Integrity condition communications for positioning operations

Abstract

Some wireless communications systems may perform one or more positioning or sensing procedures based on one or more artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) models. Some positioning or sensing applications may be sensitive to position or sensing estimate errors. The term "integrity" may refer to a value or measure of confidence or probability relative to an accuracy of an estimated position or sensing data. Integrity information may be utilized to ensure an upper limit on positioning or sensing error. Some examples of the techniques described may provide approaches for signaling related to integrity conditions for data collection.. An indication of an integrity condition may be communicated by the wireless device or network entity. In some approaches, a dataset may be associated with metadata that describes one or more integrity aspects of the underlying dataset.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO1INTEGRITY CONDITION COMMUNICATIONS FOR POSITIONING OPERATIONSCROSS REFERENCE

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to Greece Patent Application No. 20250100285 by HIRZALLAH et al., entitled “INTEGRITY CONDITION COMMUNICATIONS FOR POSITIONING OPERATIONS,” filed April 14, 2025, which is assigned to the assignee hereof, and expressly incorporated by reference in its entirety herein.FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO2SUMMARY

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

[0005] A method by a wireless device is described. The method may include outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0006] A wireless device is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to output, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and obtain the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0007] Another wireless device is described. The wireless device may include means for outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and means for obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to output, to aAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO3network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and obtain the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0009] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0010] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting, to the network entity, a request for the integrity condition and obtaining information indicating the integrity condition from the network entity, where the information may be obtained based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0011] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity condition includes a target integrity risk, a protection level, an alert limit, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0012] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity indicator may be indicative of an achieved protection level, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

[0013] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining availability information from the network entity,Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO4where the availability information indicates an availability of the network entity to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0014] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the availability information may be communicated via assistance data, via unicast, via multicast, via broadcast, in response to a request for the availability information, or any combination thereof.

[0015] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting an indication of the integrity condition to the network entity, where the label information may be obtained based on outputting the indication of the integrity condition.

[0016] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting a dataset and metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the metadata indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0017] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting a request for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the dataset indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0018] A method by a network entity is described. The method may include obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO5

[0019] A network entity is described. The network entity may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to obtain, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and output the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0020] Another network entity is described. The network entity may include means for obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and means for outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0021] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to obtain, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition and output the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0022] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO6

[0023] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the wireless device, a request for the integrity condition and outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the wireless device, where the information may be output based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0024] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity condition includes a target integrity risk, a protection level, an alert limit, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0025] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity indicator may be indicative of an achieved protection level, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

[0026] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting availability information to the wireless device, where the availability information indicates an availability of the network entity to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0027] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the availability information may be communicated via assistance data, via unicast, via multicast, via broadcast, in response to a request for the availability information, or any combination thereof.

[0028] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining an indication of the integrity condition from theAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO7wireless device, where the label information may be output based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

[0029] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting a dataset and metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the metadata indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0030] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting a request for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the dataset indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0031] A method by a wireless device is described. The method may include determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition and outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0032] A wireless device is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to determine label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition and output, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0033] Another wireless device is described. The wireless device may include means for determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition andAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO8means for outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0034] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to determine label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition and output, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0035] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0036] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the network entity, a request for the integrity condition and outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the network entity, where the information may be output based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0037] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity condition includes a target integrity risk, a protection level, an alert limit, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0038] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity indicator may be indicative of an achieved protection level, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO9based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

[0039] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting capability information to the network entity, where the capability information indicates a capability of the wireless device to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0040] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the capability information may be communicated in response to a request for the capability information.

[0041] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining an indication of the integrity condition from the network entity, where the label information may be output based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

[0042] A method by a wireless device is described. The method may include determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition and outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0043] A wireless device is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to determine measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition and output, to a networkAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO10entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0044] Another wireless device is described. The wireless device may include means for determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition and means for outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0045] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to determine measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition and output, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0046] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the measurement information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0047] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the network entity, a request for the integrityAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO11condition and outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the network entity, where the information may be output based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0048] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity condition includes a target integrity risk, a protection level, an alert limit, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0049] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the integrity indicator includes an achieved protection level, status information associated with the measurement, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the measurement, or any combination thereof.

[0050] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for outputting capability information to the network entity, where the capability information indicates a capability of the wireless device to determine the measurement information based on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0051] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the capability information may be communicated in response to a request for the capability information.

[0052] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining an indication of the integrity condition from the network entity, where the measurement information may be output based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

[0053] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO12Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0054] Figure 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0055] Figure 2 shows an example of a network structure that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0056] Figure 3 shows an example of a network architecture that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0057] Figure 4 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0058] Figures 5A and 5B show examples of diagrams illustrating examples of conditions that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0059] Figure 6 shows an example of a process flow that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0060] Figure 7 shows an example of a process flow that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0061] Figure 8 shows an example of a process flow that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0062] Figures 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0063] Figure 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0064] Figure 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO13

[0065] Figures 13 and 14 show block diagrams of devices that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0066] Figure 15 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0067] Figure 16 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0068] Figures 17 through 24 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0069] Figure 25 shows examples of wireless communications systems that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0070] Figure 26 shows an example of a node diagram that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0071] Figures 27A and 27B show examples of block diagrams that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0072] Figure 28 shows examples of block diagrams that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0073] Figure 29 shows examples of sensing modes that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operationsDETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0074] Some wireless communications systems may perform one or more positioning or sensing procedures based on one or more artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) models. For instance, AI / ML-based positioning may enhance positioning or sensing accuracy in stringent non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. Some positioning or sensing applications may be sensitive to position estimate errors. For instance, vehicle navigation, collision avoidance, route mapping, or other applications may be sensitive to position estimate errors. As used herein, the term “integrity” or variations thereof may refer to a value or measure of confidence or probability relative to an accuracy of an estimated position or sensing measurement. Integrity information may be utilized to ensure an upper limit on positioning or sensing error. For aAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO14navigation system to satisfy an integrity target, for instance, a size (e.g., maximum size) of each error source may be estimated such that the errors are contained within one or more bounds (e.g., “safe” bounds) or such that the probability is sufficiently high that a timely warning may be issued when the combination of the errors exceeds the one or more bounds.

[0075] In AI / ML positioning or sensing, data may be collected for model training, tuning, or monitoring. An AI / ML positioning or sensing model may be sensitive to the integrity of labels or measurements corresponding to the AI / ML model output and input, respectively. Signaling of data collection (or part of labeling or measurement generation) may be performed based on one or more integrity conditions.

[0076] Some examples of the techniques described may provide approaches for signaling related to integrity conditions for data collection. For example, an integrity condition may be a condition (e.g., one or more criteria) to be met in association with data corresponding to an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. For instance, a wireless device (e.g., user equipment (UE) or network node, among other examples) or a network entity (e.g., location server or location management function (LMF), among other examples) may obtain or select data corresponding to an AI / ML-based positioning operation based on whether the integrity condition is met for the data. An indication of the integrity condition may be communicated (e.g., transmitted or received) by the wireless device or network entity. In some approaches, a dataset may be associated with metadata that describes one or more integrity aspects of the underlying dataset.

[0077] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are also described in the context of a wireless network structure. Aspects of the disclosure are further described in the context of a network architecture. Aspects of the disclosure are additionally described in the context of diagrams and process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, flowcharts, a node diagram, and block diagrams that relate to integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.

[0078] Figure 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations inAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO15accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network nodes 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0079] The network nodes 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network node 105 may be referred to as a network element, a network entity, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network nodes 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link(s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, a network node 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network node 105 may establish the communication link(s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network node 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0080] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or have different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in Figure 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network nodes 105), as shown in Figure 1.

[0081] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network entity or a wireless node, may be a network node 105 (e.g., any network node described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO16techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network node 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network node 105, and the third node may be another UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network node 105, and the third node may be another network node 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network node 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network node 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network node 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0082] In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network nodes 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via wired or wireless backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an SI, N2, N3, or other interface protocol). In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network nodes 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130). In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol), or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link(s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link), among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.

[0083] One or more of the network nodes 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point (AP), a radioAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO17transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5GNB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology). Some examples of the techniques described herein may be applied to 5G Advanced or 6G systems. In some examples, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network node (e.g., a network node 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0084] In some examples, a network node 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture), which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network nodes 105), such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, a network node 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU), such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU), such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU), such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC), such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC), a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a transmission-reception point (TRP). One or more components of the network nodes 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network nodes 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more of the network nodes 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU), a virtual DU (VDU), a virtual RU (VRU)).

[0085] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. ForAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO18example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs), or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (LI) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170). In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170). A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., Fl interface, Fl-c interface, or Fl-u, among other examples), and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 105) that are in communication via such communication links.

[0086] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100), infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections,Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO19providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network nodes 105 (e.g., network nodes 105 or IAB node(s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network node 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network node or a donor base station). The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node(s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120). IAB node(s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node(s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node(s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node(s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream). In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104 or components of the IAB node(s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0087] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor), IAB node(s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130). That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link). The IAB donor and IAB node(s) 104 may communicate via an Fl interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an Fl AP protocol). Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with anAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO20alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.

[0088] IAB node(s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities). A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node(s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node(s) 104). Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node(s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node(s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node(s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104), and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.

[0089] For example, IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wired or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node(s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node(s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an Fl interface to IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB node(s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165). That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node(s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node(s)). Communications with IAB node(s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node(s) 104.

[0090] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support testing as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network node 105 (e.g., Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO21a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180).

[0091] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (loT) device, an Internet of Everything (loE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.

[0092] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network nodes 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in Figure 1.

[0093] The UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link(s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link(s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link(s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequencyAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO1division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network node 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network node 105. For example, the terms “transmitting,” “receiving,” or “communicating,” when referring to a network node 105, may refer to any portion of a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network nodes 105).

[0094] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN)) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non- standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT).

[0095] The communication link(s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network node 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network node 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions.Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode).

[0096] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz)). Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network nodes 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO23include network nodes 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.

[0097] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam), and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

[0098] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (A ) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.

[0099] The time intervals for the network nodes 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts= l / (A / max■ Ay) seconds, for which fmaxmay represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Ay may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radioAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO24frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0100] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Ay) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.

[0101] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0102] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channelAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO25candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE).

[0103] A network node 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a network node 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)). In some examples, a cell also may refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of a coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the network node 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with coverage areas 110, among other examples.

[0104] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a network node 105 operating with lower power (e.g., a base station 140 operating with lower power) relative to a macro cell, and a small cell may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the small cell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), the UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office). A network node 105 may support one or more cells and may also support communications via the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO26

[0105] In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) that may provide access for different types of devices.

[0106] In some examples, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network node (e.g., a network node 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network nodes 105). The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network nodes 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.

[0107] The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140) may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of the network nodes 105) may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network nodes 105 may have different frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of network nodes 105) may, in some examples, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.

[0108] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or loT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interactingAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO27with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

[0109] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently). In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.

[0110] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.[OHl] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO28of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network node 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network node 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network node 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to-many (1 :M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network node 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network node 105.

[0112] In some systems, a D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles (e.g., UEs 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one or more network entities (e.g., network nodes 105, base stations 140, RUs 170) using vehicle-to-network (V2N) communications, or with both.

[0113] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network nodesAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO29105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

[0114] The wireless communications system 100 may include a location or sensing server 185, such as an LMF or a sensing management function (SeMF). The location or sensing server 185 may provide positioning, location, or tracking functions. For instance, the location or sensing server 185 may participate in one or more positioning or sensing procedures to determine a location of (e.g., coordinates of, relative distance(s) to, or an address of) one or more of the UEs 115 or to determine one or more characteristics of an object. Examples of positioning or sensing procedures may include one or more operations of assisted global navigation satellite system (A-GNSS), observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), enhanced cell identifier (E-CID), sensorbased positioning, wireless local area network (WLAN)-based positioning, Bluetoothbased positioning, terrestrial beacon systems (TBS) positioning, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), downlink angle of departure (DL-AOD), multi-round-trip time (Multi-RTT), New Radio enhanced cell identifier (NR E-CID), uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AOA), among other examples. Some examples of the positioning or sensing procedures may be managed by, assisted by, or performed with the location or sensing server 185. For instance, measurements associated with reference signaling may be provided to the location or sensing server 185, which may estimate a location of a UE 115 based on the measurements. In some aspects, the location or sensing server 185 may track or store location information corresponding to one or more UEs 115. Some examples of the positioning or sensing procedures may be performed without the location or sensing server 185.

[0115] The location or sensing server 185 may be included in the core network 130 or may be separate from the core network 130. In some examples, a location or sensing server 185 may be a standalone device or may be included in (e.g., integrated with) a network node 105, a base station 140, a UE 115, a satellite 190, a server, or anotherAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO30device. For instance, the location or sensing server 185 may be (or may be included in) a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP) device, a third-party server, or another device. The location or sensing server 185 may generally refer to a positioning device, a sensing device, a location device, a computing device, or a server, among other examples.

[0116] A UE 115 may communicate with the location or sensing server 185 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 115 may communicate with the location or sensing server 185 via a network node 105 that is serving the UE 115 and via the core network 130. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 115 may communicate with the location or sensing server 185 through another path (e.g., via an application server (not shown)) or via another network (e.g., via a WLAN AP), among other examples. Communication between a UE 115 and the location or sensing server 185 may be represented via an indirect connection (e.g., through a communication link 125, a network node 105, a communication link 155, a backhaul communication link 120, or the core network 130) or as a direct connection, with one or more intervening nodes (if any) omitted for concision or convenience.

[0117] A satellite 190 may be an aerial or space vehicle with signaling capability. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include or communicate with one or more satellites 190. The satellite(s) 190 may be included in one or more satellite positioning systems (e.g., GNSS(s)). A satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global or regional navigation satellites associated with one or more satellite positioning systems (e.g., global positioning system (GPS), global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS), or Galileo, among other examples). A satellite positioning system may include satellites 190 or other transmitters positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 115) to determine a location on or above the Earth based on signals (e.g., the signals 195) received from the satellites 190. For instance, each satellite 190 may transmit a signal 195 marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set quantity of chips. In some cases, one or more transmitters located on ground-based control stations, network nodes 105, or UEs 115 may transmit signals for enabling a UE 115 to determine a location.

[0118] A UE 115 may include one or more receivers designed to receive the signal(s) 195 from the satellite(s) 190 for determining location information (e.g., aAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO31geographic location of the UE 115). For instance, the UE 115 may receive one or more signals 195 from the satellite(s) 190, which may be utilized to determine a location of the UE 115.

[0119] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 195 may be augmented with one or more satellite-based augmentation systems (SB AS) that may be associated with or enabled for use with one or more global or regional navigation satellite systems. An SB AS may provide integrity information, differential corrections, or other information for use in conjunction with a satellite positioning system. An SBAS may include one or more augmentation systems, such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), or the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system, among other examples.

[0120] In some aspects, the satellite(s) 190 may be included in one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, a satellite 190 may communicate with one or more devices (e.g., network entities, ground stations, NTN gateways, or gateways) located on or above the Earth. For example, the satellite 190 may send or receive one or more communications 192 with a network node 105. In some aspects, the communication(s) 192 may include one or more signals relayed to or from a UE 115. Additionally, or alternatively, the satellite 190 may communicate with another terrestrial device that is connected to one or more elements of the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the satellite 190 may communicate with a ground station or NTN gateway, which may provide access to the wireless communications system 100 or one or more other entities (e.g., Internet web servers or one or more other user devices) external to the wireless communications system 100. In some examples, a UE 115 may receive communication signals 195 from the satellite 190 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial network entity.

[0121] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO32clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0122] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170), and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.

[0123] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize licensed or unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network nodes 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

[0124] A network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO33transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MEMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network node 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network node 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network node 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network node 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.

[0125] The network nodes 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas.Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receiving device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

[0126] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network node 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antennaAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO34array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

[0127] A network node 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network node 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network node 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network node 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network node 105.

[0128] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network node 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receiving device, such as another network node 105 or UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network node 105 along different directions and may report to the network node 105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO35

[0129] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network node 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network node 105 to a UE 115). The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network node 105 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)), which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).

[0130] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network node 105), such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weight sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam directionAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO36determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0131] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP -based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network node 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.

[0132] The UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly via a communication link (e.g., the communication link(s) 125, a D2D communication link 135). HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal -to-noise conditions). In some examples, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data received via a previous symbol in the slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.

[0133] Some positioning or sensing procedures may be associated with one or more kinds of integrity information. As used herein, the term “integrity” or variations thereof may refer to a value or measure of confidence (e.g., trust) or probability relative to an accuracy of the position estimate. For example, integrity may be a measure or value of confidence (e.g., “trust”) that may be placed in the correctness of the information Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO37supplied by a navigation system. In some examples, integrity may be associated with an ability of a system to provide timely warnings to one or more devices when the system may not be used for navigation or sensing. Integrity (e.g., positioning integrity or integrity information) may include one or more quantities, including an alert limit (AL), time to alert (TTA), integrity risk (IR), or protection level (PL), among other examples.

[0134] An AL may be a threshold (e.g., maximum allowable) magnitude of the error in a position (e.g., position estimate) such that a positioning or sensing procedure may be available for an application. If the position error or sensing error in any dimension or combination of dimensions is beyond the AL, operations may be inaccurate or the positioning or sensing procedure may be declared unavailable for an application to prevent loss of integrity. In some aspects, AL may be determined separately for a horizontal plane or direction and a vertical plane or direction. For instance, an example of AL may include a horizontal alert limit (HAL) or a vertical alert limit (VAL).

[0135] A TTA may be a time threshold. For instance, a TTA may be a threshold (e.g., maximum allowable) elapsed time from an onset of a positioning failure until a device (e.g., wireless device or network entity) announces or communicates an alert.

[0136] An IR may be a probability that the position error exceeds a PL in the presence of an undetected failure event. For example, IR may be a probability that a device may experience a position error larger than the PL without detection (e.g., without an alarm or alert being raised) within the specified TTA.

[0137] A PL may be a threshold error or boundary. For instance, a PL may be a statistical error bound to help ensure that the probability of an absolute position error exceeding the integrity is less than or equal to a target IR. PL may be determined separately for a horizontal plane or direction and a vertical plane or direction. For instance, an example of a PL may be a horizontal protection level (HPL) or a vertical protection level (VPL). In some approaches, a 3-dimensional PL(s) may be calculated (e.g., with three dimensions or directions).

[0138] For some examples of integrity information (e.g., PL calculation), a position error distribution may be Gaussian, where zones on the outer extremes (e.g., tails) of the distribution may represent a target IR specified for a particular application. In some approaches, an IR may be expressed as PIR= P( | e | > fccr). For example, a PIR ofAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO38approximately le-7 may yield a k = 5.33. In some examples, PL calculations may translate range domain error bounds and fault probabilities into position-domain error bounds at the target integrity probability. In some approaches, one or more devices may characterize a distribution of error sources in an observation domain, may map statistics to a position domain, or may calculate an associated percentile to meet or satisfy an application-dependent integrity condition.

[0139] In some examples, an integrity procedure may include one or more operations. For instance, an integrity procedure may exclude (at least to an extent, for example) non-nominal conditions (e.g., relatively large errors). An integrity procedure may include obtaining a statistical characterization of one or more potential errors (e.g., pseudo-range sigma values). In some examples, the statistical characterization (e.g., one or more sigma values) may depend on a positioning or sensing procedure or threat model or may be indicated in assistance data. The one or more potential errors (e.g., error sigma value(s)) may be transformed to the position domain (based on a geometry of a UE, for instance). A PL may be computed on the basis of GP<>S and the IR. For example, the PL may be computed in accordance with xPL = kx■ ax(x = H or V), where kx« Q-1IR denotes an integrity risk, and Q1denotes a Gaussiandistribution.

[0140] In some examples, a wireless communications system may support receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) or multiple hypothesis solution separation (MHSS), where some details regarding RAIM or MHSS are provided as follows. RAIM may utilize measurements from redundant satellites to protect a positioning device against relatively large positioning errors. For example, RAIM may detect faults by examining cohesion of measurements used in the position estimate. Incoherent measurements may be indicative of a fault. In some approaches, RAIM may be utilized in aviation using a global positioning system (GPS) frequency band (e.g., LI frequency band). Advanced RAIM (ARAIM) may employ redundant or dual -frequency measurements from multiple GNSSs. Some examples of RAIM techniques may be based on MHSS using standalone GNSS (e.g., without differential corrections). In some approaches, one or more satellites may be faulty and may be eliminated from the position equation subsequently. Each of the obtained subset position solutions may be based on the remaining satellites. In some approaches, one or more fault-free subsets Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO39may exist among all subsets of satellites. The subset solutions may distribute around an all-in-view solution, each with a corresponding distance. The distance may be utilized as test statistic. If the distance exceeds a threshold value, the satellites not contained in the respective subset solution may be deemed faulty and may be excluded. For instance, if a first solution corresponding to a first satellite is beyond a threshold distance from other solutions corresponding to other satellites, the first solution or first satellite may be excluded.

[0141] In some approaches, integrity signaling may be supported via LPP. In LPP, for instance, the location or sensing server 185 (e.g., LMF) may output (e.g., transmit) a request location information message or signaling to a UE 115, or a UE 115 may output (e.g., transmit) a provide location information message or signaling to the location or sensing server 185. In some approaches, position information (e.g., a position estimate) may be indicated or reported with an associated PL. A target IR may be based on an application or may be provided in quality of service (QoS) information or in association with QoS information. In some examples, LPP request location information may include or indicate a request for integrity reporting or QoS information (e.g., an integrity parameter, such as a target AL or IR, among other examples). In some aspects, an LPP provide location information message or signaling may include or indicate UE-based information (e.g., an integrity value determined by the UE 115), which may include an error ellipsoid, integrity information (e.g., a calculated HPL, VPL, or integrity state, such as a “safe,” “caution,” or “unsafe” state indication, among other examples), or a RAIM output(s) or statistic(s) (e.g., one or more excluded satellite visibilities (SV(s)) or transmission-reception points (TRP(s)).

[0142] Examples of a provide location information message or signaling and integrity information are given in Listing (1).CommonlEsProvideLocationlnformation ::= SEQUENCE {locationEstimate LocationCoordinates OPTIONAL,velocityEstimate Velocity OPTIONAL,locationError LocationError OPTIONAL,[[ earlyFixReport-rl2 EarlyFixReport-rl2 OPTIONAL]],Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO40[[ locationSource-rl3 LocationSource-rl3 OPTIONAL, locationTimestamp-rl3 UTCTime OPTIONAL]],[[segmentationlnfo-rl4 Segmentationlnfo-rl4 OPTIONAL — Cond Segmentation]],[[integrity Info-r 17 Integritylnfo-rl7 OPTIONAL]]}Integritylnfo-rl7 ::= SEQUENCE {horizontalProtectionLevel-rl7 INTEGER (0..50000), verticalProtectionLevel-rl7 INTEGER (0..50000) OPTIONAL, achievableTargetIntegrityRisk-rl7 INTEGER (10..90) OPTIONAL,}Listing (1)

[0143] In Listing (1), the integrity Info field may provide an integrity result for a locationEstimate. The horizontalProtectionLevel may provide an HPL forthe locationEstimate along a semi-major axis of an error ellipse (with a scale factor of 0.01 meters or a range of 0 - 500 meters, for example). The verticalProtectionLevel may provide a VPL for the locationEstimate (with a scale factor of 0.01 meters or a range of 0 - 500 meters, for example). The achievableTargetlntegrityRisk may indicate an achievable target IR for which the HPL or VPL are provided. The achievable target IR may be given by P = 10'°ln[hour-1], where n is a value of achievableTargetlntegrityRisk and the range may be 10'1to 10’9per hour. If the achievableTargetlntegrityRisk field is absent, the achievable target IR may be similar to (e.g., equal to or the same as) atargetintegrity Risk in CommonlEsRequestLocationlnformation.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO41

[0144] In some examples, one or more error bounds may be provided in assistance data. Table (1) may provide examples of error bounds for UE-based DL-AoD.Error Assistance Integrity FieldsDataIntegrity Integrity Integrity Residual Integrity Alerts Bounds Bounds Risks Correlation (Mean) (StdDev) TimesTRP / ARP NR-TRP- TRP DNU Mean Standard Probability TRP / ARP location Locationlnfo TRP / ARP deviation of Onset of location location TRP / ARP TRP fault error error location correlation Mean TRPerror time faultduration Boresight NR-DL-PRS- DL-PRS Mean Standard Beam Direction Beamlnfo Boresight Azimuth / deviation Boresight ofDL-PRS Direction Elevation Azimuth / Direction Resource DNU Error of Elevation Angle Error DL-PRS Error of Correlation Resource DL-PRS Time boresight Resourcedirection boresightdirectionBeam info NR-TRP- DL-PRS Mean Standard Beam ofDL-PRS BeamAntenna Beam Info Beam deviation Power Error Info DNU Power Beam Correlation Error per Power Time direction Error perdirectionTable (1)Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO42

[0145] Table (2) may provide examples of error bounds for UE-based DL-TDOA.Error Assistance Integrity FieldsDataIntegrity Integrity Integrity Residual Integrity Alerts Bounds Bounds Risks Correlation (Mean) (StdDev) TimesTRP / NR-TRP- TRP Mean Standard Probability TRP / ARP ARP Locationlnfo DNU TRP / ARP deviation of Onset of location error location location TRP / ARP TRP fault correlation error location time Mean TRPerrorfaultdurationInter- NR-RTD- RTD Mean Standard RTD error TRP Info DNU RTD error deviation correlation synchroRTD error timenizationTable (2)

[0146] In some examples, one or more UE-assisted approaches may be implemented. For instance, a UE may communicate (e.g., transmit or receive) data to assist in a positioning or sensing procedure.

[0147] Some wireless communications systems may perform one or more positioning or sensing procedures based on one or more AI / ML models. For instance, AI / ML-based positioning or sensing may enhance positioning accuracy in stringent NLOS conditions. Some positioning or sensing applications may be sensitive to position estimate errors. For instance, vehicle navigation, collision avoidance, route mapping, or other applications may be sensitive to position or sensing estimate errors. As used herein, the term “integrity” or variations thereof may refer to a value or measure of confidence or probability relative to an accuracy of an estimated position or sensing data. Integrity information may be utilized to ensure an upper limit on positioning or sensing error (e.g., a condition on upper tail positioning or sensing error). For aAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO43navigation system to satisfy an integrity target, for instance, a size (e.g., maximum size) of each error source may be estimated such that the errors are contained within one or more bounds (e.g., “safe” bounds) or such that the probability is sufficiently high that a timely warning may be issued when the combination of the errors exceeds the one or more bounds.

[0148] In AI / ML positioning or sensing, data may be collected for model training, tuning, or monitoring. An AI / ML positioning or sensing model may be sensitive to the integrity of labels or measurements corresponding to the AI / ML model output and input, respectively. Signaling of data collection (or part of labeling or measurement generation) may be performed based on one or more integrity conditions.

[0149] Some examples of the techniques described may provide approaches for signaling related to integrity conditions for data collection. For example, an integrity condition may be a condition (e.g., one or more criteria) to be met in association with data corresponding to an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. For instance, a wireless device (e.g., UE or network node, among other examples) or a network entity (e.g., location or sensing server, SeMF, or LMF, among other examples) may obtain or select data corresponding to an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on whether the integrity condition is met for the data. An indication of the integrity condition may be communicated (e.g., transmitted or received) by the wireless device or network entity. In some approaches, a dataset may be associated with metadata that describes one or more integrity aspects of the underlying dataset. Some examples of the techniques described herein may include signaling of integrity conditions in data collection of AI / ML positioning or sensing.

[0150] As used herein, the terms “Al,” “AI / ML,” “Al-based,” “ML-based,” or “AI / ML-based”) may refer to Al or machine learning techniques. The term “Al model” may refer to one or more Al models (with or without machine learning) or to one or more machine learning models. As used herein, an Al model may be referred to as an “Al-based model,” an “ML model,” or an “ML-based model.”

[0151] Figure 2 shows an example of a network structure 200 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The wireless network structure 200 may include a core network 130-a, a RAN 225, a UE 115-a, anAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO44LMF 265, an external device 230 (e.g., third-party device or server), or an SLP 235. In some examples, the wireless network structure 200 may be included in the wireless communications system 100 described with reference to Figure 1. The core network 130-a may be an example of the core network 130, the UE 115-a may be an example of the UEs 115, or the LMF 265 may be an example of the location or sensing server 185, as described with reference to Figure 1. In some approaches, an SeMF may be utilized in addition to, or alternatively from, the LMF 265 (e.g., may be situated similarly to, or may communicate as described in relation to the LMF 265).

[0152] The core network 130-a may provide one or more control plane (C-plane) functions (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, or gateway selection, among other examples) or one or more user plane (U-plane) functions (e.g., UE gateway function, data network access, or IP routing, among other examples). One or more of the functions of the core network 130-a may be implemented in one or more devices (e.g., one or more electronic devices, computing devices, servers, among other examples) in hardware (e.g., circuitry) or a combination of hardware and instructions (e.g., a processor with instructions). The core network 130-a may be an EPC, 5GC, or a Next Generation Core (NGC), among other examples.

[0153] The core network 130-a may provide an AMF 210, a session management function (SMF) 220, or a user plane function (UPF) 215. The AMF 210 may provide one or more C-plane functions, such as registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 115-a and the SMF 220, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 115-a and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown in Figure 2), or security anchor functionality (SEAF) (not shown in Figure 2), among other examples. In some aspects, the AMF 210 may interact with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown in Figure 2) and the UE 115-a, and may receive an intermediate key established as a result of a UE 115-a authentication process. In a case of authentication based on a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 210 may retrieve security information from the AUSF. In some examples, the AMF 210 may provide a securityAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO45context management (SCM) function. The SCM function may receive a key from the SEAF that may be utilized to derive access-network specific keys. The AMF 210 may provide location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 115-a and an LMF 265, transport for location services messages between the RAN 225 and the LMF 265, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, or UE 115-a mobility event notification. In some approaches, the AMF 210 may support one or more functionalities for Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) access networks or non-3GPP access networks.

[0154] The UPF 215 may provide one or more U-plane functions, such as acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility, acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnection to a data network (not shown in Figure 2), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, or traffic steering), user plane collection (e.g., interception), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the U-plane (e.g., uplink or downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (e.g., service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink or downlink, downlink packet buffering, downlink data notification triggering, or sending or forwarding one or more indications of an end of a transmission (e.g., “end markers”) to a source RAN node, among other examples. In some examples, the UPF 215 may support the transfer of location services messages over a U-plane between the UE 115-a and another device (e.g., the SLP 235 or the external device 230.

[0155] The SMF 220 may provide one or more functions, such as session management, UE IP address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 215 to route traffic to a destination, control (e.g., partial control) of policy enforcement or QoS, or downlink data notification. In some aspects, the SMF 220 may communicate with the AMF 210 over an N11 interface 240.

[0156] The RAN 225 may include one or more gNBs 255 or one or more ng-eNBs 260. The gNB(s) 255 or the ng-eNB(s) 260 may be examples of the network nodes 105 described with reference to Figure 1. For instance, a next generation RAN (NG-RAN) Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO46may include one or more gNBs 255, or other examples of the RAN 225 may include one or more ng-eNBs 260 or gNBs 255.

[0157] The core network 130-a may communicate with the RAN 225 via a C-plane interface 245 (e.g., NG-C or N2 interface) or a U-plane interface 250 (e.g., NG-U or N3 interface). The C-plane interface 245 or the U-plane interface 250 may connect the gNB 255 or the ng-eNB 260 to the core network 130-a (e.g., to one or more control plane functions or one or more user plane functions). For instance, the C-plane interface 245 may connect the AMF 210 to one or more gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 in the RAN 225, or the U-plane interface 250 may connect the UPF 215 to one or more gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 in the RAN 225. The gNB(s) 255 or ng-eNB(s) 260 of the RAN 225 may communicate with each other via one or more backhaul communication links 120-a (e.g., Xn-C interface). The backhaul communication link(s) 120-a may be examples of the backhaul communication links 120 described with reference to Figure 1. One or more of the gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 may communicate with one or more UEs 115-a over one or more communication links 125-a (e.g., the Uu interface). The communication link(s) 125-a may be examples of the communication links 125 described with reference to Figure 1.

[0158] The LMF 265 may communicate with the core network 130-a to provide location functionality (e.g., to participate in one or more positioning or sensing procedures) for the UE(s) 115-a. The LMF 265 may be an example of the location or sensing server 185 described with reference to Figure 1. The LMF 265 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The LMF 265 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the LMF 265 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples, the LMF 265 may communicate with a UE 115-a or another device via a C-plane connection (e.g., using one or more interfaces or protocols for signaling control information, or separate from voice or payload data). In some aspects, the LMF 265 may be integrated into a component of the core network 130-a or may be external to the core network 130-a (e.g., on an external device 230, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or other server).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO47

[0159] In some examples, the SLP 235 may provide location functionality (e.g., may participate in one or more positioning or sensing procedures) for the UE(s) 115-a. The SLP 235 may be an example of the location or sensing server 185 described with reference to Figure 1. The SLP 235 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The SLP 235 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the SLP 235 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples, the SLP 235 may communicate with a UE 115-a or another device via a U-plane connection (e.g., using one or more interfaces or protocols for signaling voice or payload data, such as a transmission control protocol (TCP) or IP).

[0160] In some examples, the external device 230 may communicate with the LMF 265, the SLP 235, the core network 130-a (e.g., via the AMF 210 or the UPF 215), the RAN 225, or the UE 115-a to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 115-a. The external device 230 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The external device 230 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The external device 230 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the external device 230 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet).

[0161] In some approaches, the functionality of a gNB 255 may be divided between a CU 160-a, one or more DUs 165-a, or one or more RUs 170-a. The CU 160-a may be an example of the CU 160 described with reference to Figure 1, the one or more DUs 165-a may be examples of the DU 165 described with reference to Figure 1, or the one or more RUs 170-a may be examples of the RU 170 described with reference to Figure 1. In some examples, the CU 160-a may provide one or more functions, such as transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, sensing, session management, or others, except for one or more functions allocated exclusively to the DU(s) 165-a. A DU 165-a may support one or more cells. The DUsAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO48165-a may communicate with the CU 160-a via midhaul communication links 162-a (e.g., via the Fl interface). The midhaul communication links 162-a may be examples of the midhaul communication links 162 described with reference to Figure 1. The RUs 170-a may perform one or more functions such as power amplification, signal transmission, or signal reception. The RUs 170-a may communicate with the DUs 165-a via fronthaul communication links 168-a (e.g., via the Fx interface). The fronthaul communication links 168-a may be examples of the fronthaul communication links 168 described with reference to Figure 1. The UE 115-a may communicate with the gNB 255, RU 170-a, or ng-eNB 260 a via communication links 125-a. The communication links 125-a may be examples of the communication links 125 described with reference to Figure 1. The UE 115-a may communicate with the CU 160-a via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a DU 165-a via the RLC and MAC layers, or with an RU 170-a via the PHY layer.

[0162] As described herein, when a wireless device (e.g., UE 115-a, gNB 255, ng-eNB 260, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, or CU 160-a, among other examples) communicates (e.g., outputs, transmits, obtains, or receives) signaling or information with a network entity (e.g., LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, AMF 210, SMF 220, UPF 215, gNB 255, ng-eNB 260, CU 160-a, DU 165-a, or RU 170-a, among other examples), the communication (e.g., transmission or reception) may be carried out directly (without one or more intervening devices or entities) or indirectly (with one or more intervening devices or entities). For example, if the UE 115-a transmits signaling or information to the LMF 265, the signaling or information may be communicated via (or independently from) one or more of the gNB 255, ng-eNB 260, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, AMF 210, SMF 220, UPF 215, SLP 235, or external device 230, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, if the LMF 265 transmits signaling or information to the UE 115-a, the signaling or information may be communicated via (or independently from) one or more of the gNB 255, ng-eNB 260, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, AMF 210, SMF 220, UPF 215, SLP 235, or external device 230, among other examples.

[0163] Figure 3 shows an example of a network architecture 300 (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The network architecture 300 mayAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO49illustrate an example for implementing one or more aspects of the wireless communications system 100. The network architecture 300 may include one or more CUs 160-b that may communicate directly with a core network 130-b via a backhaul communication link 120-b, or indirectly with the core network 130-b through one or more disaggregated network nodes 105 (e.g., aNear-RT RIC 175-b via an E2 link, or a Non-RT RIC 175-a associated with an SMO 180-a (e.g., an SMO Framework), or both). A CU 160-b may communicate with one or more DUs 165-b via respective midhaul communication links 162-b (e.g., an Fl interface). The DUs 165-b may communicate with one or more RUs 170-b via respective fronthaul communication links 168-b. The RUs 170-b may be associated with respective coverage areas 110-a and may communicate with UEs 115-b via one or more communication links 125-b. In some implementations, a UE 115-b may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 170-b.

[0164] Each of the network nodes 105 of the network architecture 300 (e.g., CUs 160-b, DUs 165-b, RUs 170-b, Non-RT RICs 175-a, Near-RT RICs 175-b, SMOs 180-a, Open Clouds (O-Clouds) 305, Open eNBs (O-eNBs) 310) may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals (e.g., data, information) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each network node 105, or an associated processor (e.g., controller) providing instructions to an interface of the network node 105, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other network nodes 105 via the transmission medium. For example, the network nodes 105 may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other network nodes 105. Additionally, or alternatively, the network nodes 105 may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or transceiver (e.g., an RF transceiver) configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other network nodes 105.

[0165] In some examples, a CU 160-b may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include RRC, PDCP, SDAP, or the like. Each control function may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 160-b. A CU 160-b may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., CU-UP), control plane functionality (e.g., CU-CP), or a combination thereof. In some examples, a CU 160-b may beAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO50logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. A CU 160-b may be implemented to communicate with a DU 165-b, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0166] A DU 165-b may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more functions (e.g., base station functions, RAN functions) to control the operation of one or more RUs 170-b. In some examples, a DU 165-b may host, at least partially, one or more of an RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more aspects of a PHY layer (e.g., a high PHY layer, such as modules for FEC encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some examples, a DU 165-b may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers hosted by the DU 165-b, or with control functions hosted by a CU 160-b.

[0167] In some examples, lower-layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 170-b. For example, an RU 170-b, controlled by a DU 165-b, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (e.g., performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, an RU 170-b may be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 115-b. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 170-b may be controlled by the corresponding DU 165-b. In some examples, such a configuration may enable a DU 165-b and a CU 160-b to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0168] The SMO 180-a may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network nodes 105. For non-virtualized network nodes 105, the SMO 180-a may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (e.g., an 01 interface). For virtualized Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO51network nodes 105, the SMO 180-a may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (e.g., an O-Cloud 305) to perform network node life cycle management (e.g., to instantiate virtualized network nodes 105) via a cloud computing platform interface (e.g., an 02 interface). Such virtualized network nodes 105 can include, but are not limited to, CUs 160-b, DUs 165-b, RUs 170-b, and Near-RT RICs 175-b. In some implementations, the SMO 180-a may communicate with components configured in accordance with a 4G RAN (e.g., via an 01 interface). Additionally, or alternatively, in some implementations, the SMO 180-a may communicate directly with one or more RUs 170-b via an 01 interface. The SMO 180-a also may include a Non-RT RIC 175-a configured to support functionality of the SMO 180-a.

[0169] The Non-RT RIC 175-a may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (Al) or machine learning (ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 175-b. The Non-RT RIC 175-a may be coupled with or communicate with (e.g., via an Al interface) the Near-RT RIC 175-b. The Near-RT RIC 175-b may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (e.g., via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 160-b, one or more DUs 165-b, or both, as well as an O-eNB 310, with the Near-RT RIC 175-b.

[0170] In some examples, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 175-b, the Non-RT RIC 175-a may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 175-b and may be received at the SMO 180-a or the Non-RT RIC 175-a from nonnetwork data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 175-a or the Near-RT RIC 175-b may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 175-a may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ Al or ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 180-a (e.g., reconfiguration via 01) or via generation of RAN management policies (e.g., Al policies).

[0171] Figure 4 shows an example of a wireless communications system 400 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. For Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO52example, the wireless communications system 400 includes a wireless device 415, which may be an example of a UE 115, network node 105, RU 170, DU 165, or CU 160 described with reference to Figure 1, a UE 115-a, gNB 255, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, or ng-eNB 260 described with reference to Figure 2, or a UE 115-b, RU 170-b, DU 165-b, or CU 160-b described with reference to Figure 3. The wireless communications system 400 also includes a network entity 405. The network entity 405 may be an example of a network node 105, location or sensing server 185, RU 170, DU 165, or CU 160 described with reference to Figure 1, an LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, AMF 210, SMF 220, UPF 215, gNB 255, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, or ng-eNB 260 described with reference to Figure 2, or an RU 170-b, DU 165-b, or CU 160-b described with reference to Figure 3, any combination thereof, or another device. In some examples, the network entity 405 may be an example of an SeMF or a network data analytics function (NWDAF).

[0172] The wireless device 415 may communicate with the network entity 405 using a link 425. The link 425 may be an example of a communication link 125, a backhaul communication link 120, or a communication link 155 described with reference to Figure 1, a communication link 125-a, a backhaul communication link 120-a, a C-plane interface 245, or a U-plane interface 250 described with reference to Figure 2, a communication link 125-b or a backhaul communication link 120-b described with reference to Figure 3, any combination thereof, or another link. The link 425 may include a uni-directional or bi-directional link that enables uplink, downlink, or sidelink communications. For example, the wireless device 415 may transmit one or more uplink transmissions 410, such as uplink control signals or uplink data signals, to the network entity 405 using the link 425, or the network entity 405 may transmit one or more downlink transmissions 420, such as downlink control signals or downlink data signals, to the wireless device 415 using the link 425.

[0173] A positioning or sensing procedure may be (or may include) one or more operations for estimating a location of an object (e.g., the wireless device 415 or a UE) or for sensing an object (e.g., a device such as the wireless device 415 or a UE, or a passive object that may not provide signals for positioning). As used herein, the term “positioning or sensing” may refer to a positioning or sensing procedure, which may include one or more operations for sensing an object (with or without an operation(s) forAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO53positioning) or one or more operations for estimating a position of an object (with or without operation(s) for sensing). For instance, a positioning or sensing procedure may include one or more operations of A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi -RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, or UL-AOA positioning, among other examples. Position information may include an estimated position (e.g., estimated location) or one or more measurements associated with a positioning or sensing procedure (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure or non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure). For instance, position information may include a position or measurement determined based on one or more positioning or sensing procedures, such as A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, or UL-AOA positioning, among other examples. Examples of positioning procedures are described with reference to Figure 25. Examples of sensing procedures that may be utilized in accordance with some of the techniques described herein are described with reference to Figure 29. In some approaches, the term “positioning” may refer to “sensing,” or “sensing” may refer to “positioning.” For example, one or more aspects of “positioning,” a “positioning operation,” or a “positioning procedure” may instead be performed or implemented for “sensing,” a “sensing operation,” or a “sensing procedure.” Additionally, or alternatively, for instance, the term “positioning” and variations thereof may be replaced with “sensing” or may be replaced with “positioning or sensing” in accordance with one or more of the techniques described herein.

[0174] As used herein, the term “AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure” may refer to a positioning procedure or sensing procedure performed with an Al model or ML model. An “AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure” may refer to direct AI / ML (D-AI / ML) positioning or sensing, or may refer to assisted AI / ML (A-AI / ML) positioning or sensing. An “AI / ML model” for positioning or sensing may refer generally to a physical AI / ML model, a logical AI / ML model, an AI / ML function, an AI / ML functionality, an AI / ML implementation, an AI / ML method, an AI / MLAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO54procedure, or an AI / ML operation, among other examples. The term “non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure” may refer to a positioning or sensing procedure performed without an Al model or ML model. AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedures may improve positioning accuracy or sensing accuracy.

[0175] A non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure may include one or more positioning or sensing procedures where an AI / ML technique is not utilized to determine (e.g., infer or predict) a location or measurement. For instance, A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLANbased positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, UL-AOA positioning, or other positioning performed without the use of an AI / ML technique or model may be examples of a non-AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure.

[0176] An AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure may include one or more positioning procedures, positioning operations, sensing procedures, or sensing operations, where one or more AI / ML techniques (e.g., AI / ML model(s) or AI / ML function(s)) are utilized to determine (e.g., infer or predict) a position or measurement. In some examples, an Al model may be utilized to perform one or more operations of a positioning or sensing procedure (e.g., to infer or predict a measurement, value, quantity, or location). For instance, one or more operations of A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, UL-AOA positioning, bistatic sensing, monostatic sensing, multi-static sensing, or other positioning or sensing performed with the use of an AI / ML technique(s) or model(s) may be examples of an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. For instance, an Al model may be trained to model one or more operations of a positioning or sensing procedure. When the Al model is executed, for instance, a position or one or more measurements may be generated (e.g., inferred or predicted) without directly performing the one or more operations of the positioning or sensing procedure. As used herein, the term “predict” and variations thereof may refer to a determination of a past event, a current event, or a future event.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO55

[0177] A position or location may be information or data indicating a point, area, or region where an object (e.g., the wireless device 415) is located. A position or location may be expressed as coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude of a geographic coordinate system (GCS), universal transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, state plane coordinate system (SPCS) coordinates, or Earth-centered Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinates, among other examples), an address, or a location relative to another location, among other examples.

[0178] A measurement may be measured, generated, calculated, or predicted (e.g., “inferred”) based on one or more samples, data, information, or characteristics of a reference signal. Examples of measurements (or measurement types) may include signal strength, reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received path power (RSRPP), received signal strength indicator (RS SI), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR), SNR, channel frequency response (CFR), channel impulse response (CIR), power delay profile (PDP), delay profile (DP), channel quality indicator (CQI), CSI, line-of-sight (LOS) indicator, time of arrival (TOA), angle of arrival (AO A), angle of departure (AOD), round-trip time (RTT), reference signal time difference (RSTD), time difference of arrival (TDOA), reference signal carrier phase (RSCP), reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD), or reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference, among other examples. In some examples, a measurement may be data or an indicator that indicates one or more of the aforementioned values.

[0179] In some examples, a network node may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), a reference signal. The reference signal may be a signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal, RF signal) with one or more established characteristics (e.g., signaling pattern, strength, amplitude, magnitude, frequency, timing, modulation, phase, or data, among other examples). For instance, the wireless device 415 or the network entity 405 may store information indicating one or more of the characteristics of the reference signal, which may allow for comparison of one or more stored characteristics and one or more characteristics of the received reference signal. The reference signal (e.g., the comparison) may enable channel estimation (e.g., estimation of channel attenuation, phase, frequency shift, or Doppler effects, among other examples), positioning, or tracking. Examples of the reference signal may includeAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO56a reference signal of a synchronization signal block (SSB), a CSI-RS, a positioning reference signal (PRS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or a tracking reference signal (TRS), among other examples.

[0180] In some examples, the wireless device 415 may obtain, receive, sense, capture, or generate one or more measurements. For instance, the wireless device 415 may include, may communicate with, or may be coupled with one or more sensors to obtain one or more measurements. Examples of a sensor may include an image sensor(s), infrared sensor(s), light sensor(s), depth sensor(s) (e.g., light detection and ranging (LIDAR), stereoscopic camera(s), or time-of-flight (TOF) sensor(s)), microphone(s), or RF sensor(s), among other examples. Examples of one or more measurements may include a range map (e.g., depth map), Doppler map, space map, angle map, light spectrum data, pixel(s), image(s) (e.g., red-green-blue-depth (RGBD) image(s)), audio signal(s), temperature map, TOF measurement s), RF measurement s), or other information (e.g., information regarding one or more objects).

[0181] The measurements) may be processed to generate input (e.g., input data) to an AI / ML model, to generate training data (e.g., a training dataset), or may be utilized by an AI / ML model to generate an estimated (e.g., predicted) position or other measurements (e.g., intermediate measurements). Examples of input data, predicted measurements, and positions (e.g., locations) for positioning or sensing are provided with reference to Figure 27 A, Figure 27B, Figure 28, or Figure 29. In some aspects, an indication of one or more measurements or positions (e.g., one or more predicted measurements or positions) may be communicated with (e.g., transmitted to or received from) the wireless device 415 or the network entity 405. For example, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit) or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive) an indication of one or more predicted measurements or positions based on the one or more processing operations associated with AI / ML. Some examples of the techniques described herein may be utilized for AI / ML-based positioning or sensing, for which position, range, velocity, or angle of an object (e.g., a passive object or device) may be an AI / ML model output.

[0182] In some examples, one or more AI / ML models may be stored or processed on the wireless device 415 (e.g., a UE or a network node) or on the network entity 405Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO57(e.g., a network node or a location server). Examples of locations where an AI / ML model may be stored or processed are provided with reference to Figure 28.

[0183] Utilization of AI / ML-based positioning or sensing may rely on information for AI / ML model training or information for monitoring AI / ML-based positioning or sensing performance. Information may contain samples, or may be structured in two parts, which may be referred to as “part A” and “part B.” For example, part A may include information (e.g., one or more measurements, labels, or other data) corresponding to AI / ML model input. Part B may include information (e.g., one or more measurements, labels, or other data) corresponding to AI / ML model output. In some cases, part A and part B may be obtained by the same entity or different entities. Part A or part B may be utilized to train an AI / ML model. Part A or part B may be utilized to monitor an AI / ML model.

[0184] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be implemented in a scenario where a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405, LMF, NWDAF, over-the-top (OTT)server, operations, administration, and maintenance (0AM) server, or network node, among other examples) may generate part B information for data collection. The part B information may be provided to a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 415, a network node, or other device). The part B information may be utilized for labelling assistance or dataset sharing. For instance, label information based on one or more integrity conditions may be utilized by a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 415, a UE, or a network node, among other examples). In some examples, label information (e.g., part B information) may include one or more ground truth labels, one or more approximations of ground truth label(s), one or more quality indicators of one or more ground truth labels, or one or time stamps of one or more labels.

[0185] The wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request 440 for label information 430 associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. The request 440 for the label information 430 may be based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., a UE, gNB, or TRP, among other examples) may request that the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples) provide one or more labels (e.g., part B information) Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO58corresponding to an AI / ML positioning or sensing operation based on an integrity condition. An integrity condition may be a condition (e.g., threshold(s), limit(s), or one or more criteria) related to integrity or integrity information (e.g., may be a condition on a measure of confidence of a position estimate or sensing data from a positioning or sensing procedure). In some examples, the integrity condition may be related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy (e.g., for an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or for data or labels associated with positioning or sensing). For instance, an integrity condition may be expressed as a threshold in distance (e.g., feet, meters, or centimeters, such as 10, 20, or 30 meters, among other examples) or a probability threshold (e.g., a confidence such as 80%, 90%, or 95%, among other examples). An integrity condition may be, may include, or may be expressed as one or more integrity aspects described herein.

[0186] The network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), the label information 430 based on the integrity condition. The label information 430 may include one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. For instance, a label may be data or metadata associated with a dataset (e.g., ground truth data, input data for an AI / ML model, output data from an AI / ML model, integrity information, or an integrity indicator associated with a label). For instance, a label may indicate a position or sensing estimate that meets or exceeds an integrity condition. In some aspects, the label information (e.g., one or more labels) may be associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation in that the label information may corresponding to an input for an AI / ML model, may correspond to an output of an AI / ML model, may correspond to a dataset for training an AI / ML model, or may correspond to a dataset for monitoring an AI / ML model, among other examples, where the AI / ML model may be related to an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure or AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. In some approaches, the network entity 405 may determine (e.g., generate, select, or find) one or more labels based on the integrity condition or may report label(s) or an integrity indicator related to the label(s) to the wireless device 415 (e.g., a UE, gNB, TRP, device server, OTT server, or 0AM server, among other examples).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO59

[0187] A positioning or sensing operation may be one or more operations related to positioning or sensing (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning or sensing) or may include one or more operations of an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure. For instance, a positioning or sensing operation may involve training an AI / ML model for positioning or sensing, monitoring an AI / ML model for positioning or sensing (e.g., checking positioning or sensing accuracy or performance), or positioning or sensing measurements. In some approaches, the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation may be, or may include, performing data collection (e.g., data collection for one or more of AI / ML model training, tuning, execution, management, or monitoring), AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning (e.g., fine tuning), AI / ML model execution (e.g., prediction or inference), AI / ML model management (e.g., LCM, AI / ML model activation, deactivation, switching, selection, deletion, removal, or replacement), or AI / ML model monitoring (e.g., monitoring performance of an AI / ML model), among other examples. In some examples, the wireless device 415 may perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information 430. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 405 may perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information 430.

[0188] In some aspects, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request for the integrity condition. The network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), information indicating the integrity condition. The information may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0189] The integrity condition may be (or may include) a target IR, a PL, an AL, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a target IR that is requested by the wireless device 415 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a PL (e.g., a PL condition or threshold) that is requested by the wireless device 415 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) an integrity AL that is requested by the wireless device 415 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include)Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO60a probability distribution related to computing the integrity that is requested by wireless device 415 or that is established or specified.

[0190] In some examples, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or may include) an achieved PL, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof. For instance, the integrity indicator may be indicative of an achieved PL by the network entity 405 (e.g., an achieved PL determined by the network entity 405). Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or include) an alert regarding a status, availability, or exceeding an AL related to one or more labels obtained by (e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the network entity 405 (e.g., misleading information (MI), hazardous MI (HMI), system unavailable, label unavailable, nominal operation, system unavailable - false alert, or system unavailable - misleading, among other examples). Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or include) one or more integrity parameters related to one or more labels obtained by (e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the network entity 405. Examples of an integrity parameter may include an uncertainty (e.g., bound mean, bound standard deviation, or residual risk, among other examples) or one or more correlation times corresponding to one or more fault or error sources (e.g., UE TX / RX timing error, UE beam boresight angle, UE beam relative power shape, TRP location, ARP location, TRP synchronization error, TRP time offset, TRP TX / RX timing error, beam boresight angle, or beam relative power shape, among other examples).

[0191] In some approaches, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), availability information. The availability information may indicate an availability of the network entity 405 to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE or network node, among other examples) may receive, from the network entity 405, signaling (e.g., assistance data) regarding an availability of generating one or more labels based on the integrity condition. For instance, the signaling may indicate supportAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO61for (or a range of support for) generating one or more labels based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, supported integrity limits, a supported probability distribution related to computing the integrity, or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0192] In some aspects, the availability information may be communicated via assistance data, via unicast, via multicast, via broadcast, in response to a request for the availability information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the assistance data may be sent via unicast, multicast, or broadcast, among other examples. In some examples, the availability information (e.g., signaling or assistance data) may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on a request from the wireless device 415. For instance, the wireless device 415 may send signaling, a message, or information to the network entity 405 requesting the availability information, where the network entity 405 may respond to the request by outputting the availability information to the wireless device 415.

[0193] The wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), for example, an indication of the integrity condition. The label information 430 may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on the indication of the integrity condition. For instance, the network entity 405 may receive an indication of the integrity condition and may send assistance data or one or more labels.

[0194] In some examples, integrity metadata may be associated with a dataset. For instance, a dataset may be established or associated with metadata that is indicative of one integrity aspects of the dataset. In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), a dataset or metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. The metadata may indicate the integrity condition related to the dataset. For instance, the wireless device 415 may provide a dataset for one or more AI / ML positioning or sensing operations, in which the dataset includes metadata describing one or more integrity aspects related to the dataset.

[0195] Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), a dataset or metadataAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO62associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. The metadata may indicate the integrity condition related to the dataset. For instance, a network entity 405 (e.g., gNB, TRP, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or 0AM server, among other examples) may provide a dataset for one or more AI / ML positioning or sensing operations, in which the dataset may include metadata describing one or more integrity aspects related to the dataset.

[0196] In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request (e.g., signaling, a message, or information, among other examples) for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. The request for the dataset may indicate the integrity condition related to the dataset. For instance, the wireless device 415 may request a dataset for one or more AI / ML positioning or sensing operations, in which the request may describe one or more integrity conditions on one or more integrity aspects related to the dataset.

[0197] In some examples, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request (e.g., signaling, a message, or information, among other examples) for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. The request for the dataset may indicate the integrity condition related to the dataset. For instance, the network entity 405 (e.g., gNB, TRP, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, or 0AM server, among other examples) may request a dataset for one or more AI / ML positioning or sensing operations, in which the request may describe one or more integrity conditions related to one or more integrity aspects related to the dataset.

[0198] The one or more integrity aspects may include a target IR (e.g., a minimum target IR, a maximum target IR, a median target IR, or a mean target IR, among other examples), a PL (e.g., a minimum PL, a maximum PL, a median PL, or a mean PL, among other examples), an integrity AL (e.g., a minimum AL, a maximum AL, a median AL, or a mean AL, among other examples), or a probability distribution that may be utilized to determine (e.g., compute) the integrity. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more integrity aspects (e.g., threshold(s), limit(s), condition(s), or value(s)) may include a quantity of one or more alerts related to status, availability, or a quantity of one or more alerts related to exceeding a limit related to a measurement obtained by Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO63(e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the wireless device 415 or the network entity 405. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more integrity aspects (e.g., threshold(s), limit(s), condition(s), or value(s)) may include one or more integrity parameters related to one or more measurements obtained by (e.g., when obtained by, or after being obtained by) the wireless device 415 or the network entity 405, such as an uncertainty (e.g., bound mean, bound standard deviation, or residual risk, among other examples) or one or more correlation times corresponding to one or more fault or error sources (e.g., UE TX / RX timing error, UE beam boresight angle, UE beam relative power shape, TRP location, ARP location, TRP synchronization error, TRP time offset, TRP TX / RX timing error, beam boresight angle, or beam relative power shape, among other examples).

[0199] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be implemented in a scenario where a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 415, UE, or network node, among other examples) may generate part B information for data collection. The part B information may be provided to a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405, a network node, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM server, or other device). The part B information may be utilized for labelling assistance or dataset sharing. For instance, label information based on one or more integrity conditions may be utilized by a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405, LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples).

[0200] The wireless device 415 may determine label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. In some approaches, for instance, the wireless device 415 may determine a position estimate or sensing data (e.g., sensing measurement) based on an AI / ML model and may determine integrity information associated with the position estimate or sensing data. The label information may be based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), the label information 430 associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. The label information 430 may include one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., a UE, gNB, or TRP, among other examples) may provide, to the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples), one or more labels (e.g., part B information)Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO64corresponding to an AI / ML positioning or sensing operation based on an integrity condition. In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may determine (e.g., generate, select, or find) one or more labels based on the integrity condition or may report label(s) or an integrity indicator related to the label(s) to the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples).

[0201] In some examples, the wireless device 415 may perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information 430. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 405 may perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information 430. As described herein, the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation may be, or may include, performing data collection (e.g., data collection for one or more of AI / ML model training, tuning, execution, management, or monitoring), AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning (e.g., fine tuning), AI / ML model execution (e.g., prediction or inference), AI / ML model management (e.g., LCM, AI / ML model activation, deactivation, switching, selection, deletion, removal, or replacement), or AI / ML model monitoring (e.g., monitoring performance of an AI / ML model), among other examples.

[0202] In some aspects, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request for the integrity condition. The wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), information indicating the integrity condition. The information may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on the request for the integrity condition. As described herein, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a target IR, a PL, an AL, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a target IR that is requested by the network entity 405 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a PL (e.g., a PL condition or threshold) that is requested by the network entity 405 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) an integrity AL that is requested by the network entity 405 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a probability distribution related toAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO65computing the integrity that is requested by network entity 405 or that is established or specified.

[0203] In some examples, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or may include) an achieved PL, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof. For instance, the integrity indicator may be indicative of an achieved PL by the wireless device 415 (e.g., an achieved PL determined by the wireless device 415). Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or include) an alert regarding a status, availability, or exceeding an AL related to one or more labels obtained by (e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the wireless device 415 (e.g., MI, HMI, system unavailable, label unavailable, nominal operation, system unavailable - false alert, or system unavailable - misleading, among other examples). Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or include) one or more integrity parameters related to one or more labels obtained by (e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the wireless device 415. Examples of an integrity parameter may include an uncertainty (e.g., bound mean, bound standard deviation, or residual risk, among other examples) or one or more correlation times corresponding to one or more fault or error sources (e.g., UE TX / RX timing error, UE beam boresight angle, UE beam relative power shape, TRP location, ARP location, TRP synchronization error, TRP time offset, TRP TX / RX timing error, beam boresight angle, or beam relative power shape, among other examples).

[0204] In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), capability information. The capability information may indicate an capability of the wireless device 415 to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE or network node, among other examples) may send, to the network entity 405, signaling (e.g., support or capability information) regarding a capability of generating one or more labels based on the integrity condition. In some approaches, the capability information may beAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO66communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) via LPP capability signaling, NRPPa signaling (e.g., NRPPa TRP information), or other signaling. For instance, the signaling may indicate support for (or a range of support for) generating one or more labels based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, supported integrity limits, a supported probability distribution related to computing the integrity, or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0205] In some examples, the capability information may be communicated in response to a request for the capability information. For instance, the capability information or signaling may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on a request from the network entity 405.

[0206] In some aspects, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), an indication of the integrity condition. The label information 430 may be output (e.g., transmitted) based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition. For instance, the network entity 405 may send an indication of one or more integrity conditions and may receive capability information or one or more labels.

[0207] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be implemented in a scenario where a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 415, UE, or network node, among other examples) may generate part A information for data collection. In some examples, the part A information may include one or more channel measurements, one or more quality indicators of a channel measurement(s), or one or more time stamps of a channel measurement(s). The part A information may be provided to a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405, a network node, LMF, NWDAF, OTT server, 0AM server, or other device). The part A information may be utilized for model input (e.g., model input generation) or dataset sharing. In some approaches, the integrity (e.g., integrity information) of one or more measurements may be determined via an integrity (e.g., integrity information) of one or more associated labels (e.g., part B information). For instance, if the part B information meets (e.g., passes) one or more integrity conditions, the corresponding part A measurements may be deemed to meet (e.g., satisfy) the integrity condition. In some approaches, measurement information based on one or more integrity conditions may be utilized by a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405, LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO67

[0208] The wireless device 415 may determine measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. For instance, the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive) one or more reference signals (e.g., from a network node, a network entity, a wireless device, or another device, among other examples). The wireless device 415 may determine one or more measurements based on the reference signals. For instance, the wireless device 415 may determine the one or more measurements directly from the reference signal(s), or may determine (e.g., calculate, compute, or predict via an AI / ML model) one or more measurements. One or more of the measurements may be indicated via the measurement information. The measurement information may be based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition. The measurement information may include one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0209] For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., a UE, gNB, or TRP, among other examples) may provide, to the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples), measurement information (e.g., part A information or an indication of one or more measurements) corresponding to an AI / ML positioning or sensing operation based on an integrity condition. In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may determine (e.g., generate, select, or find) one or more measurements based on the integrity condition or may report measurement(s) or an integrity indicator related to the measurement(s) to the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples).

[0210] In some examples, the wireless device 415 may perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the measurement information. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity 405 may perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the measurement information. As described herein, the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation may be, or may include, performing data collection (e.g., data collection for one or more of AI / ML model training, tuning, execution, management, or monitoring), AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuningAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO68(e.g., fine tuning), AI / ML model execution (e.g., prediction or inference), AI / ML model management (e.g., LCM, AI / ML model activation, deactivation, switching, selection, deletion, removal, or replacement), or AI / ML model monitoring (e.g., monitoring performance of an AI / ML model), among other examples.

[0211] In some aspects, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request for the integrity condition. The wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), information indicating the integrity condition. The information may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on the request for the integrity condition. As described herein, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a target IR (e.g., a probability threshold), a PL (e.g., a distance threshold), an AL (e.g., a distance threshold), a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a target IR that is requested by the network entity 405 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a PL (e.g., a PL condition or threshold) that is requested by the network entity 405 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) an integrity AL (e.g., an AL condition or threshold) that is requested by the network entity 405 or that is established or specified. Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity condition may be (or may include) a probability distribution related to computing the integrity that is requested by network entity 405 or that is established or specified.

[0212] In some examples, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or may include) an achieved PL, status information associated with the measurement, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the measurement, or any combination thereof. For instance, the integrity indicator may be indicative of an achieved PL by the wireless device 415 (e.g., an achieved PL determined by the wireless device 415). Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or include) an alert regarding a status, availability, or exceeding an AL related to one or more measurements obtained by (e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the wireless device 415 (e.g., MI, HMI, system unavailable, labelAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO69unavailable, nominal operation, system unavailable - false alert, or system unavailable -misleading, among other examples). Additionally, or alternatively, the integrity indicator may be indicative of (or include) one or more integrity parameters related to one or more measurements obtained by (e.g., when obtained by or after being obtained by) the wireless device 415. Examples of an integrity parameter may include an uncertainty (e.g., bound mean, bound standard deviation, or residual risk, among other examples) or one or more correlation times corresponding to one or more fault or error sources (e.g., UE TX / RX timing error, UE beam boresight angle, UE beam relative power shape, TRP location, ARP location, TRP synchronization error, TRP time offset, TRP TX / RX timing error, beam boresight angle, or beam relative power shape, among other examples).

[0213] In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), capability information. The capability information may indicate a capability of the wireless device 415 to determine the measurement information or generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE or network node, among other examples) may send, to the network entity 405, signaling (e.g., support or capability information) regarding a capability of generating one or more measurements or labels based on the integrity condition. In some approaches, the capability information may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) via LPP capability signaling, NRPPa signaling (e.g., NRPPa TRP information), or other signaling. For instance, the signaling may indicate support for (or a range of support for) generating one or more measurements based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, supported integrity limits, a supported probability distribution related to computing the integrity, or a combination thereof, among other examples.

[0214] In some examples, the capability information may be communicated in response to a request for the capability information. For instance, the capability information or signaling may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on a request from the network entity 405.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO70

[0215] In some aspects, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), an indication of the integrity condition. The measurement information may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition. For instance, the network entity 405 may send an indication of one or more integrity conditions and may receive capability information or one or more measurements.

[0216] One or more of the functions or communications described herein relative to the wireless device 415 may (e.g., instead or additionally) be performed by the network entity 405. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more of the functions or communications described herein relative to the network entity 405 may (e.g., instead or additionally) be performed by the wireless device 415.

[0217] Figure 5A shows a diagram illustrating examples of conditions 500-a that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. In particular, Figure 5A illustrates an example of a true position 505 of a wireless device (e.g., a wireless device 415 described with reference to Figure 4). For instance, Figure 5A provides an illustration of integrity information (e.g., parameters) and events.

[0218] As illustrated in Figure 5A, an AI / ML model may be utilized to determine an AI / ML estimated position 510. A PE 515 may occur between the true position and the AI / ML estimated position 510, and may represent a deviation of the estimated position from the true position 505 (e.g., an unknown true position). An example of a PL 520 is also illustrated. As described herein, the PL 520 may be a statistical error bound to help ensure that a probability of an absolute PE 515 exceeding an integrity is less than or equal to a target IR. The PL 520 may be expressed as a region that contains the true position 505 with some probability. An AL 525 may also be established or indicated, and may be an allowable error (e.g., threshold or maximum allowable error) in the system before an alert or alarm is triggered (e.g., an accuracy condition of the system). In some aspects, a PE 515 may be compared to a PL 520 or an AL 525, or both. For example, PE 515 < PL 520 may be associated with nominal operation (e.g., region of PL 520). Otherwise, PL 520 < PE 515 < AL 525 may correspond to MI 530, and PE 515 > AL 525 may correspond to HMI 535, as further described herein with respect to Figure 5B.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO71

[0219] Figure 5B shows a diagram illustrating examples of conditions 500-b that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In particular, Figure 5B illustrates an example of a conceptual framework (e.g., a Stanford diagram) of different zones representing different operation states for a wireless device or network (e.g., a positioning or sensing procedure) based on a PE 515 associated with a wireless device (e.g., a wireless device 415 described with reference to Figure 4).

[0220] As illustrated in Figure 5B, a PL 520 may be compared with an AL 525 to determine an operation state (for a positioning or sensing procedure or system, for instance). For example, if PL 520 < AL 525, a positioning or sensing procedure may be deemed available. In a case that PE < PL, nominal operation may occur (e.g., a positioning or sensing procedure is available and operating safely without an integrity event). In a case that a PE 515 is beyond the PL 520, or PE 515 > PL 520 and PE 515 < AL 525, an MI 530 integrity event may occur (e.g., a positioning or sensing procedure is available but contains an MI integrity event due to PE 515 > PL 520, and is still operating safely given PE 515 does not exceed the AL 525). In a case that an estimated position is beyond the AL 525, or PE 515 > PL 520 and PE 515 > AL 525, an HMI 535 integrity event may occur (e.g., a positioning or sensing procedure is available but contains an HMI integrity event due to PE 515 > AL 525, and so an event is erroneously declared safe (PL 520 < AL 525)).

[0221] If PL 520 > AL 525, the positioning or sensing procedure may be in an unavailable operation state (e.g., system unavailable), where the positioning or sensing procedure may be deemed unavailable for a target operation or a warning may be issued. In a case that PE 515 < PL 520 and PE 515 < AL 525, an event may be a false alert (e.g., the positioning or sensing procedure is unavailable but is a false alert integrity event given PE 515 < AL 525). In a case that PE 515 < PL 520 and PE 515 > AL 525, the positioning or sensing procedure may be deemed unavailable (e.g., the positioning or sensing procedure may be unavailable and operating without an integrity event given that PE 515 > AL 525 was properly detected). In a case that PE 515 is beyond the PL 520, or PE 515 > PL 520 and PE 515 > AL 525, an MI 530 integrity event may occur while the positioning or sensing procedure is deemed unavailable (e.g.,Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO72the solution is unavailable and contains an MI 530 (e.g., PE 515 > PL520) integrity event).

[0222] In some examples, an AL 525 may be specified by one or more applications and a PL 520 may be calculated by a device (e.g., a wireless device or a network entity). Because a PE 515 may not be observable in some examples, a decision of alert may be performed (e.g., by a wireless device or network entity) by comparing the AL 525 specified and the PL 520 calculated. For example, if PL 520 > AL 525, an alert may trigger, or if PL 520 < AL 525, the alert may not trigger.

[0223] As described herein, integrity concepts may be applicable to one or more technologies (e.g., NR, GNSS, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or other technologies). Some examples of the techniques described herein may enable integrity concepts to be utilized in the context of AI / ML-based positioning or sensing. For instance, a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 415) or a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405) may determine or communication label information (e.g., one or more labels) based on an integrity condition as described with respect to Figure 4. Additionally, or alternatively, a wireless device (e.g., the wireless device 415) or a network entity (e.g., the network entity 405) may perform one or more AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operations based on an integrity condition.

[0224] Figure 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The process flow 600 may include a wireless device 415-a, which may be an example of the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE or network node) described with reference to Figure 4. The process flow 600 may also include a network entity 405-a, which may be an example of the network entity 405 (e.g., network node, location server, LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples) as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0225] In the following description of the process flow 600, the communications between the wireless device 415-a and the network entity 405-a may be transmitted in the example order shown or in a different order than the example order shown.Additionally, or alternatively, the operations performed by the wireless device 415-a or the network entity 405-a may be performed in the order shown or in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 600, orAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO73one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 600. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0226] In some examples, the wireless device 415-a or the network entity 405-a may communicate information (e.g., position information, PL information, AL information, one or more datasets, measurement information, integrity information, integrity indicator(s), integrity condition indicator(s), request(s), alert indicator(s), configuration information, or capability information, among other examples) via a network node or independent of a network node. In some examples, a network node may communicate information (e.g., position information, PL information, AL information, one or more datasets, measurement information, integrity information, integrity indicator(s), integrity condition indicator(s), request(s), alert indicator(s), configuration information, or capability information, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node, may be processed by the network node before communication to the network entity 405-a or the wireless device 415-a, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 405-a or to the wireless device 415-a.

[0227] At 605, the wireless device 415-a may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-a may obtain (e.g., receive), a request for an integrity condition. For instance, the request for the integrity condition may may be communicated as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0228] At 610, the network entity 405-a may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415-a may obtain (e.g., receive), information indicating an integrity condition. For instance, the network entity 405-a may transmit the information indicating the integrity condition as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0229] At 615, the wireless device 415-a may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-a may obtain (e.g., receive), a request for label information. For instance, the request for the label information may be communicated as described with reference to Figure 4.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO74

[0230] At 620, the network entity 405-a may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415-a may obtain (e.g., receive), label information. For instance, the network entity 405-a may transmit the label information indicating one or more labels corresponding to an AI / ML based positioning or sensing operation as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0231] At 625, the wireless device 415-a may perform an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. For instance, the wireless device 415-a may perform an AI / ML based positioning or sensing operation (e.g., data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring based on the label information) as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0232] At 630, the wireless device 415-a may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-a may obtain (e.g., receive), information. For instance, the wireless device 415-a may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-a may obtain (e.g., receive) position information, data (e.g., collected data), integrity information (e.g., positioning or sensing procedure status, such as nominal or unavailable or event information, such as an MI or HMI alert), information indicating that an AI / ML has been trained or is undergoing training, information indicating that an AI / ML model has been tuned or is undergoing tuning, position information (e.g., one or more position estimates based on an AI / ML model), AI / ML model management information (e.g., an indication of, or a request to, activate, deactivate, or switch an AI / ML model, or fall back to a non- AI / ML-based positioning or sensing procedure), or AI / ML model monitoring information (e.g., an indication of AI / ML model accuracy), any combination thereof, or other information.

[0233] Figure 7 shows an example of a process flow 700 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The process flow 700 may include a wireless device 415-b, which may be an example of the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE or network node) described with reference to Figure 4. The process flow 700 may also include a network entity 405-b, which may be an example of the network entity 405 (e.g., network node, location server, LMF or NWDAF, among other examples) as described with reference to Figure 4.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO75

[0234] In the following description of the process flow 700, the communications between the wireless device 415-b and the network entity 405-b may be transmitted in the example order shown or in a different order than the example order shown.Additionally, or alternatively, the operations performed by the wireless device 415-b or the network entity 405-b may be performed in the order shown or in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 700, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 700. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0235] In some examples, the wireless device 415-b or the network entity 405-b may communicate information (e.g., position information, PL information, AL information, one or more datasets, measurement information, integrity information, integrity indicator(s), integrity condition indicator(s), request(s), alert indicator(s), configuration information, or capability information, among other examples) via a network node or independent of a network node. In some examples, a network node may communicate information (e.g., position information, PL information, AL information, one or more datasets, measurement information, integrity information, integrity indicator(s), integrity condition indicator(s), request(s), alert indicator(s), configuration information, or capability information, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node, may be processed by the network node before communication to the network entity 405-b or the wireless device 415-b, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 405-b or to the wireless device 415-b.

[0236] At 705, the wireless device 415-b may determine label information. For instance, the wireless device 415-b may determine label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0237] At 710, the wireless device 415-b may perform an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation. For instance, the wireless device 415-b may perform an AI / ML based positioning or sensing operation (e.g., data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / MLAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO76model monitoring based on the label information) as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0238] At 715, the wireless device 415-b may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-b may obtain (e.g., receive), label information. For instance, the wireless device 415-b may transmit the label information indicating one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML based positioning or sensing operation as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0239] Figure 8 shows an example of a process flow 800 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The process flow 800 may include a wireless device 415-c, which may be an example of the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE or network node) described with reference to Figure 4. The process flow 800 may also include a network entity 405-c, which may be an example of the network entity 405 (e.g., network node, location server, LMF, or NWDAF, among other examples) as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0240] In the following description of the process flow 800, the communications between the wireless device 415-c and the network entity 405-c may be transmitted in the example order shown or in a different order than the example order shown.Additionally, or alternatively, the operations performed by the wireless device 415-c or the network entity 405-c may be performed in the order shown or in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 800, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 800. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0241] In some examples, the wireless device 415-c or the network entity 405-c may communicate information (e.g., position information, PL information, AL information, one or more datasets, measurement information, integrity information, integrity indicator(s), integrity condition indicator(s), request(s), alert indicator(s), configuration information, or capability information, among other examples) via a network node or independent of a network node. In some examples, a network node may communicate information (e.g., position information, PL information, ALAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO77information, one or more datasets, measurement information, integrity information, integrity indicator(s), integrity condition indicator(s), request(s), alert indicator(s), configuration information, or capability information, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node, may be processed by the network node before communication to the network entity 405-c or the wireless device 415-c, or may not be transmitted to the network entity 405-c or to the wireless device 415-c.

[0242] At 805, the network entity 405-c may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415-c may obtain (e.g., receive), information indicating an integrity condition. For instance, the network entity 405-c may transmit the information indicating the integrity condition as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0243] At 810, the wireless device 415-c may determine measurement information. For instance, the wireless device 415-c may determine measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on the integrity condition as described with reference to Figure 4.

[0244] At 815, the wireless device 415-c may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-c may obtain (e.g., receive), measurement information. For instance, the wireless device 415-c may output (e.g., transmit), or the network entity 405-c may obtain (e.g., receive) measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based at least in part on the integrity condition as described with reference to Figure 4. The measurement information may include one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0245] Figure 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a wireless device as described herein. The device 905 may include a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the communications manager 920), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable theAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO78described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0246] The receiver 910 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to integrity determination via AI / ML for positioning or sensing procedures). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0247] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations). In some examples, the transmitter 915 may be co-located with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 915 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0248] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0249] In some examples, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of theAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO79functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0250] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0251] In some examples, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0252] For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0253] For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining label information associated with anAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO80AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0254] For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0255] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for improved positioning or sensing accuracy, reduced processing, reduced power consumption, or more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0256] Figure 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a wireless device as described herein. The device 1005 may include a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one or more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the communications manager 1020), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO81

[0257] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0258] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations). In some examples, the transmitter 1015 may be colocated with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0259] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include a label component 1025 a measurement component 1030, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0260] The label component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO82positioning or sensing accuracy). The label component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0261] The label component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The label component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0262] The measurement component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The measurement component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0263] Figure 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing (e.g., to cause the communications manager 1120 to perform) various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO83described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include a label component 1125, a measurement component 1130, an operation component 1135, an integrity condition component 1140, an availability component 1145, a data component 1150, a capability component 1155, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0264] The label component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, the label component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0265] In some examples, the operation component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0266] In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the network entity, a request for the integrity condition. In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining information indicating the integrity condition from the network entity, where the information is obtained based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0267] In some examples, the integrity condition includes a target IR, a PL, an AL, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO84

[0268] In some examples, the integrity indicator is indicative of an achieved PL, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

[0269] In some examples, the availability component 1145 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining availability information from the network entity, where the availability information indicates an availability of the network entity to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0270] In some examples, the availability information is communicated via assistance data, via unicast, via multicast, via broadcast, in response to a request for the availability information, or any combination thereof.

[0271] In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting an indication of the integrity condition to the network entity, where the label information is obtained based on outputting the indication of the integrity condition.

[0272] In some examples, the data component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a dataset and metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the metadata indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0273] In some examples, the data component 1150 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a request for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the dataset indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0274] In some examples, the label component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). InAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO85some examples, the label component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0275] In some examples, the operation component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0276] In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the network entity, a request for the integrity condition. In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the network entity, where the information is output based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0277] In some examples, the integrity condition includes a target IR, a PL, an AL, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0278] In some examples, the integrity indicator is indicative of an achieved PL, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

[0279] In some examples, the capability component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting capability information to the network entity, where the capability information indicates a capability of the wireless device to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO86

[0280] In some examples, the capability information is communicated in response to a request for the capability information.

[0281] In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an indication of the integrity condition from the network entity, where the label information is output based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

[0282] The measurement component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, the measurement component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0283] In some examples, the operation component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the measurement information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0284] In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the network entity, a request for the integrity condition. In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the network entity, where the information is output based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0285] In some examples, the integrity condition includes a target IR, a PL, an AL, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO87

[0286] In some examples, the integrity indicator includes an achieved PL, status information associated with the measurement, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the measurement, or any combination thereof.

[0287] In some examples, the capability component 1155 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting capability information to the network entity, where the capability information indicates a capability of the wireless device to determine the measurement information based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0288] In some examples, the capability information is communicated in response to a request for the capability information.

[0289] In some examples, the integrity condition component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an indication of the integrity condition from the network entity, where the measurement information is output based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

[0290] Figure 12 shows an example of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a wireless device 415 as described herein. The device 1205 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1220, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 1210, one or more transceivers 1215, one or more antennas 1225, at least one memory 1230, code 1235, and at least one processor 1240. The device 1205 may include one or more sensors 1250. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1245). The I / O controller 1210 may manage input and output signals for the device 1205. The I / O controller 1210 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1205. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 mayAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO88utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS-WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system.Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1210 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1240. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1205 via the I / O controller 1210 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1210.

[0291] In some cases, the device 1205 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1205 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1215 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1225 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1215 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver(s) 1215 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1225 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1225. The transceiver 1215, or the transceiver 1215 and one or more antennas 1225, may be an example of a transmitter 915, a transmitter 1015, a receiver 910, a receiver 1010, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

[0292] The one or more transceivers 1215 may include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers, one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or one or more satellite transceivers. The WWAN transceiver(s) may communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more wireless communication networks, such as an NR network, an LTE network, or a GSM network, among other examples. The WWAN transceiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 for communicating with other devices, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, or GSM, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium (e.g., time or frequency resources of a frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples) or forAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO89receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the WWAN transceiver(s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals.

[0293] The short-range wireless transceivers may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 to communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more network entities, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations, or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g, Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), or ultra-wideband (UWB), among other examples) over a wireless communication medium. The short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples), or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the short-range wireless transceiver(s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals. In some examples, the short-range wireless transceiver s) may be one or more Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® transceivers, Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, vehi cl e-to- vehicle (V2V) transceivers, or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers, among other examples.

[0294] The satellite transceiver(s) may include one or more satellite signal receivers, or one or more satellite signal transmitters. In some cases, the device 1205 may be a terrestrial device that may communicate one or more satellites via the satellite transceiver(s). In other cases, device 1205 may be a satellite (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite transceiver(s) to communicate with one or more terrestrial networks or other satellites.

[0295] The satellite signal receiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 for receiving or measuring satellite positioning or communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more satellite positioning system receivers, where the satellite positioning or communicationAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO90signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), or Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more NTN receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data) originating from a device or network. The satellite signal receiver(s) may include hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for receiving and processing satellite positioning or communication signals. The satellite signal receiver(s) or the processor 1240 may perform calculations to determine a location of the device 1205, the UE 115, the network node 105, or another device using measurements obtained from one or more satellite signals.

[0296] The one or more satellite signal transmitters may be connected to one or more of the antennas 1225 for transmitting satellite positioning communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) may be satellite positioning system transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) include one or more NTN transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data). The satellite signal transmitter(s) may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for transmitting satellite positioning or communication signals.

[0297] The device 1205 may include one or more sensors 1250 coupled with the one or more processors 1240 for obtaining sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples). For example, the one or more sensors 1250 may sense or detect movement or orientation information. In some aspects, the movement or orientation information may be independent from motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or the satellite signal interface. In some examples, the sensor(s) 1250 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), or any other type of movement detection sensor. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more sensors 1250Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO91may include an image sensor, camera, microphone, light detector, or pressure sensor, among other examples. In some aspects, the sensor(s) 1250 may include a plurality of different types of devices, and the device 1205 (e.g., sensor(s) or 1250 processor(s) 1240) may combine the outputs of the different types of devices to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 1250 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer sensors, orientation sensors, or image sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0298] The at least one memory 1230 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1230 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processorexecutable code, such as the code 1235. The code 1235 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1240, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1230 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0299] The at least one processor 1240 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1240. The at least one processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting integrity condition communications for positioning or sensingAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO92operations). For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1240 and at least one memory 1230 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1240, the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 configured to perform various functions described herein.

[0300] In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1230 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1240) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1230)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1240 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1235 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1230 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0301] For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO93

[0302] For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0303] For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

[0304] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, and improved utilization of processing capability by enabling AI / ML based integrity calculations.

[0305] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1215, the one or more antennas 1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the at least Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO94one processor 1240, the at least one memory 1230, the code 1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1235 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1240 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein, or the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0306] Figure 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1305 may be an example of aspects of a network entity as described herein. The device 1305 may include a communications manager 1320. The device 1305, or one or more components of the device 1305 (e.g., the communications manager 1320), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0307] The receiver 1310 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1305. In some examples, the receiver 1310 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1310 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0308] The transmitter 1315 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1305. For example, the transmitter 1315 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1315 may support outputting Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO95information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1315 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1315 and the receiver 1310 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0309] The communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0310] In some examples, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0311] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO96individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0312] In some examples, the communications manager 1320 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both. For example, the communications manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, send information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0313] For example, the communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0314] By including or configuring the communications manager 1320 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1305 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for improved positioning or sensing accuracy, reduced processing, reduced power consumption, or more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0315] Figure 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of a device 1405 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The device 1405 may be an example of aspects of a device 1305 or a network entity as described herein. The device 1405 may include a communications manager 1420. The device 1405, or one or more components of the device 1405 (e.g., the communications manager 1420), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at leastAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO97one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0316] The receiver 1410 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1405. In some examples, the receiver 1410 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas.Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1410 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0317] The transmitter 1415 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1405. For example, the transmitter 1415 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1415 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1415 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1415 and the receiver 1410 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0318] The device 1405, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 may include a label manager 1425, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1420 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1420, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO98(e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both. For example, the communications manager 1420 may receive information from the receiver 1410, send information to the transmitter 1415, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0319] The label manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The label manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0320] Figure 15 shows a block diagram 1500 of a communications manager 1520 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1520 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320, a communications manager 1420, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1520, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing (e.g., to cause the communications manager 1520 to perform) various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1520 may include a label manager 1525, an operation manager 1530, an integrity condition manager 1535, an availability manager 1540, a data manager 1545, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses). The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a networkAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO99entity, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity), or any combination thereof.

[0321] The label manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, the label manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0322] In some examples, the operation manager 1530 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

[0323] In some examples, the integrity condition manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the wireless device, a request for the integrity condition. In some examples, the integrity condition manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the wireless device, where the information is output based on the request for the integrity condition.

[0324] In some examples, the integrity condition includes a target IR, a PL, an AL, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0325] In some examples, the integrity indicator is indicative of an achieved PL, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an AL, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO100

[0326] In some examples, the availability manager 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting availability information to the wireless device, where the availability information indicates an availability of the network entity to generate a label based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

[0327] In some examples, the availability information is communicated via assistance data, via unicast, via multicast, via broadcast, in response to a request for the availability information, or any combination thereof.

[0328] In some examples, the integrity condition manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining an indication of the integrity condition from the wireless device, where the label information is output based on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

[0329] In some examples, the data manager 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a dataset and metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the metadata indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0330] In some examples, the data manager 1545 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting a request for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the dataset indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

[0331] Figure 16 shows an example of a system 1600 including a device 1605 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. The device 1605 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1620, one or more transceivers 1610, one or more antennas 1615, at least one memory 1625, code 1630, and at least one processor 1635. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1640).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO101

[0332] The transceiver 1610 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 1610 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 1610 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 1605 may include one or more antennas 1615, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). The transceiver 1610 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1615, by a wired transmitter), to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1615, from a wired receiver), and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1615 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1615 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610, or the transceiver 1610 and the one or more antennas 1615, or the transceiver 1610 and the one or more antennas 1615 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1635, the at least one memory 1625, or both), may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1605. In some examples, the transceiver 1610 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link(s) 125, backhaul communication link(s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168).

[0333] The one or more transceivers 1610 may include one or more WWAN transceivers, one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or one or more satellite transceivers. The WWAN transceiver(s) may communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more wireless devices, suchAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO102as the network node 105 or the UE 115, among other examples. The WWAN transceiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 for communicating with other devices, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, or GSM, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium (e.g., time or frequency resources of a frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples) or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the WWAN transceiver(s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals.

[0334] The short-range wireless transceivers may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 to communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more network entities, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations, or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g, Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, DSRC, WAVE, NFC, or UWB, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium. The short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, or information, among other examples), or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the short-range wireless transceiver(s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals. In some examples, the short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be one or more Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® transceivers, Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, V2V transceivers, or V2X transceivers, among other examples.

[0335] The satellite transceiver(s) may include one or more satellite signal receivers, or one or more satellite signal transmitters. In some cases, the device 1605 may be a terrestrial device that may communicate one or more satellites via the satellite transceiver(s). In other cases, device 1605 may be a satellite (or other non-terrestrialAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO103entity) that uses the satellite transceiver(s) to communicate with one or more terrestrial networks or other satellites.

[0336] The satellite signal receiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 for receiving or measuring satellite positioning or communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more satellite positioning system receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more NTN receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data) originating from a device or network. The satellite signal receiver(s) may include hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for receiving and processing satellite positioning or communication signals. The satellite signal receiver(s) or the processor 1635 may perform calculations to determine a location of the device 1605, the UE 115, the network node 105, or another device using measurements obtained from one or more satellite signals.

[0337] The one or more satellite signal transmitters may be connected to one or more of the antennas 1615 for transmitting satellite positioning communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) may be satellite positioning system transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) include one or more NTN transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data). The satellite signal transmitter(s) may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for transmitting satellite positioning or communication signals.

[0338] The at least one memory 1625 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 1625 may store computer-readable, computerexecutable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1630. The code 1630 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processor 1635, cause the device 1605 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1630 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as systemAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO104memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1630 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1635 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1625 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1625 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system).

[0339] The at least one processor 1635 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1635 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1635. The at least one processor 1635 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 1625) to cause the device 1605 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations). For example, the device 1605 or a component of the device 1605 may include at least one processor 1635 and at least one memory 1625 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1635, the at least one processor 1635 and the at least one memory 1625 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1635 may be an example of a cloudcomputing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing code 1630) to perform the functions of the device 1605. The at least one processor 1635 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executingAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO105scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1605 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1625).

[0340] In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1625 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1635) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1625)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1635 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1635 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1605 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1625 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0341] In some examples, a bus 1640 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some examples, a bus 1640 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack), which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1605, or between different components of the device 1605 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 1605 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1620, the transceiver 1610, the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, and the at least one processor 1635 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components).

[0342] In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO106backhaul links). For example, the communications manager 1620 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may manage communications with one or more other network nodes 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices). In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network nodes 105.

[0343] For example, the communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). The communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

[0344] By including or configuring the communications manager 1620 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1605 may support techniques for improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, and improved utilization of processing capability by enabling AI / ML based integrity calculations.

[0345] In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1610, the one or more antennas 1615 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1620 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1620 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1610, one or more of the at least one processor 1635, one or more of the at least one memory 1625, the Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO107code 1630, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1635, the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, or any combination thereof). For example, the code 1630 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1635 to cause the device 1605 to perform various aspects of integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations as described herein, or the at least one processor 1635 and the at least one memory 1625 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0346] Figure 17 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1700 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1700 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to Figures 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0347] At 1705, the method may include outputting, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0348] At 1710, the method may include obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0349] Figure 18 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. ForAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO108example, the operations of the method 1800 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to Figures 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0350] At 1805, the method may include outputting, to a network entity, a request for an integrity condition. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1805 may be performed by an integrity condition component 1140.

[0351] At 1810, the method may include obtaining information indicating the integrity condition from the network entity, where the information is obtained based on the request for the integrity condition. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1810 may be performed by an integrity condition component 1140.

[0352] At 1815, the method may include outputting, to the network entity, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on the integrity condition. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1815 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0353] At 1820, the method may include obtaining the label information from the network entity based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1820 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0354] Figure 19 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1900 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1900 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1900 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to Figures 1 through 8 and 13 through 16. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, theAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO109network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0355] At 1905, the method may include obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1905 may be performed by a label manager 1525.

[0356] At 1910, the method may include outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1910 may be performed by a label manager 1525.

[0357] Figure 20 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2000 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2000 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2000 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to Figures 1 through 8 and 13 through 16. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0358] At 2005, the method may include obtaining, from a wireless device, a request for an integrity condition. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2005 may be performed by an integrity condition manager 1535.

[0359] At 2010, the method may include outputting information indicating the integrity condition to the wireless device, where the information is output based on the request for the integrity condition. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2010 may be performed by an integrity condition manager 1535.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO110

[0360] At 2015, the method may include obtaining, from the wireless device, a request for label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the request for the label information is based on the integrity condition. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2015 may be performed by a label manager 1525.

[0361] At 2020, the method may include outputting the label information to the wireless device based on the integrity condition, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2020 may be performed by a label manager 1525.

[0362] Figure 21 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2100 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2100 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2100 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to Figures 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0363] At 2105, the method may include determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2105 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0364] At 2110, the method may include outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2110 may be performed by a label component 1125.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WOIll

[0365] Figure 22 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2200 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2200 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2200 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to Figures 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0366] At 2205, the method may include determining label information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the label information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2205 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0367] At 2210, the method may include performing the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the label information, where the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation includes performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2210 may be performed by an operation component 1135.

[0368] At 2215, the method may include outputting, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information including one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2215 may be performed by a label component 1125.

[0369] Figure 23 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2300 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2300 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2300 may be performed by a wireless device asAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO112described with reference to Figures 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0370] At 2305, the method may include determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2305 may be performed by a measurement component 1130.

[0371] At 2310, the method may include outputting, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2310 may be performed by a measurement component 1130.

[0372] Figure 24 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2400 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2400 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2400 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to Figures 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0373] At 2405, the method may include outputting capability information to a network entity, where the capability information indicates a capability of a wireless device to determine the measurement information based on the integrity condition, a supported target IR, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof. In someAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO113examples, aspects of the operations of 2405 may be performed by a capability component 1155.

[0374] At 2410, the method may include determining measurement information associated with an AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, where the measurement information is based on an integrity condition (e.g., related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy). In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2410 may be performed by a measurement component 1130.

[0375] At 2415, the method may include outputting, to the network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based on the integrity condition, the measurement information including one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2415 may be performed by a measurement component 1130.

[0376] Figure 25 shows examples of wireless communications systems 2500 that support integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations.Various positioning techniques are illustrated in the context of the wireless communications systems 2500. Some examples of the positioning procedures described herein may be performed in accordance with one or more aspects of the positioning techniques. While TRPs and UEs are provided in the examples illustrated in Figure 25, other devices (e.g., network entities, base stations, RRHs, RUs, APs, wireless devices, or stations, among other examples) may be similarly utilized in other examples. The examples of positioning techniques include downlink-based positioning techniques, uplink-based positioning techniques, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning techniques.

[0377] Examples of OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2505 are illustrated in Figure 25. One or more of the OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2505 positioning techniques may be included in a downlink-based positioning procedure. In OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2505 positioning techniques, a UE may measure a difference between TOAs of reference signals (e.g., PRSs) received from one or more pairs of TRPs (e.g., TRP2 and TRP3). In some approaches, a difference in TOAs may be referred to as an RSTD or a TDOAAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO114measurement. A positioning device (e.g., the UE, a location server, an LMF, an SLP, or another device) may utilize the differences in TOAs to determine (e.g., estimate) a location of the UE.

[0378] In some aspects, the UE may receive an identifier (ID) associated with a reference TRP (e.g., a serving base station) and one or more IDs associated with one or more non-reference TRPs in received data (e.g., assistance data). The UE may measure the difference of TOAs between the reference TRP and each of the non-reference TRPs to produce RSTDs or TDOAs. In some aspects, the UE may report an indication of the RSTDs or TDOAs to the positioning device (e.g., a location server, LMF, an SLP, or another device). Based on established locations of the base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning device (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) may estimate the UE’s location.

[0379] An example of UL-TDOA 2510 is illustrated in Figure 25. One or more of the UL-TDOA 2510 positioning techniques may be included in an uplink-based positioning procedure. UL-TDOA 2510 may have some similarities to DL-TDOA 2505. The UL-TDOA 2510 positioning techniques may be based on uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) transmitted from the UE to multiple TRPs. For example, the UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference TRP (e.g., TRP3) and non-reference TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2). Each TRP then reports the reception time (which may be referred to as a relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning device (e.g., a location server, LMF, SLP, or UE) that has information about the locations and relative timing of the TRPs. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time differences between the reported RTOA of the reference TRP and the reported RTOA of each non-reference TRP, the locations of the TRPs, and the corresponding timing offsets, the positioning device may estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0380] An example of DL-AOD 2515 is illustrated in Figure 25. One or more of the DL-AOD 2515 positioning techniques may be included in a downlink-based positioning procedure. In DL-AOD 2515, a UE may obtain received signal strength measurements corresponding to multiple downlink transmit beams for one or more TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2). In some approaches, the UE reports the measurements to a positioning device. The positioning device may use the signal strength measurements of the Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO115multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) (e.g., A0D1 and A0D2) between the UE and the transmitting TRP(s). The positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or another device) may estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the established location(s) of the transmitting TRP(s).

[0381] An example of UL-AOA 2520 is illustrated in Figure 25. One or more of the UL-AOA 2520 positioning techniques may be included in an uplink positioning procedure. In UL-AOA 2520, one or more TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2) measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRSs) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. In some aspects, the signal strength measurements may be reported to a positioning device. A positioning device (e.g., LFM, SLP, UE, or another device) may use the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the TRP(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the established location(s) of the TRP(s), the positioning device may estimate the location of the UE.

[0382] Some positioning techniques or procedures may include a combination downlink-based and uplink-based positioning techniques. Examples of downlink-based and uplink-based positioning techniques may include E-CID positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (which may be referred to as “multi-RTT” or “multicell RTT” when multiple cells are utilized).

[0383] In multi-RTT, a first device (e.g., a TRP or UE) may transmit a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second device (e.g., the UE or TRP). The second device may transmit a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first device. Each device may measure a time difference between the TOA of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. The time difference may be referred to as a Rx-Tx time difference. In some aspects, the Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be obtained or adjusted to include (e.g., include only) a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. The first device or the second device may send the corresponding Rx-Tx time difference measurements to a positioning device (e.g., a location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device), which may calculate a round trip propagation time (or RTT) between the two device based on the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as a sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Additionally, or alternatively, one device Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO116may send a corresponding Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other device, which may calculate the RTT. The distance between the two devices may be determined from the RTT and a signal speed (e.g., the speed of light).

[0384] An example of multi-cell RTT 2525 is illustrated in Figure 25. One or more of the multi-RTT or multi-cell RTT techniques described may be included in an uplinkbased or downlink-based positioning procedure. In multi-cell RTT 2525, a first device (e.g., a UE or TRP) may perform an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second devices (e.g., multiple TRPs or UEs) to enable the location of the first device to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the established locations of, the second devices.

[0385] In some examples, RTT or multi-RTT techniques may be combined with one or more other positioning techniques (e.g., UL-AOA, DL-AOD, or other positioning techniques), to enhance location accuracy. Examples of combined DL-AOD and RTT 2530 positioning techniques are illustrated in Figure 25.

[0386] E-CID positioning techniques may be based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, a UE may obtain or report a serving cell ID, a timing advance (TA), identifiers of one or more detected neighbor TRPs, estimated timing of one or more detected neighbor TRPs, or a signal strength measurement of one or more detected neighbor TRPs. A positioning device (e.g., an LFM, SLP, UE, or another device) may utilize the serving cell ID, TA, identifiers, estimated timing, or signal strength measurements with one or more established locations of one or more TRPs to estimate the location of the UE.

[0387] In some approaches, a positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, or another device) may provide assistance data to the UE. Assistance data is data to assist with one or more positioning operations (e.g., to detect one or more neighboring TRPs or to receive reference signaling). For instance, the assistance data may indicate IDs of the TRPs (e.g., IDs of one or more cells or TRPs corresponding to a network node) from which reference signals may be measured. In some examples, a positioning device may transmit assistance data or other information indicating one or more reference signal configuration parameters. The reference signal configuration parameter(s) may include or indicate a quantity of consecutive slots including PRS, aAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO117periodicity of consecutive slots including PRS, a muting sequence, a frequency hopping sequence, a reference signal identifier, a reference signal bandwidth, or one or more other parameters applicable to a positioning technique or procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, the assistance data may be sent from one or more TRPs (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, a scheduled message, a unicast message, or a multicast message, among other examples). In some examples, a UE may be able to detect one or more neighboring TRPs (e.g., network entities) without the use of assistance data.

[0388] For OTDOA positioning techniques or DL-TDOA positioning techniques, the assistance data may indicate an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty or search window around the expected RSTD. For example, an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±500 microseconds (ps). In another example, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in frequency range 1 (FR1), an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±32 ps. In another example, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement s) are in frequency range 2 (FR2), an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±8 ps.

[0389] In some examples, a location may be referred to as a position estimate, location estimate, position, position fix, or fix, among other examples. A location may be geodetic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude) or may be civic and include a street address, postal address, or another description of a location. In some aspects, a location may be defined relative to another location or may be defined in absolute terms (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude). A location may include an indication of error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location may be included with a specified or default level of confidence).

[0390] Various examples of sidelink positioning techniques are illustrated in Figure 25. Sidelink positioning techniques may include positioning techniques that are based on sidelink communication (e.g., based exclusively on sidelink communication or based on sidelink communication jointly with other communication(s), such as Uu interface communication).Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO118

[0391] A first example of sidelink positioning 2535 is illustrated in Figure 25. In the first example of sidelink positioning 2535, at least one peer UE with an established location may improve location estimation (e.g., Uu-based positioning, multi-cell RTT, DL-TDOA, or UL-TDOA, among other examples) for a target UE by providing an additional anchor (e.g., sidelink RTT (SL-RTT)).

[0392] A second example of sidelink positioning 2540 is illustrated in Figure 25. In the second example of sidelink positioning 2540, different types (e.g., categories, classes, or capabilities) of UEs may be utilized. For example, first UEs and a second UE may be utilized. Relative to the second UE, the first UEs may have one or more increased capabilities, such as one or more additional sensors, a faster processor, greater memory capacity, one or more additional antenna elements, a higher transmit power capability, access to one or more additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the second UE may be a reduced capacity or “RedCap” UE. The second UE may be assisted by the first UEs to determine the location of the second UE. For instance, sidelink-based positioning or ranging procedures may be performed with the first UEs, which may enhance the location accuracy of the second UE.

[0393] A third example of sidelink positioning 2545 is illustrated in Figure 25. The third example of sidelink positioning 2545 may be performed via one or more sidelink connections (e.g., via sidelink connections exclusively or jointly with one or more Uu-based connections). In the third example of sidelink positioning 2545, the UEs may perform peer-to-peer (P2P) positioning or ranging. Sidelink positioning may be helpful for out-of-coverage or public safety scenarios. For instance, the UEs may be out of coverage of a network and may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the UEs using sidelink positioning techniques. In some examples, sidelink positioning may be performed by UEs in public safety scenarios (e.g., for police, firefighters, search-and-rescue, or paramedics, among other examples).

[0394] A fourth example of sidelink positioning 2550 is illustrated in Figure 25. The fourth example of sidelink positioning 2550 may be performed via one or more sidelink connections (e.g., via sidelink connections exclusively or jointly with one or more Uu-based connections). In the fourth example of sidelink positioning 2550, one or more of the UEs may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position using sidelink positioning techniques, such as SL-RTT. For instance, one or more of the UEs Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO119may be out of coverage of a network and may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the UEs using sidelink positioning techniques.

[0395] An example of relay positioning 2555 is illustrated in Figure 25. In the example of relay positioning 2555, a relay UE (e.g., with an established location) may participate in the location estimation of a remote UE (without performing uplink reference signal transmission over the Uu interface, for instance). For example, the relay UE may receive a downlink PRS from a TRP and may relay an SL-PRS to the remote UE. In some cases, the remote UE may also receive another downlink PRS from the TRP. A positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) may utilize a downlink PRS measurement and an SL-PRS measurement with the established location of the relay UE to estimate the location of the remote UE.

[0396] An example of joint positioning 2560 is illustrated in Figure 25. In the example of joint positioning 2560, multiple peer UEs (without established locations, for instance) may be located. In some approaches, multiple peer UEs may be jointly located in NLOS conditions by utilizing one or more constraints from one or more peer (e.g., neighboring or nearby) UEs. As illustrated in Figure 25, RTT or TDOA techniques may be performed between TRP1 and each of the peer UEs, may be performed between TRP2 and each of the peer UEs, and may be performed between the peer UEs. In some examples, one or more of the peer UEs may report measurements from the RTT or TDOA technique(s) to a positioning device. The positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) may utilize the measurements from the RTT or TDOA technique(s) to estimate the locations of the peer UEs.

[0397] Some aspects of the techniques described herein may be performed in conjunction with one or more of the positioning techniques described with reference to Figure 25. For instance, measurements of one or more signals (e.g., PRS, SRS, or other signal) may be input into one or more AI / ML models associated with integrity calculations in accordance with one or more of the techniques described with reference to Figure 4 for one or more of the positioning techniques.

[0398] Figure 26 shows an example of a node diagram 2600 that supports integrity condition communications for positioning or sensing operations. Al models are programmatic or algorithmic structures that simulate intelligent behavior. MachineAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO120learning models may be examples of Al models. Machine learning models are programmatic or algorithmic structures that may be trained to...

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO149CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output, to a network entity, a request for label information associated with an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the request for the label information is based at least in part on an integrity condition related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy; andobtain the label information from the network entity based at least in part on the integrity condition, the label information comprising one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based at least in part on the label information, wherein the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation comprises performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output, to the network entity, a request for the integrity condition; and obtain information indicating the integrity condition from the network entity, wherein the information is obtained based at least in part on the request for the integrity condition.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO1504. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the integrity condition comprises a target integrity risk, a protection level, an alert limit, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

5. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the integrity indicator is indicative of an achieved protection level, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

6. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:obtain availability information from the network entity, wherein the availability information indicates an availability of the network entity to generate a label based at least in part on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output an indication of the integrity condition to the network entity, wherein the label information is obtained based at least in part on outputting the indication of the integrity condition.

8. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output a dataset and metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the metadata indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO1519. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output a request for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the request for the dataset indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

10. A network entity, compri sing :one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:obtain, from a wireless device, a request for label information associated with an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the request for the label information is based at least in part on an integrity condition related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy; andoutput the label information to the wireless device based at least in part on the integrity condition, the label information comprising one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

11. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based at least in part on the label information, wherein the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation comprises performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

12. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO152obtain, from the wireless device, a request for the integrity condition; and output information indicating the integrity condition to the wireless device, wherein the information is output based at least in part on the request for the integrity condition.

13. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the integrity condition comprises a target integrity risk, a protection level, an alert limit, a probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

14. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the integrity indicator is indicative of an achieved protection level, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

15. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:output availability information to the wireless device, wherein the availability information indicates an availability of the network entity to generate a label based at least in part on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

16. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:obtain an indication of the integrity condition from the wireless device, wherein the label information is output based at least in part on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

17. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO153output a dataset and metadata associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the metadata indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

18. The network entity of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to:output a request for a dataset associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the request for the dataset indicates the integrity condition related to the dataset.

19. A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:determine label information associated with an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the label information is based at least in part on an integrity condition related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy; and output, to a network entity, the label information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, the label information comprising one or more labels corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a label.

20. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based at least in part on the label information, wherein the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation comprises performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO15421. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:obtain, from the network entity, a request for the integrity condition; and output information indicating the integrity condition to the network entity, wherein the information is output based at least in part on the request for the integrity condition.

22. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the integrity indicator is indicative of an achieved protection level, status information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the label, or any combination thereof.

23. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output capability information to the network entity, wherein the capability information indicates a capability of the wireless device to generate a label based at least in part on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

24. The wireless device of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:obtain an indication of the integrity condition from the network entity, wherein the label information is output based at least in part on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.

25. A wireless device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO155one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:determine measurement information associated with an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning or sensing operation, wherein the measurement information is based at least in part on an integrity condition related to a degree of positioning or sensing accuracy; and output, to a network entity, the measurement information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based at least in part on the integrity condition, the measurement information comprising one or more measurements corresponding to the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation or an integrity indicator corresponding to a measurement.

26. The wireless device of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:perform the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation based at least in part on the measurement information, wherein the AI / ML-based positioning or sensing operation comprises performing data collection, AI / ML model training, AI / ML model tuning, AI / ML model execution, AI / ML model management, or AI / ML model monitoring.

27. The wireless device of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:obtain, from the network entity, a request for the integrity condition; and output information indicating the integrity condition to the network entity, wherein the information is output based at least in part on the request for the integrity condition.

28. The wireless device of claim 25, wherein the integrity indicator comprises an achieved protection level, status information associated with the measurement, availability information associated with the AI / ML-based positioning orAttorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2500889WO156sensing operation, an alert associated with reaching an alert limit, an integrity parameter related to the measurement, or any combination thereof.

29. The wireless device of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:output capability information to the network entity, wherein the capability information indicates a capability of the wireless device to determine the measurement information based at least in part on the integrity condition, a supported target integrity risk, a supported integrity limit, a supported probability distribution related to determining integrity information, or any combination thereof.

30. The wireless device of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:obtain an indication of the integrity condition from the network entity, wherein the measurement information is output based at least in part on obtaining the indication of the integrity condition.Attorney Docket No. PB0035GR.WO (114958.6653)

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