

[0188] 30A Plate

[0189] 30B Elongated plate

[0190] 40 Fasteners bracing to column

[0191] 50 Substrate100 Adjacent wall frame or other structural feature

[0192] EXAMPLE 1

[0193] Example 1 is described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 15. In FIGS. 1 to 15, the braced column 20 and bracing 1 are illustrated side-on. In use, the braced column 20 is generally vertically oriented such that the foot member 3 abuts a substrate and the longitudinal axis of the column 20 extends upwardly from the foot member 3.

[0194] FIG. 1 illustrates a braced column 20 and FIG. 2 illustrates the bracing 1 alone in a first example of the bracing 1 and braced column 20. As shown, the bracing 1 comprises elongated members 2 located on opposing sides 20C of the column 20. Each elongated member 2 has a length 2A, a first end 2B, a second end 2C, a first face 2D and a second face 2E. The elongated members 2 are arranged such that the first face 2D of each elongated member 2 faces towards and is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a respective side 20C of the column 20. The elongated members 2 may extend along the sides 20C of the column 20 for at least part of the length or height of the column 20. The elongated members 2 may be fastened to the sides 20C of the column 20 and may nest within respective recesses, not shown, formed in the sides 20C of the column 20.

[0195] The bracing 1 further comprises a foot member 3. The foot member 3 may take the form of a base plate 3B. The base plate 3B may have a substantially planar surface 3C and holes 3A configured to receive screws or other fasteners, not shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. In the example of FIGS. 1 and 2, the elongated members 2 couple directly to the base plate 3B, for example by welding the parts together.

[0196] The column 20 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 comprises a top end 20A, a base end 20B, opposing sides 20C, a front 20D and a rear 20E.

[0197] FIGS. 3 and 4 illustrate a second example of the bracing 1 and braced column 20. In this example, the column 20 has a square cross-sectional shape and the elongated members 2 extend along the sides 20C, the front 20D and the rear 20E of the column 20, giving four elongated members 2 in total. The base end 20B of the column 20 is tapered and abuts the base plate 3B of the foot member 3. The foot member 3 in this example further comprises angled extension plates 4 linking the base plate 3B to the elongated members 2. Each extension plate 4 may have a first face 4A, a second face 4B, a first end 4C, a second end 4D and sides 4E. The base plate 3B may be coupled to the extension plates 4, for example by welding, and the elongated members 2 may also be coupled to the extension plates 4, for example by welding.

[0198] FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a third example of the bracing 1 and braced column 20. In this example, the column 20 again has a square cross-sectional shape and the elongated members 2 extend along the sides 20C, the front 20D and the rear 20E of the column 20, giving four elongated members 2 in total. Thebase end 20B of the column 20 extends directly to the foot member 3 without a taper and abuts the base plate 3B. The foot member 3 in this example further comprises extension plates 4 that are not angled and that link the base plate 3B to the elongated members 2. The base plate 3B may be coupled to the extension plates 4, for example by welding, and the elongated members 2 may also be coupled to the extension plates 4, for example by welding.

[0199] FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate a fourth example of the bracing 1 and braced column 20. In this example, the column 20 has a square cross-sectional shape and the elongated members 2 extend along the sides 20C, the front 20D and the rear 20E of the column 20, giving four elongated members 2 in total. The base end 20B of the column 20 is tapered and abuts the base plate 3B of the foot member 3. In this example, the foot member 3 does not comprise extension plates 4 and the base plate 3B couples directly to the elongated members 2, for example by welding.

[0200] FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate a fifth example of the bracing 1 and braced column 20. In this example, the column 20 has an oblong cross-sectional shape and the elongated members 2 extend along the sides 20C of the column 20, giving two elongated members 2 in total. The base end 20B of the column 20 is tapered and abuts the base plate 3B of the foot member 3. The foot member 3 in this example further comprises angled extension plates 4 linking the base plate 3B to the elongated members 2. The base plate 3B may be coupled to the extension plates 4, for example by welding, and the elongated members 2 may also be coupled to the extension plates 4, for example by welding. The foot member 3 may further comprise an elongated slot 5 in the base plate 3B and a directing member 6 configured to assist in directing an anchor fastener, not shown, into a substrate, also not shown, at an angle. As best seen in FIG. 10, the base plate 3B and, where present, the extension plates 4 may be coupled to the column 20 using fasteners 40.

[0201] FIG. 11 illustrates the braced column 20 coupled to a substrate 50. In this example, the substrate 50 is a concrete foundation. FIG. 12 illustrates the braced column 20 coupled to a NZS 3604 style foundation or substrate 50. FIG. 13 illustrates the braced column 20 coupled to a waffle slab edge beam or mid-slab detail substrate 50. As will be appreciated, the braced column 20 may be used in a range of constructions and with a range of substrates 50.

[0202] FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate a further variation of the bracing 1, in which a retaining member 30 is provided at the top end 20A of the column 20. The retaining member 30 may assist in increasing stiffness of the column 20 in installations having relatively high lateral loading demand. FIG. 14 illustrates an example in which the top end 20A of the column 20 is linked to an adjacent wall frame member 100. In this example, the retaining member 30 may comprise a plate 30A coupling part of the top end 20A of the column 20 to part of the adjacent wall frame member 100. In this arrangement, one of the elongated members 2 at its second end 2C couples to the plate 30A, for example by welding. FIG. 15 illustrates an alternative example in which the retaining member 30 comprises a longer plate 30B extending across the top end 20A of the column 20 and across to adjacent framing 100 on either side. In this example, the retaining member 30 may be coupled to both elongated members 2, for example by welding.EXAMPLE 2

[0203] Example 2 is described with reference to FIGS. 16 to 20. In this example, testing is described to demonstrate the ability of the bracing to withstand loading.

[0204] The testing was carried out using 9 or 10 samples of M12x200 anchor screws and M16x200 Grade 8.8 epoxy-set rods using Sika 3001, tested in both shear and tension on a concrete test slab.

[0205] The anchor fasteners tested were orientated at 20 degrees from vertical into the slab in both an NZS 3604 style foundation and a waffle slab style foundation, with varying slab-edge insulation thicknesses ranging from 10 mm to 25 mm and in some cases including a profiled insulation edge.

[0206] In all cases, the anchor screws were located 30 mm from the edge of the slab to the centreline of the hole.

[0207] Characteristic values were calculated according to ACI 355.2 (A2-1), and the serviceability limit was estimated from average capacities at 1.0 mm of deflection.

[0208] FIG. 16 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an anchor fastener driven through the foot member 3 of the bracing 1 and into the substrate foundation 50.

[0209] In both the shear and tension tests, the anchors were loaded manually using a hydraulic power pack with a 10-ton load cell, and deflection was measured using a potentiometer. Both the load-measuring and deflection-measuring devices were checked for calibration before testing commenced. The load and deflection for each test were recorded by a data logger. Each specimen was loaded until either a load of 110 kN was reached or 20 mm of deflection was reached, at which point the test was stopped.

[0210] FIG. 17 shows the results for M12x200 anchor screw shear testing. Test 10 is not included in the graph shown because it failed at 61 kN, which was markedly higher than the remaining results. The M12 anchor screws remain substantially elastic until approximately 10 kN. Thereafter, concrete edge breakout begins, and the anchor screws begin to bend. Maximum load is reached at approximately 3 mm to 4 mm of deflection, at between about 25 kN and 40 kN. After this point, the load gradually decreases as the anchor screw bends, while continuing to carry load at larger deflections.

[0211] FIG. 18 shows the results for M16x200 Grade 8.8 chem-set rod shear testing. The M16 Grade 8.8 chem-set rod arrangement is stiffer than the M12 anchor screw arrangement and remains substantially elastic until around 25 kN. Maximum load is reached at approximately 1 mm of deflection, at between about 30 kN and 42 kN. At this point, concrete edge breakout occurs and the M16 rod bends, after which the load decreases. The arrangement continues to carry load at deflections of up to 20 mm or more.

[0212] FIG. 19 shows the results for M12x200 anchor screw tension testing. The M12 anchor screws remain substantially elastic until around 40 kN or 1.0 mm of deflection. The screws then bend upwardly,cracking a cone of concrete, and continue to increase in capacity until around 80 kN at approximately 6 mm to 8 mm of deflection. Thereafter, the load decreases until the anchor screw fails in tension.

[0213] FIG. 20 shows the results for M16x200 Grade 8.8 chem-set rod tension testing. The M16 chem-set rods remain substantially elastic until approximately 60 kN or 1.0 mm of deflection. The rods then bend upwardly, cracking a cone of concrete, and continue to increase in capacity until around 110 kN at approximately 8 mm to 11 mm of deflection. Thereafter, the load decreases to around half of the peak load as the rod goes into bending and pull-out.

[0214] The results shown in FIGS. 17 to 20 indicate that both the M12x200 anchor screw arrangement and the M16x200 chem-set rod arrangement provide substantial load-carrying capacity when used to couple the foot member 3 to the substrate 50, including continued load resistance after initial cracking or deformation of the surrounding concrete.

[0215] The results shown in FIGS. 17 to 20 indicate that both the M12x200 anchor screw arrangement and the M16x200 chem-set rod arrangement provide substantial load-carrying capacity when used to couple the foot member 3 to the substrate 50, including continued load resistance after initial cracking or deformation of the surrounding concrete.

[0216] Aspects of the bracing, a braced column, and methods and uses thereof have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the claims herein.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. Bracing configured to provide bracing capacity to a column to which the bracing is fitted, the bracing comprising:at least two elongated members, each elongated member having an elongated length with a first end, a second end, a first face and a second face, the at least two elongated members, when assembled to the column, being arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column; anda foot member configured to couple to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about a base end of the column.

2. The bracing of claim 1, wherein the bracing is made predominantly or entirely from steel and is configured to be used with a column that is made predominantly or entirely from wood.

3. The bracing of claim 1, wherein the at least two elongated members and the foot member are separate parts that are welded together.

4. The bracing of claim 1, further comprising one or more extension plates, each extension plate coupling at a first end to the foot member and at a second end to an end of one of the at least two elongated members.

5. The bracing of claim 4, wherein the foot member is linked to the one or more extension plates and the at least two elongated members terminate where the at least two elongated members abut the one or more extension plates.

6. The bracing of claim 4, wherein the one or more extension plates are angled relative to the at least two elongated members and the foot member, and wherein a base of each extension plate is coupled to the foot member at the first end and extends from the foot member to an opposing second end that couples to an end of one of the at least two elongated members.

7. The bracing of claim 6, wherein the one or more extension plates are angled from approximately 45 to 85 degrees relative to a horizontal plane defined by the foot member.

8. The bracing of claim 1, wherein the at least two elongated members are shaped to conform to and nest within one or more recesses in the column.

9. The bracing of claim 1, wherein the foot member comprises holes configured to receive fasteners therethrough that couple the foot member to the base end of the column.

10. The bracing of claim 1, wherein the second end of each of the at least two elongated members extends to a top end of the column and couples at the top end to a retaining member.

11. The bracing of claim 10, wherein the retaining member is a plate that at least partly abuts the top end of the column and at least partly abuts a top of an adjacent wall frame.

12. The bracing of claim 1, wherein the foot member comprises one or more directing members configured to guide an anchor fastener through the foot member and into a substrate.

13. A braced column comprising:a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides; and the bracing of claim 1,wherein the at least two elongated members, when assembled to the column, are arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column; andwherein the foot member couples to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column.

14. The braced column of claim 13, wherein the column has an oblong cross-sectional shape.

15. The braced column of claim 13, wherein the opposing sides of the column taper inwardly about the base end.

16. The braced column of claim 13, wherein the base end of the column directly abuts the foot member.

17. A braced column coupled to a substrate comprising:a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides;the bracing of claim 1; andthe substrate,wherein the at least two elongated members, when assembled to the column, are arranged on opposing sides of the column such that the first face is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, the opposing sides of the column;wherein the foot member couples to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column; andwherein the foot member is coupled to the substrate.

18. The braced column coupled to a substrate of claim 17, wherein the bracing is coupled to the substrate by an anchor fastener driven through the foot member at an angle of approximately 10 to 30 degrees relative to a vertical plane.

19. A method of assembling a braced column, the method comprising:selecting the bracing of claim 1;selecting a column having an elongated length, a base end, a top end and opposing sides;coupling the at least two elongated members to the column such that the first face of each of the at least two elongated members is fixed against, or at least partially fixed within, a respective opposing side of the column; andcoupling the foot member to the first end of each of the at least two elongated members about the base end of the column.

20. A kit of parts comprising:the bracing of claim 1;fasteners configured to couple the bracing to a column; andat least one anchor fastener configured to couple the bracing to a substrate.

Images