Spinal coding using a box-muller transform

Abstract

Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to implementing spinal coding using a Box-Muller Transform (BMT). For example, a wireless communications device may, as part of a spinal encoding process, apply a BMT operation to a sequence of first c-bit values having a uniform distribution such that a sequence of second c g -bit values having a Gaussian distribution is generated. The wireless communications device may then map the sequence of second c g -bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols and transmit one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. 2501138WO1 / 51SPINAL CODING USING A BOX-MULLER TRANSFORMCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims benefit of and priority to U. S. Patent Application No. 19 / 178,764, filed April 14, 2025, which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods for spinal coding using a Box-Muller transform (BMT).BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multipleaccess radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication among multiple wireless communications devices including user devices or other devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples). Such multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable different wireless communications devices to communicate on a local, municipal, national, regional, or global level.

[0004] An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR). NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). NR (and other RATs beyond NR) may be designed to better support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of things (IoT) networks or reduced capability device deployments, and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) applications. To support these verticals, NR systems may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), licensed and unlicensed spectrumD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO2 / 51access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication), multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for connectivity continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other RATs, such as 6G and beyond, may be introduced to enable new applications and facilitate new use cases.

[0005] In a wireless communication system, the transmission of information is said to occur through a communication channel, referred to simply as a “channel.” A transmitted signal (x) may experience a channel effect (often denoted H, where H is a channel matrix that represents the channel effect). At a receiver, a received signal may include the transmitted signal (x) as transformed by the channel effect, plus noise (z, sometimes denoted n)y = Hx + zThus, the transmitted signal is transformed and corrupted by both the channel’s inherent characteristics and by random noise sources, leading to information loss or distortion.

[0006] Channel coding addresses these challenges. Channel coding includes techniques for improving the reliability of communications via a wireless channel. For example, some forms of channel coding may provide structured redundancy and error-correction mechanisms. Some channel coding approaches include block codes and convolutional codes, which provide for the addition of redundant bits to an input communication or signal.SUMMARY

[0007] In some aspects, techniques described herein relate to a method of wireless communication by a wireless communications device, including applying a Box-Muller transform (BMT) operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated. The method includes generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bitsD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO3 / 51in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state; generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states; applying a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated; mapping the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols; and transmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

[0008] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communications device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, this specification and accompanying drawings.

[0009] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.

[0011] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network.

[0012] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network entity architecture.

[0013] Figure 3 depicts aspects of network entities and a user equipment (UE).

[0014] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with encoding of spinal codes in accordance with the present disclosure.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO4 / 51

[0015] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with a puncturing scheme for spinal codes in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0016] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of signaling associated with spinal coding using a Box-Muller transform (BMT).

[0017] Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of spinal coding using a BMT.

[0018] Figure 8 shows a method for wireless communication by a wireless communications device.

[0019] Figure 9 depicts aspects of an example communications device configured for wireless communications.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms. The present disclosure is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.

[0021] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented asD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO5 / 51hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0022] A spinal code can be used to implement rateless coding or can be used to implement fixed rate coding. In some scenarios, spinal codes can be implemented to handle time-varying channel conditions without explicit bit rate selection. For example, spinal coding can be implemented to enable transmission at a higher rate than a channel can sustain, followed by iterative re-transmission of information bits to lower the effective rate until a decoding success occurs (for example, until the receiver transmits an acknowledgment (ACK) or a negative acknowledgment (NACK)). More specifically, a transmitting device may perform the encoding once, and the channel rate may be changed based at least in part on the total quantity of channel uses (for example, a total quantity of times a communication channel is utilized to transmit information, which, in some examples, corresponds to a total quantity of resource elements). By contrast, in other coding schemes, changing the channel rate is considered to be part of re-encoding the data.

[0023] In spinal coding, input data is broken down into multiple segments of information bits, and each of these segments of information bits is sequentially processed to generate a respective spinal symbol. Each spinal symbol is mapped to (for example, converted to or treated as) one or more modulation symbols and transmitted. A hash function h is used in association with generating a given spinal symbol. More particularly, a wireless communications device may generate a sequence of v-bit states. Here, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits, in a sequence of sets of k information bits, and based on a preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states (except that a first v-bit state is generated based on an initial v-bit state). The wireless communications device may then generate a sequence of c-bit values in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator (for example, an RNG) and the sequence of v-bit states. The wireless communications device may then map the sequence of c-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols, and may transmit one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

[0024] Notably, the v-bit states generated by the hash function h have a uniform distribution. That is, the hash function h produces output v-bit states that are evenly spaced across an output space (for example, such that each output v-bit state in an output space has an equal probability of being output by the hash function). Further, the RNGD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO6 / 51generates sequences of c-bit values such that the sequence of c-bit values retains this uniform distribution. However, the uniform distribution of the sequence of c-bit values can be problematic. For example, transmitting constellation symbols from a uniformly distributed quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation inherently results in some amount of loss, which is referred to as shaping loss. In some examples, the shaping loss from the uniform distribution of the transmitted constellation symbols can result in significant degradation of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (for example, 1.53 decibels (dB) with respect to the Shannon limit).

[0025] Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to implementing a Box-Muller transform (BMT) operation in a spinal coding procedure to reduce shaping loss. In some aspects, the BMT operation transforms a sequence of first c-bit values, generated by an RNG based on a sequence of v-bit states output by a hash function h, to generate a sequence of second cg-bit values (such that the sequence of second cg-bit values is mapped to constellation symbols rather than the sequence of first c-bit values being mapped to constellation symbols). Here, the sequence of first c-bit values has a uniform distribution (for example, a distribution in which each possible sequence of bit values for a c-bit value has an equal probability of being generated), while the sequence of second cg-bit values has a Gaussian distribution (for example, a distribution in which each possible sequence of bit values for a cg-bit value has a probability of being generated according to a Gaussian distribution). In this way, the BMT transformation can result in Gaussian-distributed symbols being generated with respect to a spinal encoding scheme (for example, rather than uniformly distributed symbols).

[0026] Aspects of the present disclosure may be used to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some aspects, by converting uniformly distributed c-bit values to Gaussian-distributed cg-bit values, the techniques and apparatuses enable spinal coding to be implemented so as to generate Gaussian-distributed symbols (rather than uniform-distributed symbols), thereby reducing shaping loss that would otherwise be caused by the uniform distribution and, as a result, increasing SNR and improving overall communication performance. For example, the shaping loss from the uniform distribution of the transmitted symbols can in some scenarios be reduced by approximately 1.0 dB with respect to the Shannon limit(for example, when implemented in a single input single output (SISO) transmission scheme using an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel).D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO7 / 51

[0027] As described above, wireless communication systems may be deployed to provide various services, which may involve carrying or supporting voice, text, other messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. Some wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs). The multiple-access RATs may be capable of supporting communication with multiple wireless communications devices by sharing the available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples). Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.

[0028] Multiple-access RATs are supported by technological advancements that have been adopted in various telecommunication standards, which define common protocols that enable wireless communications devices to communicate on a local, municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). 5G NR may support enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, Internet of Things (IoT) networks or reduced capability (RedCap) device deployments, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) applications, and / or massive machine-type communication (mMTC), among other examples.

[0029] To support these and other target verticals, a wireless communication system may be designed to implement a modularized functional infrastructure, a disaggregated and service-based network architecture, network function virtualization, network slicing, multi-access edge computing, millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies including massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), beamforming, IoT device or RedCap device connectivity and management, industrial connectivity, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication), frequency spectrum expansion, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication (for example, subband full-duplex (SBFD)), multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, radio frequency (RF) sensing, network energy savings (NES), low-powerD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO8 / 51signaling and radios, or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML), among other examples.

[0030] The foregoing and other technological improvements may support use cases, such as wireless fronthauls, wireless midhauls, wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial or aerial platforms, among other examples.

[0031] The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies or new technologies or support one or more of the foregoing use cases or new use cases.

[0032] Figure 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network entities 110. For example, in Figure 1, the wireless communication network 100 includes a network entity (NE) 110a and a network entity 110b. The network entities 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120. For example, in Figure 1, the network entities 110 support communication with a UE 120a, a UE 120b, and a UE 120c. In some examples, a UE 120 may also communicate with other UEs 120 and a network entity 110 may communicate with a core network and with other network entities 110.

[0033] The network entities 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided into various licensed or unlicensed operating bands, frequency ranges, component carriers, or channels that define associated frequencies available for communications. In some examples, each of the network entities 110 and the UEs 120 may communicate using one or multiple component carriers in one or more operating bands or ranges. Typically, various operating bands are defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz), FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz), FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz), FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz). Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO9 / 516 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into the mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz,” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave,” if used herein, may broadly refer to mid-band frequencies or to frequencies that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, FR5, and / or the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz.

[0034] A network entity 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network entity, a 5G network entity, a 6G network entity, a Node B, a gNB, an access point (AP), a transmission reception point (TRP), a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a RAN. In various deployments, a network entity 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures). For example, a network entity 110 may be a device or system that implements a part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack), or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network entity 110 may be an aggregated network entity having an aggregated architecture, meaning that the network entity 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single physical structure in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network entity 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that operates with a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.

[0035] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network entity 110 may be a disaggregated network entity (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station), having a disaggregated architecture, meaning that the network entity 110 may operate with a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. AnD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO10 / 51example disaggregated network entity architecture is described in more detail below with reference to Figure 2. In some deployments, disaggregated network entities 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance), or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN), also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN), to facilitate scaling by separating network functionality into multiple units or modules that can be individually deployed.

[0036] The disaggregated network entities 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), and one or more radio units (RUs). A CU may host one or more higher layers, such as a radio resource control (RRC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3 GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host a lower PHY layer that is configured to perform functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT), an inverse FFT (IFFT), beamforming, and / or physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, among other examples. An RU may perform RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an IFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer split (LLS). In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120. In some examples, a single network entity 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU), among other examples, which may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as in a cloud deployment.

[0037] Some network entities 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. The term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network entity 110 or to a network entity 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network entity 110 may support one or more cells (for example, each cell may support communication within an angular (for example, 60 degree) range around the network entity). In some examples, a network entity 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or anotherD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO11 / 51type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may also allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with associated service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG)). In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network entity 110 (for example, a train, a satellite, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network entity).

[0038] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network entities 110 of different types, such as macro network entities, pico network entities, femto network entities, relay network entities, aggregated network entities, and / or disaggregated network entities, among other examples. Various different types of network entities 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas (for example, a cell 130a and a cell 130b), and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network entities 110.

[0039] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the coverage area of the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an access terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a wireless modem, a wireless communications device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, smart jewelry, a gaming device, an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, or a satellite radio), an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device), a UE function of a network entity, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO12 / 51

[0040] In some examples, a network entity 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link). The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL”) refers to a communication direction from a network entity 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL”) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network entity 110. Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (for example, frames, subframes, slots, and symbols), frequency domain resources (for example, frequency bands, component carriers (CCs), subcarriers, resource blocks, and resource elements), and spatial domain resources (for example, particular transmit directions or beams).

[0041] In some examples, a UE 120 and a network entity 110 may perform MIMO communication. MIMO communication generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. A network entity 110 or a UE 120 may communicate using single-user MIMO or multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), the latter of which being used by a network entity 110 to simultaneously transmit signals to multiple UEs 120. MIMO techniques may involve spatial multiplexing (multi-layer transmission) or beamforming. To implement beamforming, the amplitudes or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating a phase shift, a phase offset, or an amplitude) to generate one or more beams. For example, a network entity 110 may generate one or more beams 160a, and a UE 120 may generate one or more beams 160b. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction, a directional reception of a wireless signal from a transmitting device or otherwise in a desired direction, a direction associated with such a directional transmission or directional reception, a set of directional resources associated with a signal transmission or signal reception (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, or a vertical direction), or a set of parameters or resources associated with one or more aspects of a directional signal, among other examples.

[0042] In some examples, a network entity 110 or a UE 120 may implement massive MIMO, which may be associated with an increased (for example, “massive”) quantity of antennas at the network entity 110 or at the UE 120, such as in a network implementing mmWave technology, which enables more precise beamforming or reduced interference. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement multi-TRPD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO13 / 51(mTRP) operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT).

[0043] The network entity 110 and the UE 120 may establish a communication link or beam pair, and otherwise increase reliability, throughput, signal strength, or other signal properties for MIMO communications, by performing beam management operations, such as an initial beam acquisition operation, a beam refinement operation, or a beam recovery operation. For example, an initial beam acquisition operation may involve the network entity 110 transmitting signals (for example, SSBs or other signals) via respective beams (for example, of the beams 160 of the network entity 110) and the UE 120 receiving and measuring the signal(s) via respective beams of multiple beams (for example, from the beams 160 of the UE 120) to identify a best beam (or beam pair) for communication between the UE 120 and the network entity 110. A beam refinement operation may involve a first device (for example, the UE 120 or the network entity 110) transmitting signal(s) via a subset of beams (for example, identified based on, or otherwise associated with, measurements reported as part of one or more other beam management operations). A second device (for example, the network entity 110 or the UE 120) may receive the signal(s) via a single beam (for example, to identify the best beam for communication from the subset of beams). The beam(s) may be identified or defined via one or more spatial parameters, such as a transmission configuration indicator (TCI) state or a quasi co-location (QCL) parameter, among other examples.

[0044] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example disaggregated network entity architecture 200. One or more components of the example disaggregated network entity architecture 200 may be, may include, or may be included in one or more network entities (such one or more network entities 110). The disaggregated network entity architecture 200 may include a CU 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or that can communicate indirectly with the core network 220 via one or more disaggregated control units, such as aNon-RT RAN intelligent controller (RIC) 250 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 260 and / or aNear-RT RIC 270 (for example, via an E2 link). The CU 210 may communicate with one or more DUs 230 via respective midhaul links, such as via F1 interfaces. Each of the DUs 230 may communicate with one or more RUs 240 via respective fronthaul links. Each of the RUs 240 may communicate with one or more UEs 120 via respective RF access links. In some deployments, a UE 120 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO14 / 51

[0045] Each of the components of the disaggregated network entity architecture 200, including the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, the Near-RT RICs 270, the Non-RT RICs 250, and the SMO Framework 260, may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces for receiving or transmitting signals, such as data or information, via a wired or wireless transmission medium.

[0046] In some aspects, the CU 210 may be logically split into one or more CU user plane (CU-UP) units and one or more CU control plane (CU-CP) units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with a CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 may be deployed to communicate with one or more DUs 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling. Each DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. For example, a DU 230 may host various layers, such as an RLC layer, a MAC layer, or one or more PHY layers, such as one or more high PHY layers or one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (which also may be referred to as a module) may be implemented with an interface for communicating signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or for communicating signals with the control functions hosted by the CU 210. Each RU 240 may implement lower layer functionality. In some aspects, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 240 may be controlled by the corresponding DU 230.

[0047] The SMO Framework 260 may support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non- virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements, which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface, such as an 01 interface. For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 260 may interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) platform 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface, such as an 02 interface. A virtualized network element may include, but is not limited to, a CU 210, a DU 230, an RU 240, a non-RT RIC 250, and / or a Near-RT RIC 270. In some aspects, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, a 5G NR RAN, and / or a 6G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 280, via an 01 interface. Additionally or alternatively, the SMO Framework 260 may communicate directly with each of one or more RUs 240 via a respective 01 interface. In someD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO15 / 51deployments, this configuration can enable each DU 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0048] The Non-RT RIC 250 may include or may implement a logical function that enables non- real -time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, and / or policy-based guidance of applications and / or features in the Near-RT RIC 270. The Non-RT RIC 250 may be coupled to or may communicate with (such as via an Al interface) the Near-RT RIC 270. The Near-RT RIC 270 may include or may implement a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions via an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, and / or an O-eNB with the Near-RT RIC 270.

[0049] In some aspects, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 270, the Non-RT RIC 250 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 270 and may be received at the SMO Framework 260 or the Non-RT RIC 250 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 250 or the Near-RT RIC 270 may tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 250 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and may employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions via the SMO Framework 260 (such as reconfiguration via an 01 interface) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as Al interface policies).

[0050] Figure 3 depicts aspects of network entities 300 and 302 and a UE 304.

[0051] Figure 3 includes a first network entity 300 and a second network entity 302. In some examples, first network entity 300 may be an example of a CU 210 or a DU 230. In some examples, second network entity 302 may be an example of a DU 230 or an RU 240. First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may communicate with one another via a communications link, such as a midhaul link. In some examples, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be implemented at a same BS (for example, network entity 110). For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may be co-located. In some other examples, first network entity 300 may be implemented separately from second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a function (for example, one or more processes) running on a server, such as in a cloud (for example, a public or private cloud). As anotherD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO16 / 51example, first network entity 300 may be implemented as a virtual computing instance (for example, virtual machine or container) or as a physical server.

[0052] First network entity 300 and second network entity 302 each include a processing system 306, illustrated as “processing system 306a” at first network entity 300 and “processing system 306b” at second network entity 302. For example, first network entity 300 and second network entity 302 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs), system-in-packages (SiPs), chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 306. A processing system 306 includes one or more processors 308 (illustrated as “processor(s) 308a” and “processor(s) 308b”) and one or more memories 310 (illustrated as “memory(ies) 310a” and “memory(ies) 310b”) coupled to the one or more processors 308. The one or more processors 308 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs), graphics processing units (GPUs), neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs)), processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs)), or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry”). One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set. In some other examples, each of a group of processors may be configurable or configured to perform a same set of functions.

[0053] In some aspects, the processing system 306 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 306 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.

[0054] The one or more memories 310 may include one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry,D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO17 / 51each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM), or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry”). The one or more memories 310 may store data and program code for first network entity 300 and / or second network entity 302.

[0055] As further shown, second network entity 302 includes one or more transceivers 312 (illustrated as “transceiver(s) 312”). The one or more transceivers 312 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (for example, radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as UE 304. The one or more transceivers 312 may include one or more radio frequency (RF) components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-end module (for example, an RF front-end (RFFE)), or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 312 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain), a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain), and / or an interface with one or more antennas 314.

[0056] The one or more antennas 314 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 314 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings), a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of Figure 3. The term “antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas as well as one or more other components (such as fdters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communications device such as the network entity 300 or 302 or the UE 304.

[0057] UE 304 may be an example of UE 120. As shown, UE 304 includes a processing system 316. For example, UE 304 may include one or more chips, SoCs, SiPs, chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system 316. A processing system 316 includes one or more processors 318, and one or more memories 320 coupled to the one or more processors 318. Further, UE 304 includes one or more antennas 322, one or more transceivers 324, and / or other components that enable wireless transmission and reception of data.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO18 / 51

[0058] The one or more processors 318 may include one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as CPUs, GPUs, NPUs (also referred to as neural network processors or DLPs) and / or DSPs), processing blocks, ASICs, PLDs (such as FPGAs), or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (any one or more of which may be generally referred to herein individually as a “processor” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry”). One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. In some aspects, the processing system 316 may perform processing (such as digital signal processing) of data, control information, or signals received or transmitted by a network entity. For example, the processing system 316 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.

[0059] As shown, in some examples, the one or more processors 318 may include one or more modems 326, one or more application processors (APs) 328, one or more Al processors 330, a combination thereof, and / or another form of processor.

[0060] The one or more modems 326 may include a digital signal processor that converts information into a waveform for analog signal transmission (for example, via modulation) and / or converts the waveform of a received signal into information (for example, via demodulation). The one or more modems 326 may process information or waveforms in connection with signal transmission or reception. For example, the one or more modems 326 may include a coder, a decoder, a multiplexer, a demultiplexer, a transmit MIMO processor, a transmit processor, a receive processor, a receive MIMO detector, an automatic gain control component, or the like.

[0061] The one or more APs 328 may perform processing relating to an operating system and / or a higher layer application of the UE 304. For example, the one or more APs 328 may provide a higher-level operating system (HLOS), software, audio or video processing, graphics processing, or the like. In some examples, the one or more APs 328 may be a data source (for example, for transmissions) or a data sink (for example, for receptions).

[0062] The one or more transceivers 324 may perform processing related to implementing physical layer (for example, radio, air interface) communication with other devices such as other UEs 304 or second network entity 302. The one or more transceivers 324 may include one or more RF components, such as an RF transceiver, a front-endD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO19 / 51module (for example, an RFFE), or the like. For example, the one or more transceivers 324 may include a transmit path (also referred to as a transmit chain), a receive path (also referred to as a receive chain), and / or an interface with one or more antennas 322.

[0063] The one or more antennas 322 may perform wireless transmission and reception of signals. The one or more antennas 322 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings), a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of Figure 3.

[0064] For an example downlink transmission by second network entity 302, the processing system 306 (for example, a transmit processor) may receive data and / or control information. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH), physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH), physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH), and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), in some examples.

[0065] The processing system 306 (for example, a transmit processor) may process (for example, encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. The processing system 306 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS), secondary synchronization signal (SSS), PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS).

[0066] The processing system 306 (for example, a TX MIMO processor) may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to one or more modulators of the processing system 306. The one or more modulators may process one or more respective output symbol streams to obtain an output sample stream. The one or more transceivers 312 may process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, fdter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Second network entity 302 may transmit the downlink signal via the one or more antennas 314.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO20 / 51

[0067] In order to receive the downlink transmission at UE 304 (or a sidelink transmission from another UE), the one or more antennas 322 may receive the downlink signal and may provide received signals to the one or more transceivers 324. The one or more transceivers 324 may condition (for example, filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) the received signals to obtain input samples. The one or more transceivers 324 and / or the processing system 316 may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.

[0068] The processing system 316 (for example, modem 326, an RX MIMO detector) may obtain the received symbols, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. The processing system 316 (for example, a modem 326, a receive processor) may process (for example, de-interleave and decode) the detected symbols. The processing system 316 may provide decoded data for the UE 304 (for example, to an AP 328) and / or decoded control information (for example, to a controller / processor of the processing system 316).

[0069] For an example uplink transmission or a sidelink transmission from UE 304, the processing system 316 (for example, modem 326, a transmit processor) may receive and process data and / or control information to obtain a set of symbols for transmission. The data may be for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), and may be received from a data source such as the AP 328. The control information may be for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH), and may be received, for example, from a controller / processor of the processing system 316. The processing system 316 (for example, a modem 326, the transmit processor) may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (for example, for a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal, a phase tracking reference signal, or the like). In some examples, the symbols and / or reference signals may be precoded by the processing system 316 (for example, modem 326, a TX MIMO processor), further processed by the one or more transceivers 324 (for example, for single carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM)), and transmitted to second network entity 302.

[0070] At second network entity 302, the uplink signals from UE 304 may be received by the one or more antennas 314, conditioned by the one or more transceivers 312 (for example, fdtered, amplified, downconverted, and digitized), detected (for example, by the processing system 306b such as a modem and / or an RX MIMO detector), and further processed by the processing system 306b (for example, a modem and / or a receive processor) to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 304. The processingD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO21 / 51system 306b may provide the decoded data and the decoded control information (such as to a controller / processor of the processing system 306b, an AP, first network entity 300, or another entity).

[0071] In various aspects, a wireless communications device, such as first network entity 300, second network entity 302, network entity 110, UE 120, or UE 304, may be described as sending, transmitting, obtaining, or receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” or “sending” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from a processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “sending” or “transmitting” by a device may include sending (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) to a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “sending” or “transmitting” may include sending internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process to memory. “Receiving” or “obtaining” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from the processing system, one or more memories, one or more transceivers, one or more antennas, and / or other aspects described herein. For example, “receiving” or “obtaining” by a device may include obtaining (such as wirelessly, via a wired connection, or both) from a recipient directly or via another device. As another example, “receiving” or “obtaining” may include obtaining internally to a device (such as the UE 304, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) by a process from memory. As used herein, “communicating” by a device may include sending, obtaining, receiving, and / or transmitting a communication. “Communicating” can refer to communication with another device or internal communication of the device.

[0072] In various aspects, the processing system 306 or the processing system 316 may include one or more Al processors (such as Al processor 330 of the processing system 316). Some aspects and techniques as described herein may be implemented, at least in part, using an Al program (for example, referred to herein as an “AI / ML model”), such as a program that includes a machine learning (ML) model and / or an artificial neural network (ANN) model. The AI / ML model may be deployed at a device (for example, a network entity 300 or 302, a UE 304, an AI / ML server). For example, the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 304 (for example, the processing system 316), a network entity 110 (for example, the processing system 306), one or more servers, and / or one or more components of a cloud computing network, among other examples. In some examples,D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO22 / 51the AI / ML model (or an instance of the AI / ML model) may be deployed at multiple devices (for example, a first portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 304 and a second portion of the AI / ML model may be deployed at a network entity 300 or 302). In other examples, a first AI / ML model may be deployed at a UE 304 and a second AI / ML model may be deployed at a network entity 300 or 302. The AI / ML model(s) may be configured to enhance various aspects of wireless communication. For example, the AI / ML model(s) may be trained to identify patterns or relationships in data corresponding to the wireless communication, a device, and / or an air interface, among other examples. The AI / ML model(s) may support operational decisions relating to one or more aspects associated with wireless communications devices, networks, or services.

[0073] The network entity 110, the UE 120, the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, the network entity 300 or 302, the processing system 306, the UE 304, the processing system 316, or any other component(s) of Figures 1, 2, and / or 3 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with spinal coding using a BMT, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the network entity 110, network entity 300, or network entity 302 (collectively, “network entity 110 / 300 / 302”), the UE 120 or UE 304 (collectively, “UE 120 / 304”), the CU 210, the DU 230, the RU 240, the processing system 306, or the processing system 316 may perform or direct operations of, for example, method 800 of Figure 8 or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors). Memory of the network entity 110 / 300 / 302 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the network entity 110 / 300 / 302, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240. In some examples, the memory of the network entity 110 / 300 / 302 may store data relating to a UE 120 / 304, such as RRC state information or a UE context. Memory of the UE 120 / 304 may store data and program code (or instructions) for the UE 120 / 304, such as context information. In some examples, the memory of the UE 120 / 304 or the memory of the network entity 110 / 300 / 302 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication. For example, the set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors (for example, the one or more processors 308 or the one or more processors 318) of the network entity 110 / 300 / 302, the UE 120 / 304, the CU 210, the DU 230, or the RU 240, may cause the one or more processors to perform method 800 of Figure 8 or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO23 / 51

[0074] Figure 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with encoding of spinal codes in accordance with the present disclosure. Other transmission schemes may involve different encoding of spinal codes.

[0075] As shown, a transmitting device may break up an input message 410 of data into segments (or groups, chunks, or the like) of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k). The input message 410 may have a total of n bits, and each of the segments of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k) may have a total of k bits. Thus, the total quantity of the segments of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k) may be n / k. The transmitting device may sequentially apply, to the segments of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k), a hash function 430 (denoted h). The hash function 430 may be designed such that a difference between two inputs in at least one bit results in a different coded sequence after the at least one bit, which may provide resilience to noise and bit errors.

[0076] The hash function 430 may also operate on v-bit states 440(0)-440(zz / k-l), where v may be any suitable number (for example, 32). Thus, the hash function 430 may take two inputs: the blocks of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k) and the v-bit states 440(0)-440(zz / k- 1 ). The hash function 430 may output the v-bit states 440(1 )-440(zz / k) based at least in part on the blocks of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k) and the v-bit states 440(0)-440(zz / k-l). In some examples, h: {0,l]vx {0,l]fe-> {0,l]v. In some examples, a v-bit state can be represented as a state SL= h sL-L, mt), where SLis an zthv-bit state 440(i) and ffti is an zthblock of information bits 420(i).

[0077] For example, initially, the hash function 430 may take, as input, the block of information bits 420(1) and the v-bit state 440(0) (for example, an initial v-bit state). The hash function 430 and the v-bit state 440(0) may be known to a transmitting device and a receiving device. In some examples, the v-bit state 440(0) may be zero. The hash function 430 may first output the v-bit state 440(1), then take, as input, the block of information bits 420(2) and the v-bit state 440(1), and then output the v-bit state 440(2). This process may continue until the hash function 430 outputs the v-bit state 440(zz / k). In this manner, the transmitting device may generate a “spine” of v bit states 440(1 )-440(zz / k) by sequentially hashing together the blocks of information bits 420(1 )-420(zz / k) from the input message 410 without adding redundancy bits.

[0078] The hash function 430 may provide the v-bit states 440(1 )-440(zz / k) as input (for example, seeds) to random number generators (RNGs) 450(1 )-450(zz / k). In some examples, the RNGs 450(l)-450(zz / k) may be known to the transmitting device and theD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO24 / 51receiving device. In some aspects, an RNG 450 may be a pseudorandom number generator. The RNGs 450(1 )-450(«Zfc) may generate a sequence of c-bit values (for example, random C-bit binary numbers): RNG {0,l]vX H -> {0,l]c. Thus, the transmitting device may randomly map the blocks of information bits 420(1 )-420(« / k) to respective c-bit values. In some examples, a c-bit value may be a binary word that includes c bits. In some examples, the transmitting device may map the sequence of c-bit values to a sequence of IQ constellation symbols using a mapping function 460. For example, the transmitting device may use the mapping function 460 to randomly select the IQ constellation symbols. In this manner, the transmitting device may produce a sequence of coded bits and constellation symbols for transmission. In some examples, the total quantity of the blocks of information bits 420(1 )-420(« / k) may be equal to the total quantity of transmitted constellation symbols. While some aspects described herein are described with regard to a quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation, aspects described herein can be implemented for any form of constellation (for example, a nonsquare constellation, a Gaussian distributed constellation, or the like).

[0079] In some examples, each of the RNGs 450(1 )-450(« / k) may generate multiple c-bit values. For example, in a first pass 470(1), the RNGs 450(l)-450(« / k) may generate a first sequence of c-bit values. The transmitting device may, using the mapping function 460, convert the first sequence of c-bit values into a first sequence of IQ constellation symbols. The transmitting device may transmit, at a PHY layer 480, one or more samples corresponding to the first sequence of IQ constellation symbols, and if the receiving device responds with a NACK, then the RNGs 450(l)-450(« / k) may, in a second pass 470(2), generate a second sequence of c-bit values. A sample may occupy a time window (for example, a slot) during which a transmitted signal has a given amplitude and / or phase corresponding to a given symbol (for example, a sample may encode a symbol). The transmitting device may, using the mapping function 460, convert the second sequence of c-bit values into a second sequence of IQ constellation symbols. The transmitting device may transmit, at the PHY layer 480, one or more samples corresponding to the second sequence of IQ constellation symbols, and if the receiving device responds with a NACK, then the RNGs 450(1 )-450(« / k) may, in a third pass 470(3), generate a third sequence of c-bit values. The transmitting device may, using the mapping function 460, convert the third sequence of c-bit values into a third sequence of IQ constellation symbols. The transmitting device may transmit, at the PHY layer 480, one or more samples corresponding to the third sequence of IQ constellation symbols.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO25 / 51

[0080] It should be noted that, in some aspects described herein, only a subset of spinal symbols (and thus c-bit values) are transmitted in a given transmission. Furthermore, the IQ constellation symbols (or other actually transmitted symbols) may be referred to herein as spinal symbols, and may be referred to as being derived from spinal values or spines. This process may continue until the transmitting device receives an ACK from the receiving device or a timeout occurs. As used in Figure 4, the notation “x(F, Z)” refers to a 2thpass performed by a F1' RNG 450. In some examples, the transmitting device may transmit one symbol per v-bit state per pass; thus, if the receiving device takes I passes kto decode the input message 410, then the effective rate is - bits per channel use, where k is the maximum rate.

[0081] The receiving device (for example, decoder) may sequentially process the received samples until the input message 410 is successfully decoded or a timeout occurs. If the timeout occurs, then the transmitting device may proceed to a subsequent input message. This may be more readily understood with reference to Figure 5.

[0082] Figure 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 associated with a puncturing scheme for spinal codes in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0083] In the example 500, a transmitting device may transmit spinal symbols to a receiving device using a quantity of retransmissions (sometimes referred to as a quantity of subpasses), indexed in Figure 5 as retransmission 1 through retransmission 8 (but which may include more or fewer retransmissions in other examples). In each retransmission, the transmitting device transmits symbols for spine values marked by solid black circles, while cross-hatched circles indicate symbols that have already been transmitted (for example, in a previous retransmission). A quantity of transmitted symbols per retransmission may dictate a rate granularity for the spinal code.

[0084] More particularly, in an example in which 256 information bits are to be transmitted (for example, n = 256), with each segment of information bits (corresponding to each circle in Figure 5) including eight bits (for example, k = 8), the spinal code may be associated with 32 spines (for example, quantity of spines = Nik = 256 / 8 = 32, as described above in connection with Figure 4). In such an example, a quantity (for example, less than all) of the spinal codes may be transmitted in each retransmission. More particularly, in the first retransmission, the spinal symbols associated with spines indexed 8, 16, 24, and 32 may be transmitted, shown using solid black circles in connection with the row corresponding to retransmission 1. In the second retransmission,D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO26 / 51the spinal symbols associated with spines indexed 4, 12, 20, and 28 may be transmitted, shown using solid black circles in connection with the row corresponding to retransmission 2. Moreover, because the spinal symbols associated with spines indexed 8, 16, 24, and 32 may have previously been transmitted at this point in time (for example, in retransmission 1), those spinal symbols are shown using cross-hatched circles in retransmission 2. The transmitting device may continue to transmit spinal symbols in this manner until the message is successfully decoded by the receiving device or until all spinal symbols have been transmitted (for example, as shown in connection with retransmission 8).

[0085] In this regard, the receiving device may attempt to decode the message after each retransmission. In some examples, a receiving device may decode the received spinal symbols using a decoder and / or a decoding algorithm. After at least the initial transmission, the receiving device may successfully decode the message.

[0086] Once the message is successfully decoded, the receiving device may transmit an acknowledgement message to the transmitting device, and the transmitting device may forgo transmitting any remaining retransmissions. In that regard, in some examples the spinal code may be considered “rateless,” because a coding rate of the spinal code may not be set and / or may vary based on channel conditions, among other examples. For example, as shown in the plot 502, which includes an effective coding rate axis 504 and a quantity of retransmissions axis 506, an effective coding rate may decrease as a quantity of retransmissions used to transmit a message increases. For example, returning to the example described above, the spinal code may start a rate of 8 bits per channel use and may decrease in a manner consistent with the plot 502 as more retransmissions are used, with the total quantity of transmitted symbols per retransmission (for example, four in the above-described example 500) dictating the effective rate granularity. In some examples, using a spinal code as a rateless code may enable use of the spinal code even in the absence of utilizing CSI-RSs or similar mechanisms for determining optimal transmission schemes (for example, optimal modulation and coding schemes (MCSs), among other examples). In some other examples, a spinal code may be associated with a fixed rate (for example, the rate of the spinal code may be determined and / or fixed when encoding data), in a similar manner to low-density parity check (LDPC) codes and / or polar codes, among other examples. For example, a spinal code encoder may limit a quantity of spinal symbols generated and / or a transmitting device may transmit a fixed quantity of spinal symbols in a channel, thereby setting a fixed rate for the spinal code. Additionally, orD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO27 / 51alternatively, spinal codes may be used in a similar manner as LDPC codes and / or polar codes, however, an MCS may be used to generate an equivalent puncturing scheme for the spinal code, among other examples.

[0087] Figure 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 of signaling associated with spinal coding using a BMT. The example 600 includes a transmitting wireless communications device 602 (such as UE 120, UE 304, network entity 110, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302) and a receiving wireless communications device 604 (such as UE 120, UE 304, network entity 110, first network entity 300, or second network entity 302). The description of Figure 6 also refers to elements of Figure 7 to improve clarity. Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of spinal coding using a BMT.

[0088] As shown at 606, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may generate a sequence of v-bit states. In some aspects, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states. In some aspects, a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on an initial v-bit state (that is, an initial v-bit state is used to generate the first v-bit state). Thus, in some aspects, the first v-bit state of the sequence of v-bit states is generated in accordance with the hash function h based at least in part on an initial v-bit state and a first set of k information bits of the sequence of sets of k information bits, and the second v-bit state of the sequence of v-bit states is generated in accordance with the hash function h based at least in part on the first v-bit state and a second set of k information bits of the sequence of sets of k information bits. In general, the hash function h may be any function that receives two inputs (for example, an input v-bit state and a set of k information bits) and provides a random result (for example, an output v-bit state).

[0089] For example, with reference to Figure 7, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may break up an input message 710 of data into segments (or groups, chunks, or the like) of information bits 720(1 )-720(« / k). The message may have a total of n bits, and each of the segments of information bits 720(1 )-720(« / k) may have a total of k bits. Thus, the total quantity of the segments of information bits 720(1)-720(n / k) may be n / k. The transmitting wireless communications device 602 may sequentially apply a hash function 730 (denoted h) to the segments of information bits 720(1 )-720(« / k). The hash function 730 may be designed such that a difference betweenD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO28 / 51two input messages in at least one bit results in a different coded sequence after the at least one bit, which may provide resilience to noise and bit errors. The hash function 730 may also operate on v-bit states 740(0)-740(zz / k-l), where v may be any suitable number (for example, 32). Thus, the hash function 730 may take two inputs: the blocks of information bits 720(1 )-720(zz / k) and the v-bit states 740(0)-740(v / k-l). The hash function 730 may output the v-bit states 740(1 )-740(v / k) based at least in part on the blocks of information bits 720(1 )-720(v / k) and the v-bit states 740(0)-740(v / k-l). In some examples, h {0,l]vx {0,l]fe-> {0,l]v. In some examples, a v-bit state can be represented as a state SL= h sL-L, mt), where SLis an 1thv-bit state 740(i) and mt is an zthblock of information bits 720(i).

[0090] For example, initially, the hash function 730 may take, as input, the block of information bits 720(1) and the v-bit state 740(0) (for example, an initial v-bit state). The hash function 730 and the v-bit state 740(0) may be known to a transmitting device and a receiving device. In some examples, the v-bit state 740(0) may be zero. The hash function 730 may output the v-bit state 740(1), take, as input, the block of information bits 720(2) and the v-bit state 740(1), and output the v-bit state 740(2). This process may continue until the hash function 730 outputs the v-bit state 740(zz / k). In this manner, the transmitting device may generate a “spine” of v bit states 740(1 )-740(zz / k) by sequentially hashing together the blocks of information bits 720(1 )-720(zz / k) from the input message 710 without adding redundancy bits.

[0091] Of note, the v-bit states 740 generated by the hash function 730 have a uniform distribution. That is, the hash function 730 produces v-bit states 740 that are evenly spaced across an output space (for example, such that each v-bit state 740 in an output space has an equal probability of being output by the hash function 730).

[0092] As shown at 608, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may generate a sequence of first c-bit values, where each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values is generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states. For example, a first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values may be generated based at least in part on the first v-bit state, and a second c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values may be generated based at least in part on the second v-bit state. In some examples, the RNGs 750(1 )-750(zz / k) may be known to the transmitting wireless communications device 602 and the receiving wireless communications device 604. In some aspects, the c-bit value represents a valueD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO29 / 51C. For example, the value C may be a binary vector, comprising a series of zeros and ones, with a length of c bits.

[0093] The RNGs 750(1 )-750(n / k) may generate a sequence of first c-bit values (for example, a sequence of binary words that each include c bits): RNG: {0,l]vx h -* {0,l]c. Thus, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may randomly map the blocks of information bits 720(1 )-720(n / k) to respective first c-bit values. For example, with reference to Figure 7, the v-bit state 740(1) output by the hash function 730 may be used a seed to an RNG 750(1), and the RNG 750(1) may generate a first c-bit value (for example, a c-bit binary number). Other v-bit states 740(2)-740(« / k) generated by the hash function 730 can be provided to respective RNGs 750(2)-750(« / k) in similar manner so as to generate a sequence of first c-bit values.

[0094] In some aspects, the RNG 750 may map a v-bit state based at least in part on a quantity of retransmissions associated with a given spine. That is, the RNG 750 may in some aspects map the v-bit state to a plurality of c-bit values, where a total quantity of bits in the plurality of c-bit values is equal to the quantity of bits in a single c-bit value (that is, the quantity of bits c) times the quantity of retransmissions associated with the given spine. Of note, the techniques and apparatuses described herein can be applied to a sequence of c-bit values, wherein the sequence of c-bit values includes a plurality of c-bit values generated from a single v-bit state. In this way, any number of retransmissions associated with any one or more spines and / or implementation of a puncturing configuration can be supported.

[0095] Of note, the first c-bit values in the sequence of first c-bit values generated by the RNGs 750 maintain the uniform distribution that is imparted by the hash function 730. That is, the RNGs 750 generate the sequences of first c-bit values such that the first c-bit values retain this uniform distribution. Thus, the sequence of first c-bit values may have a uniform distribution (for example, such that each possible sequence of bit values for a given c-bit value has an equal probability of being generated).

[0096] As shown at 610, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may apply a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second Cg-bit values is generated. In some aspects, the sequence of second Cg-bit values may have a Gaussian distribution (for example, such that each possible sequence of bit values for a given Cg-bit value has a probability of being generated according to a Gaussian distribution). That is, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may apply a transformation to the sequence of first c-bit values having the uniform distribution so asD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO30 / 51to generate the sequence of second Cg-bit values having a Gaussian distribution. In some aspects, as shown in Figure 7, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may transform the sequence of first c-bit values to generate the sequence of second g-bit values using the BMT 755. In this way, the BMT 755 may, for a given spine, convert a uniformly distributed first c-bit value to a Gaussian distributed second g-bit value. In some aspects, a quantity of bits in a given first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values matches a quantity of bits in a second Cg-bit value of the sequence of second Cg-bit values. In some aspects, the Cg-bit value represents a value Cg. For example, the value Cgmay be a binary vector, comprising a series of zeros and ones, with a length of cgbits.

[0097] A Gaussian distribution is sometimes referred to as a normal distribution. A Gaussian distribution is a probability distribution that is substantially symmetric about a mean (for example, an origin). A Gaussian distribution has a property that data points nearer to the mean are likely to occur comparatively more frequently than data points that are farther from the mean.

[0098] In some aspects, the RNGs 750 may provide the c-bit values for each spine as inputs to BMTs 755 (l)-755(« / k) in this manner so as to generate a sequence of n / k Cg-bit values. Thus, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may convert the uniformly distributed first c-bit values to respective Gaussian-distributed second Cg-bit values, where a given Gaussian-distributed second Cg-bit value comprises a sequence of C bits (for example, a binary word that includes Cg bits).

[0099] In some aspects, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may apply the BMT operation using a lookup table (LUT) configured on the transmitting wireless communications device 602. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may be configured (for example, by a network entity) with a LUT that maps first c-bit values to second Cg-bit values. In some such examples, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may therefore transform a given first c-bit value to a corresponding second Cg-bit value by retrieving the second Cg-bit value from the LUT based at least in part on the first c-bit value. In some aspects, the use of such a LUT may reduce computational complexity and latency at the transmitting wireless communications device 602 with respect to performing spinal encoding.

[0100] Additionally or alternatively, applying the BMT operation may include a series of operations. The operations described below are described with respect to application of the BMT operation to a single first c-bit value. In practice, these operations may be applied to each first c-bit value in the sequence of first c-bit values.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO31 / 51

[0101] In some aspects, one operation associated with applying the BMT operation may include separating a sequence of bit values of a first c-bit value into a first portion comprising a first set of bit values of the sequence of bit values and a second portion comprising a second set of bit values of the sequence of bit values. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may separate a first c-bit value into a first portion comprising a first set of bit values and a second portion comprising a second set of bit values (for example, representing a real portion I and an imaginary portion Q, respectively). In some aspects, each of the first portion and the second portion may comprise c / 2 bits from the first c-bit value.

[0102] In some aspects, applying the BMT operation may further include mapping the first portion of the first c-bit value to a first uniform random variable U1in an interval range and mapping the second portion of the first c-bit value to a second uniform random variable U2in the interval range. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may map the first portion and the second portion to a first uniform random variable U₁(for example, c / 2 most significant bits (MSB) of the first c-bit value that represent the real portion I) and a second uniform random variable U2(for example, - least significant bits (LSB) of the first c-bit value that represent the imaginary portion Q) into the interval [0,1]. In some aspects, the first uniform random variable U1and the second uniform random variable U2may be normalized (for example, U1and U2may be cdivided by a maximum value equal to 2c / 2-1).

[0103] In some aspects, applying the BMT operation may further include converting the first uniform random variable U1and the second uniform random variable U2into a first Gaussian-distributed value Zoand a second Gaussian-distributed value Z1. In some aspects, the first Gaussian-distributed value Zomay be computed based at least in part on the first uniform random variable U1and the second uniform random variable U2(for example, Z0= √−2 · ln U1· cos(2πU2). In some aspects, the second Gaussian-distributed value Z1may be computed based at least in part on the first uniform random variable U1and the second uniform random variable U2(for example,• sin(2TrU2)). Here, the first Gaussian-distributed value Zomay represent a real portion of a constellation, and the second Gaussian-distributed value Z may represent an imaginary portion of the constellation.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO32 / 51

[0104] In some aspects, applying the BMT operation may further include transforming the first Gaussian-distributed value Zoto a first index value I^dex with respect to a modulation index range, and transforming the second Gaussian-distributed value Z to a second index value Qinde^with respect to the modulation index range. That is, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may scale the first Gaussian-distributed value Zoand the second Gaussian-distributed value Z to fit within a value index range (for example, a QAM index range) [0, A -1], where M is a QAM order and is equal to 2C(for example, M = 2C). In some aspects, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may scale the first Gaussian-distributed value Zoto the first index value Iindex M Maccording to the function Iindex = round “r ’ Zf] In some aspects, the transmitting,2 6Uwireless communications device 602 may scale the second Gaussian-distributed value Z to the second index value Qindex according to the function: QmdexZ1j. Of note, in some aspects, the first index value I index and the second index value Qindexcanbe understood as binary numbers depending on the notation used.

[0105] In some aspects, applying the BMT operation may further include clipping the first index value I^dexanc* the second index value Qindex based at least in part on the modulation index range. In some aspects, clipping the first index value Iin ex and the second index value Qindexmay ensure that the first index value Iindex and the second index value Qindex are within the modulation index range. In some aspects, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may clip the first index value I^dex according to the function: I^dex=max(0, min(M — 1, Iindex - Insome aspects, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may clip the second index value Qindex according to the function: Qindex= max(0, min(M − 1, Qindex)).

[0106] In some aspects, applying the BMT operation may further include determining the Cg-bit value based at least in part on the first index value I^dexand the second index value Qindex- For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may combine the first index value I^dexand the second index value Qindex to determine the Cg-bit value. In some aspects, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may Mdetermine the Cg-bit value according to the function: Cg= I index + y ’ Qindex-

[0107] As shown at 612, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may map the sequence of second Cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols. That is the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may map each Cg-bit valueD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO33 / 51in the sequence of second -bit values to a respective set of (IQ) constellation symbols in a sequence of constellation symbols. For example, the first -bit value may be mapped to a first set of constellation symbols of the sequence of sets of constellation symbols, and the second -bit value may be mapped to a second set of constellation symbols of the sequence of sets of constellation symbols. In some aspects, as indicated in Figure 7, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may map a -bit value to a set of constellation symbols using a mapping function 760. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may use the mapping function 760 to select the set of constellation symbols based on the -bit value. In this manner, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may produce a sequence of coded bits and constellation symbols for transmission. In some examples, the total quantity of the blocks of information bits 720(1 )-720(H / &) may be equal to the total quantity of transmitted symbols.

[0108] Of note, in some aspects, the RNG 750 may alternatively comprise a linear feedback shift register (LFSR)-based sequence generator (for example, a Gold sequence generator or a maximum-length sequence generator, among other examples). In some aspects, the use of an LFSR-based sequence generator provides a comparatively more practical means for generating pseudo-random sequences for use in spinal encoding in comparison to an RNG 750 (for example, by enabling the sequence of c-bit values to be generated by an LFSR-based sequence generator that achieves a lower power consumption and has reduced complexity and size as compared to an RNG 750).

[0109] As shown at 614, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may transmit one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbol. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may transmit, at a PHY layer 780, one or more samples corresponding to one or more sets of constellation symbols in a manner similar to that depicted and described above with respect to Figure 4. As used in Figure 7, the notation “x(F, Z)” refers to a Zthpass performed by a YthBMT 755. In some examples, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may transmit one symbol per v-bit state per pass; thus, if the receiving device takes I passes to decode the input message 710, then the effective rate is k- bits per channel use, where k is the maximum rate.

[0110] In some aspects, in association with transmitting the one or more communications, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may perform aD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO34 / 51normalization operation associated with a set of constellation symbols, and may modulate a communication according to the set of constellation symbols based at least in part on a result of performing the normalization operation. In practice, an average power of an entire transmitted symbol should be normalized (for example, to 1). Therefore, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may in some aspects perform the normalization so as to adjust a modulation table (for example, a QAM table) to cause the average power of an entire transmitted symbol to be normalized to 1.

[0111] From an information theory perspective, transmitting constellation symbols (for example, QAM symbols) with a uniform distribution results in a 1.53 dB degradation in SNR as compared to transmitting symbols with a Gaussian distribution. To reduce this 1.53 dB degradation, constellation symbols can therefore be transmitted to the channel with a Gaussian distribution (for example, such that a probability of transmitting a constellation symbol nearer to an origin of the constellation is higher than a probability of transmitting a constellation symbol nearer to an edge of the constellation). One technique to achieve this Gaussian distribution is to provide a uniform square constellation with varying probabilities for each constellation symbol - a technique referred to as probability amplitude shaping (PAS). The techniques and apparatuses depicted and described with respect to Figures 6 and 7 may generate a Gaussian probability for selecting a constellation symbol from a uniform square constellation, thereby providing PAS. That is, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may in some aspects provide PAS by converting uniformly distributed c-bit values to Gaussian-distributed cg-bit values so as to achieve a Gaussian distribution on transmitted symbols. The Gaussian distribution reduces shaping loss, thereby increasing SNR and improving overall communication performance. In some examples, the shaping loss can be reduced by approximately 1.0 dB with respect to the Shannon limit (for example, when implemented in a single input single output (SISO) transmission scheme using an AWGN channel).

[0112] Of further note, the RNG 750 and the BMT 755 described herein are configured to output a first c-bit value and a second cg-bit value, respectively, that each comprise a sequence of bits (for example, 0111) that represent a symbol. However, in some aspects, the RNG 750 and the BMT 755 may be configured to output a first integer index C and a second integer index Cg, respectively, that each represent the symbol (for example, 7), rather than a sequence of bits that represents the symbol. The techniques described hereinD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO35 / 51can be applied to enable transformation of a sequence of first integer indices C to generate a sequence of second integer indices Cg.Example Operations of a User Equipment

[0113] Figure 8 shows a method 800 for wireless communication by a wireless communications device, such as UE 120 of Figure 1, UE 304 of Figure 3, or a first wireless communications device 602 of Figure 6.

[0114] Method 800 begins at block 805 with generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state. For example, a wireless communications device 602 may generate a sequence of v-bit states, as depicted and described with respect to reference 606 of Figure 6.

[0115] Method 800 then proceeds to block 810 with generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may generate a sequence of first c-bit values, as depicted and described with respect to reference 608 of Figure 6.

[0116] Method 800 then proceeds to block 815 with applying a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may apply a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated, as depicted and described with respect to reference 610 of Figure 6.

[0117] Method 800 then proceeds to block 820 with mapping the sequence of second Cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may map the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols, as depicted and described with respect to reference 612 of Figure 6.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO36 / 51

[0118] Method 800 then proceeds to block 825 with transmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols. For example, the transmitting wireless communications device 602 may transmit one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols, as depicted and described with respect to reference 614 of Figure 6.

[0119] In some aspects, block 815 includes retrieving a second cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, from a LUT based at least in part on a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values.

[0120] In some aspects, a quantity of bits in a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, matches a quantity of bits in a cg-bit value of the sequence of second cg-bit values.

[0121] In some aspects, block 815 includes separating a sequence of bit values of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, into a first portion comprising a first set of bit values and a second portion comprising a second set of bit values.

[0122] In some aspects, block 815 includes: mapping a first portion of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first uniform random variable U1 in an interval range, and mapping a second portion of the c-bit value to a second uniform random variable U2 in the interval range.

[0123] In some aspects, block 815 includes: converting a first uniform random variable U1, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second uniform random variable U2, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, into a first Gaussian-distributed value Z0 and a second Gaussian-distributed value Z1.

[0124] In some aspects, block 815 includes: transforming a first Gaussian-distributed value Zo, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first index value Index with respect to a modulation index range, and a second Gaussian-distributed value Zi, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, to a second index value Qindex with respect to the modulation index range.

[0125] In some aspects, block 815 includes: clipping a first index value Index, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, based at least in part on a modulation index range, and clipping a second index value Qindex, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, based at least in part on the modulation index range.

[0126] In some aspects, block 815 includes: determining a cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, based at least in part on a first index value Index, associated withD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO37 / 51a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second index value Qindex associated with a second portion of the c-bit value.

[0127] In some aspects, block 825 includes: performing a normalization operation associated with a set of constellation symbols of the sequence of sets of constellation symbols, and modulating the communication according to the set of constellation symbols based at least in part on a result of performing the normalization operation.

[0128] In some aspects, the method 800 may enable generation of a Gaussian probability for selecting a constellation symbol from a uniform square constellation, thereby providing PAS. That is, the method 800 may enable a transmitting wireless communications device to provide PAS by converting uniformly distributed c-bit values to Gaussian-distributed cg-bit values so as to achieve a Gaussian distribution on transmitted symbols. In this way, the method 800 can provide Gaussian distribution that reduces shaping loss, thereby increasing SNR and improving overall communication performance.

[0129] In some aspects, method 800, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 900 of Figure 9, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 800. Communications device 900 is described below in further detail.

[0130] Note that Figure 8 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative operations are possible consistent with this disclosure.Example Communications Devices

[0131] Figure 9 depicts aspects of an example communications device 900 configured for wireless communications. In some aspects, the communications device 900 is a UE, such as a UE 120 of Figure 1, UE 304 of Figure 3. In some aspects, communications device 900 is a network entity, such as network entity 110 of Figure 1, first network entity 300 or second network entity 302 of Figure 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to Figure 2. In some aspects, communications device 900 is a transmitting wireless communications device 602 of Figure 6.

[0132] The communications device 900 includes a processing system 902 coupled to a transceiver 958 (for example, a transmitter and / or a receiver). The transceiver 958 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 900 via an antenna 960, such as the various signals as described herein. The processing system 902D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO38 / 51may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 900, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 900.

[0133] The processing system 902 includes one or more processors 904 and a computer-readable medium / memory 930. In various aspects, the one or more processors 904 may be representative of the one or more processors 318 described with respect to Figure 3. The one or more processors 904 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 930 via a bus 956. In some aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 930 may be representative of the one or more memories 320 described with respect to Figure 3. The computer-readable medium / memory 930 is a non- transitory computer-readable medium / memory. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 930 is configured to store instructions (for example, computerexecutable code), that when executed by the one or more processors 904, cause the one or more processors 904 to perform the method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, or any aspect related to it, including any operations described in relation to Figure 8. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 900 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 900, such as in a distributed fashion.

[0134] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 930 stores code (for example, executable instructions), including code for generating 932, code for applying 934, code for mapping 936, code for transmitting 938, code for retrieving 940, code for modulating 942, code for separating 944, code for converting 946, code for transforming 948, code for clipping 950, code for determining 952, and code for performing 954. Processing of the code 932-954 may enable and cause the communications device 900 to perform the method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, code for generating 932 includes code for generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state. In some aspects, code for generating 932 includes code for generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit valuesD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO39 / 51being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states. In some aspects, code for applying 934 includes code for applying a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated. In some aspects, code for mapping 936 includes code for mapping the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols. In some aspects, code for transmitting 938 includes code for transmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

[0135] The one or more processors 904 include circuitry configured to implement (for example, execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 930, including circuitry for generating 906, circuitry for applying 908, circuitry for mapping 910, circuitry for transmitting 912, circuitry for retrieving 914, circuitry for modulating 916, circuitry for separating 918, circuitry for converting 920, circuitry for transforming 922, circuitry for clipping 924, circuitry for determining 926, and circuitry for performing 928. Processing with circuitry 906-928 may enable and cause the communications device 900 to perform the method 800 described with respect to Figure 8, or any aspect related to it. For instance, in some aspects, circuitry for generating 906 includes circuitry for generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state. In some aspects, circuitry for generating 906 includes circuitry for generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states. In some aspects, circuitry for applying 908 includes circuitry for applying a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated. In some aspects, circuitry for mapping 910 includes circuitry for mapping the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols. In some aspects, circuitry for transmitting 912 includes circuitry for transmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO40 / 51

[0136] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antenna 322 and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in Figure 3, transceiver 958 and / or antenna 960 of the communications device 900 in Figure 9, and / or one or more processors 904 of the communications device 900 in Figure 9. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include the one or more transceivers 324, one or more antennas 322, and / or processing system 316 of the UE 304 illustrated in Figure 3, transceiver 958 and / or antenna 960 of the communications device 900 in Figure 9, and / or one or more processors 904 of the communications device 900 in Figure 9.Example Clauses

[0137] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0138] Clause 1: A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device, comprising: generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state; generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states; applying a BMT operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated; mapping the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols; and transmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

[0139] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises retrieving a second cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, from a LUT based at least in part on a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values.

[0140] Clause 3: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein a quantity of bits in a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, matches a quantity of bits in a cg-bit value of the sequence of second cg-bit values.

[0141] Clause 4: The method of any one of Clauses 1-3, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises separating a sequence of bit values of a c-bit value, of the sequenceD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO41 / 51of first c-bit values, into a first portion comprising a first set of bit values and a second portion comprising a second set of bit values.

[0142] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 1-4, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises: mapping a first portion of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first uniform random variable U1 in an interval range, and mapping a second portion of the c-bit value to a second uniform random variable U2 in the interval range.

[0143] Clause 6: The method of any one of Clauses 1-5, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises: converting a first uniform random variable U1, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second uniform random variable U2, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, into a first Gaussian-distributed value Z0 and a second Gaussian-distributed value Z1..

[0144] Clause 7: The method of any one of Clauses 1-6, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises: transforming a first Gaussian-distributed value Z0, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first index value Iindex with respect to a modulation index range, and transforming a second Gaussian-distributed value Z1, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, to a second index value Qindex with respect to the modulation index range.

[0145] Clause 8: The method of any one of Clauses 1-7, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises: clipping a first index value Iindex, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, based at least in part on a modulation index range, and clipping a second index value Qindex, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, based at least in part on the modulation index range.

[0146] Clause 9: The method of any one of Clauses 1-8, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises: determining a cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, based at least in part on a first index value Iindex, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second index value Qindex associated with a second portion of the c-bit value.

[0147] Clause 10: The method of any one of Clauses 1-9, wherein transmitting the communication comprises: performing a normalization operation associated with a set of constellation symbols of the sequence of sets of constellation symbols, and modulating the communication according to the set of constellation symbols based at least in part on a result of performing the normalization operation.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO42 / 51

[0148] Clause 11: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories comprising executable instructions; and one or more processors configured to execute the executable instructions and cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0149] Clause 12: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0150] Clause 13: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: one or more memories; and one or more processors, coupled to the one or more memories, configured to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0151] Clause 14: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0152] Clause 15: One or more non- transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0153] Clause 16: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0154] Clause 17: One or more apparatuses configured for wireless communications, comprising: a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of Clauses 1-10.

[0155] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects. No element, act, or instruction described herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such.

[0156] It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software used to implement these systems orD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO43 / 51methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

[0157] As used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to refer to one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more” or “at least one.” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more.” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more.” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or “a single one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprise,” “comprising,” “include” and “including,” and derivatives thereof or similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B). Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of’). As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of’ a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a+ c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c).

[0158] As used herein, the term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, estimating, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure), searching, inferring, ascertaining, and / orD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO44 / 51measuring, among other possibilities. Also, “determining” can include receiving (such as receiving information), accessing (such as accessing data stored in memory) or transmitting (such as transmitting information), among other possibilities. Additionally, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, obtaining, choosing, establishing, and / or other such similar actions.

[0159] As used herein, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” or “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.

[0160] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the scope of all aspects described herein. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. 2501138WO45 / 51CLAIMS1. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause a wireless communications device to:generate a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state;generate a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states; apply a Box-Muller transform (BMT) operation to the sequence of first c- bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated;map the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols; andtransmit one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to retrieve a second cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, from a lookup table (LUT) based at least in part on a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a quantity of bits in a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, matches a quantity of bits in a cg-bit value of the sequence of second cg-bit values.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO46 / 514. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to separate a sequence of bit values of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, into a first portion comprising a first set of bit values and a second portion comprising a second set of bit values.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:map a first portion of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first uniform random variable Ui in an interval range, andmap a second portion of the c-bit value to a second uniform random variable U2 in the interval range.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:converting a first uniform random variable U1, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second uniform random variable U2, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, into a first Gaussian-distributed value Z0 and a second Gaussian-distributed value Z1.

7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:transform a first Gaussian-distributed value Zo, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first index value Imdex with respect to a modulation index range, andtransform a second Gaussian-distributed value Zi, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, to a second index value Qindex with respect to the modulation index range.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO47 / 518. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:clip a first index value I dex, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, based at least in part on a modulation index range, andclip a second index value Qmdex, associated with a second portion of the c- bit value, based at least in part on the modulation index range.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to apply the BMT operation, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:determine a cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, based at least in part on a first index value Iindex, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second index value Qindex associated with a second portion of the c-bit value.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to cause the wireless communications device to transmit the communication, the processing system is configured to cause the wireless communications device to:perform a normalization operation associated with a set of constellation symbols of the sequence of sets of constellation symbols, andmodulate the communication according to the set of constellation symbols based at least in part on a result of performing the normalization operation.

11. A method of wireless communications by a wireless communications device, comprising:generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v- bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k information bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based onD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO48 / 51the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state;generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states; applying a Box-Muller transform (BMT) operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated;mapping the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols; andtransmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises retrieving a second cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, from a lookup table (LUT) based at least in part on a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values.

13. The method of claim 11, wherein a quantity of bits in a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, matches a quantity of bits in a cg-bit value of the sequence of second cg-bit values.

14. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises separating a sequence of bit values of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, into a first portion comprising a first set of bit values and a second portion comprising a second set of bit values.

15. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises:mapping a first portion of a c-bit value, of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first uniform random variable Ui in an interval range, andmapping a second portion of the c-bit value to a second uniform random variable U2 in the interval range.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO49 / 5116. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises:converting a first uniform random variable U1, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second uniform random variable U2, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, into a first Gaussian-distributed value Z0 and a second Gaussian-distributed value Z1.

17. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises:transforming a first Gaussian-distributed value Zo, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, to a first index value Imdex with respect to a modulation index range, andtransforming a second Gaussian-distributed value Zi, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, to a second index value Qindex with respect to the modulation index range.

18. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises:clipping a first index value Imdex, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, based at least in part on a modulation index range, andclipping a second index value Qindex, associated with a second portion of the c-bit value, based at least in part on the modulation index range.

19. The method of claim 11, wherein applying the BMT operation comprises:determining a cg-bit value, of the sequence of second cg-bit values, based at least in part on a first index value Iindex, associated with a first portion of a c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values, and a second index value Qindex associated with a second portion of the c-bit value.

20. An apparatus for wireless communications, comprising:means for generating a sequence of v-bit states, each v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states being generated based on a hash function h in accordance with a respective set of k information bits in a sequence of sets of k informationD& S Ref. QCM2501138WOQualcomm Ref. 2501138WO50 / 51bits and in accordance with a respective preceding v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states, except that a first v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states is generated based on the hash function h in accordance with a first set of k information bits in the sequence of sets of k information bits and an initial v-bit state;means for generating a sequence of first c-bit values, each first c-bit value of the sequence of first c-bit values being generated in accordance with a pseudorandom number generator and a respective v-bit state in the sequence of v-bit states;means for applying a Box-Muller transform (BMT) operation to the sequence of first c-bit values such that a sequence of second cg-bit values is generated;means for mapping the sequence of second cg-bit values to a sequence of sets of constellation symbols; andmeans for transmitting one or more communications according to the sequence of sets of constellation symbols.D& S Ref. QCM2501138WO

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