Systems and methods for carbon capture and co₂ transportation

Abstract

Example implementations include systems and methods for integrated transportation of captured carbon, including receiving, on a ferry vessel at a port, one or more containers filled with captured carbon, transporting, via the ferry vessel, the one or more containers, transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration, and returning, via the ferry vessel, the container to the port.

Description

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR CARBON CAPTURE AND CO2 TRANSPORTATION CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 788,600, filed April 14, 2025, entitled "Systems and Methods for Carbon Capture and CO2 Transportation," the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to carbon capture, and more particularly, to carbon capture and CO2 transportation systems and methods.BACKGROUND

[0003] Carbon capture is a process by which carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by industrial emitters is collected rather than released into the atmosphere. Captured CO2 may be transported from a capture site to a storage or sequestration location by various means, including pipelines, tanker trucks, rail, and marine vessels. TSO tank containers are standardized intermodal shipping containers designed for transport of liquids, gases, and powders across truck, rail, and ship. Ship-to-ship transfer of fluid cargo is practiced in the maritime industry for various substances. Modular, skid-mounted fluid-handling equipment is used in various industrial processing contexts.SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineate the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0005] In various aspects, systems and methods are disclosed for transferring a liquefied substance from ISO tank containers aboard a vessel. The system includes a plurality of modular transfer1AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1skids installed on the vessel, each modular transfer skid comprising a manifold configured to be fluidly coupled to a cluster of ISO tank containers, at least one liquid transfer pump configured to withdraw the liquefied substance from the cluster of ISO tank containers and discharge the liquefied substance to a bulk discharge line, and a vapor compressor configured to manage vapor pressure within the cluster of ISO tank containers during transfer operations. Each modular transfer skid is a self-contained fluid-handling unit that receives only electrical power, utility connections, bulk discharge piping, and a communication interface from the vessel. A central control system is communicatively coupled to the plurality of modular transfer skids and configured to coordinate operation of the plurality of modular transfer skids during transfer of the liquefied substance from the ISO tank containers to a receiving destination.

[0006] In various aspects, methods are disclosed for transferring liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) from ISO tank containers aboard a vessel to a receiving destination. The method includes grouping a plurality of ISO tank containers into one or more clusters, each cluster serviced by a respective modular transfer skid installed on the vessel, and for each cluster, withdrawing LCO2 from the ISO tank containers via a liquid transfer pump of the respective modular transfer skid and discharging the LCO2 to a bulk discharge line. During the withdrawing, a vapor compressor of the respective modular transfer skid is operated to maintain positive vapor pressure within the ISO tank containers of the cluster. A central control system coordinates operation of the one or more modular transfer skids to transfer the LCO2 to the receiving destination.

[0007] In various aspects, methods are disclosed for converting an existing vessel into a liquefied substance transfer vessel. The method includes installing one or more modular transfer skids on a deck of the existing vessel, each modular transfer skid comprising a manifold, at least one liquid transfer pump, and a vapor compressor, wherein each modular transfer skid is configured to service a cluster of ISO tank containers. Each modular transfer skid is connected to a bulk discharge line and utility systems of the existing vessel, and communicatively coupled to a central control system configured to coordinate transfer of the liquefied substance from the ISO tank containers to a receiving destination. The one or more modular transfer skids contain substantially all fluidhandling equipment required for transfer operations, such that the existing vessel requires no major structural modifications for the conversion.2AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1

[0008] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects comprise the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed, and this description is intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit the disclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements, and in which:

[0010] FIGs. 1A-1B are diagrams showing a carbon capture and CO2 transportation process, according to some aspects;

[0011] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an ISO tank container, according to some aspects;

[0012] FIG. 3 is a diagram showing transportation of an ISO tank container via transport vehicle on a road, according to some aspects;

[0013] FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an ISO tank container being loaded onto a ferry vessel for transportation, according to some aspects;

[0014] FIG. 5 is a diagram of a ferry vessel transporting ISO tank containers via waterway, according to some aspects;

[0015] FIG. 6 is a diagram of a ferry vessel alongside a transport vessel, according to some aspects;

[0016] FIG. 7 is a diagram of ferry vessel moored to a transport vessel for substance transfer, according to some aspects;

[0017] FIG. 8 is a diagram of substance transfer between ISO tank containers and a transport vessel, according to some aspects;

[0018] FIG. 9 is a diagram of ISO tank containers and a manifold / pump arrangement, according to some aspects;3AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0019] FIG. 10 is a method diagram of a carbon capture and CO? transportation process, according to some aspects;

[0020] FIG. 11 is a diagram of a full vessel arrangement showing multiple modular transfer skids and ISO tank container clusters, according to some aspects;

[0021] FIG. 12 is a diagram of a single cluster of ISO tank containers with a manifold module, according to some aspects;

[0022] FIG. 13 is a diagram of a general arrangement of a modular transfer skid, according to some aspects;

[0023] FIG. 14 is a diagram of a manifold module arrangement showing pump and compressor placement, according to some aspects;

[0024] FIG. 15 is a detailed diagram of a manifold module layout, according to some aspects;

[0025] FIG. 16 is a process flow diagram illustrating a vapor-assisted pump transfer mode, according to some aspects;

[0026] FIG. 17 is a process flow diagram illustrating a compressor-driven pressure transfer mode, according to some aspects;

[0027] FIG. 18 is a process flow diagram illustrating a heel CO2 recovery mode, according to some aspects;

[0028] FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a central control system coordinating multiple modular transfer skids, according to some aspects;

[0029] FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a retrofit installation of modular transfer skids on an existing vessel, according to some aspects..DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the appended drawings is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various 4AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known components may be shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.

[0031] Some present aspects implement reusable ISO tank containers for transportation of one or more substances, such as captured carbon, liquid natural gas, ammonia, and other substances, according to various aspects.

[0032] Turning now to the figures, example aspects are depicted with reference to one or more components described herein, where components in dashed lines may be optional.

[0033] FIG. 1A is a diagram showing a carbon capture and CO2 transportation process 100, according to some aspects. As shown in block 102a, a carbon emitter can perform one or more carbon capture processes that are now known or later developed. This CO2 captured by the emitter can be injected or inserted into an ISO tank container. In block 104a a CO2-filled ISO can be transported to a commercial container port. Once at the commercial container port, the ISO filled with CO2 can be stored in a holding area or directly offloaded from a transportation vehicle. In various examples, this can include offloading via crane, ramp, forklift, or other appropriate mechanism. In block 106a, a crane or other appropriate mechanism can be used to move the ISO tank container into a suitable location on a ferry vessel for transport. In block 108a, a ferry vessel carrying a CO2-filled ISO can be delivered to a transport vessel. Once the ferry vessel reaches the transport vessel, the CO2 can be transferred to the transport vessel. The transport vessel is then able to transport the CO2 to a destination location for permanent storage in a subsea reservoir at 110a. As used herein, the term 'ferry vessel' includes a marine vessel, a barge, or a ship configured to receive, transport, and return one or more containers, and is not limited to vessels that carry passengers or vehicles.

[0034] FIG. IB shows a carbon capture and CO2 transportation process 101 similar to process 100 of FIG. 1A, with additional return-cycle steps. As in FIG. 1A, captured CO2 is injected into ISO tank containers at 102b, transported to a commercial container port at 104b, and loaded onto a ferry vessel at 106b. At 107b, the ferry vessel delivers the CO2-filled ISO tank containers to a transport vessel, and at 108b the CO2 is transferred to the transport vessel for permanent storage.5AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1FIG. IB additionally shows that at 109b the ferry vessel transports the empty ISO tank containers back to port, where they are offloaded at 110b, loaded onto vehicles and returned to a carbon capture site at 112b, and refilled at 114b.

[0035] FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example ISO tank container 200, according to some aspects. An ISO tank container can be a standardized shipping container complying with specifications set by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), designed for interm odal transport across manned or autonomous truck, rail, ship, and air (e.g., helicopter, airplane, unmanned aerial vehicle) transportation methods. ISO tank containers are specialized for transportation of liquids, gases, and powders, and can be comprised of sturdy and nonreactive materials such as stainless steel.

[0036] As shown in FIG. 2, an ISO tank container 200 can include a tank 202 that is supported and protected by a frame 204, which comprises one or more bars or beams. Also included are one or more ports 206, including a filling port 206a and an evacuation port 206b. Various other components of ISO tank containers can include one or more walkways and / or ladders for users to access various components and perform tasks. Other components can include charts or data plates for informational purposes; valves, switches and / or handles for conducting tasks such as filling, venting, and / or other safety procedures; heating and / or cooling implements; electrical controls; sensors such as thermometers, pressure gauges, or others for monitoring vital aspects of the container and / or the contents of the container; insulation that helps protect the contents from ambient temperature during transport; and other components now known or later developed.

[0037] FIG. 3 is a diagram 300 showing transportation of an ISO tank container 200 via transport vehicle 302 on a road 304, according to some aspects. Although the transport vehicle shown in FIG. 3 is a semi tractor trailer, it should be understood that transport vehicles could also include trains or other vehicles that move about on a rail system. Alternatively or additionally, transport vehicles can include flying vehicles that are configured to safely transport ISO tank containers from one location to another.

[0038] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 showing an ISO tank container 200 being loaded onto a ferry vessel 402 for transportation, according to some aspects. As shown, a ferry vessel 402 can be moored6AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1dockside or adjacent to a platform 404. The platform 404 can have a crane 406 and / or other machine that is used to move objects, such as ISO tank containers, in three dimensions, and thereby load and / or unload the ferry vessel 402. The crane 406 can include a boom, hoist, ropes / chains, sheaves, and / or other components in order to move such objects. Once the ferry vessel 402 has been loaded with a desired quantity of ISO tank containers, it is ready for transport via one or more manmade or natural waterways, such as canals, streams, rivers, lakes, bays, coves, inlets, seas, oceans, or other waterways, as appropriate. In some aspects, a derrick located on the ferry vessel 402 can load and / or unload ISO tank containers.

[0039] FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 of a ferry vessel 402 transporting ISO tank containers 200 via waterway, according to some aspects. As shown, ISO tank containers 200 can be stacked on an open, semi-enclosed, or enclosed deck and / or cargo hold. In various aspects, once the full ISO tank containers 200 are on board, a ferry vessel crew can perform ISO-to-manifold couplings and / or connections and checks while the ship transits to a destination, such as a terminal and / or a STS (ship-to-ship) transfer location.

[0040] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 of a ferry vessel 402 alongside a transport vessel 602, according to some aspects. Upon arrival at a destination, shown in the example as a transport vessel 602, a crew of a ferry vessel 402 can moor the ferry vessel 402 for a substance transfer of the substance stored in ISO tank containers 200 (e.g., to transport vessel 602). Together with mooring lines, one or more substance transport lines (e.g., hoses and / or umbilical cables) are configured to be coupled and / or connected and validated. In some aspects, an automatic control system can be configured to manage transfer via automatic valves and pumps (e.g., see description provided with respect to FIGs. 5-8). An automatic control system can include one or more automatic valves, which can include vapor valves, liquid valves, and / or manual isolation and block-bleed valves. One or more of these valves can be configured to open and / or close and / or be configured for multiple positions. Additionally and / or alternatively, instrumentation can be included that is configured for ISO tank container inventory management. Additionally and / or alternatively, instrumentation configured for pump control, chill-down, and / or cavitation prevention.

[0041] In various aspects, a manifold system can also include one or more umbilical process (fluid) connection hoses configured to be fluidly coupled to one or more ISO tank containers. Further, a 7AFSDOCS:305700099.1manifold system can include work and / or access space for one or more users and / or operators to access, inspect, and / or manipulate one or more components such as pumps, valves, and / or ISO tank containers. A manifold can also include one or more leak detection (e.g., gas and / or fluid leak detection) systems. These leak detection systems can be integrated with the manifold and / or separate in various aspects. A manifold system can also include one or more electronic control panels that are electrically and / or communicatively coupled / connected to a central control system on the ferry vessel. In some aspects the one or more electronic control panels can be a slave and / or otherwise be controlled by the central control system, which can serve as a master and / or controller.

[0042] In some aspects a pump skid can include and / or be configured for operation with one or more suction and / or discharge chambers and / or buffer lines. A "Boil Off Management" compressor module can be included, and such module can be located within the manifold module.

[0043] Turning to FIGs. 7-8, transfer of one or more substances from ISO tank containers 200 to and / or from a transport vessel 602 includes coupling the one or more ISO tank containers 200 to one or more substance transfer lines (e g., export line 802 and / or import line 804).

[0044] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 of ferry vessel 402 moored to a transport vessel 602 for substance transfer, according to some aspects.

[0045] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 of substance transfer between ISO tank containers 200 and a transport vessel 602, according to some aspects. As shown, an implementation can include one or more ISO tank containers 200a, 200b, and / or 200n coupled to a transport vessel 602 via one or more substance transfer lines. For example, a first substance transfer line can be an export line 802 and a second substance transfer line can be an import line 804. In the example shown, each ISO tank container 200a, 200b, 200n includes an export coupling mechanism (e.g., a valve) 806a, 806b, 806n, respectively, that, when automatically, semi-automatically, and / or manually opened allows for fluid transfer of a substance stored in the respective ISO tank container 200a, 200b, 200n to transport vessel 602 via export line 802. One or more pumps 808a, 808b, 808n (e.g., a dedicated LCO2 pump) can be included between export coupling mechanism 806a, 806b, 806n that cause the substance stored in each ISO tank container 200a, 200b, 200n to be fluidly transferred from the8AFSDOCS:305700099.1ISO tank container to export line 802. These pumps 808a, 808b, 808n can be operated in sequence to achieve substance transfer. The use of individual pumps 808a, 808b, 808n that are dedicated to one or more respective ISO tank containers 200a, 200b, 200n allows for a high degree of control, operability, and reliability, as a single pump failure would affect only a small portion of the overall system. An export line valve 810 can be automatically, semi-automatically, and / or manually opened to allow for fluid transfer from export line 802 to transport vessel 602, where one or more tanks can receive the substance for storage and transportation on the way to a destination for offloading.

[0046] Similar to a substance export architecture (e.g., export coupling mechanisms 806a, 806b, 806n; pumps 808a, 808b, 808n, and export line valve 810), an import architecture can include various components. For example, as shown an import line assembly 812 can allow substance transfer from a transport vessel 602 to an import line 804. Import line assembly 812 can be a vapor balance and / or vapor return assembly that is configured to balance tank pressure of one or more fluidly coupled ISO tank containers as a first substance (e.g., CO2) is pumped (e.g., via export line valve 810) from ISO tank container(s) aboard a ferry vessel to a transport vessel. In some aspects, import line assembly 812 can be configured for a secondary purpose as an import valve for a secondary substance (e.g., LNG, ammonia, or other substance(s)). An import coupling mechanism (e.g., a valve) 814a, 814b, 814n, respectively, that, when automatically, semi-automatically, and / or manually opened allows for fluid transfer of a substance from import line 804 to a respective ISO tank container 200a, 200b, 200n for storage and transportation.

[0047] In some aspects, a centralized pump system with one or more larger pumps (not shown) can be coupled with export line 802 and / or import line 804 via their respective valves to allow for simultaneous offloading from multiple ISO tank containers and / or simultaneous import to multiple ISO tank containers.

[0048] In some aspects, less than all of the one or more ISO tank containers can have its substance offloaded at a time.

[0049] FIG. 9 is a diagram of ISO tank containers 200 and a manifold module 902, according to some aspects. Manifold module 902 can include one or more of instrumentation, hoses, valves,9AFSDOCS:305700099.1and / or pumps (e.g., pumps 808a, 808b, 808n of FIG. 8) that are configured to facilitate substance transfer to and / or from one or more ISO tank containers 200. Manifold module 902 is described in greater detail as modular transfer skid 1300 with respect to FIGs. 11-20, and the pumps 808a, 808b, 808n of FIG. 8 are described in greater detail as LCO2 transfer pump 1914 with respect to FIGs. 11-20. As an example, a first substance can be transferred from storage in the one or more ISO tank containers 200 to a transport vessel (e.g., see transport vessel 602 of FIGs. 6-8 and associated description). As another example, a first substance can be transferred from storage in the one or more ISO tank containers 200 to a terminal where it is stored for later transport or directly pumped into a reservoir for permanent storage.

[0050] In some aspects, the manifold module 902 can include operatively coupled manifold and pump subsystems. The manifold and / or pump skids can be stand-alone units equipped with lines, hoses, pumps, valves, and / or instrumentation, and configured as slave units to a centralized ferry control system that manages one or more such skids to achieve the overall cargo transfer and control plan.

[0051] FIG. 10 is a method diagram of a carbon capture and CO2 transportation process, according to some aspects. As shown at block 1002, a carbon emitter can perform one or more carbon capture processes that are now known or later developed. This CO2 captured by the emitter can be injected or inserted into an ISO tank container. At block 1004 a CO2-filled ISO tank container can be transported to a commercial container port. Once at the commercial container port, the ISO tank container filled with CO2 can be stored in a holding area or directly offloaded from a transportation vehicle. In various examples, this can include offloading via crane, ramp, forklift, or other appropriate mechanism. At 1006, a crane or other appropriate mechanism can be used to move the ISO tank container into a suitable location on a ferry vessel for transport. At 1007, a ferry vessel carrying a CO2-filled ISO can be delivered to a transport vessel. At 1008 the CO2 can be transferred from the ISO tank containers on the ferry vessel to the transport vessel. The transport vessel is then able to transport the CO2 to a destination location for permanent storage, for example, in an undersea reservoir at 1014. At block 1016 a secondary substance can be transferred from the transport vessel to the ISO tank container. At 1009 the ferry vessel can transport the ISO tank containers back to port where they can be offloaded at 1010. At 1112 the ISO tank containers can 10AFSlX)CS:305700099.1be loaded onto vehicles and transported to a carbon capture site. At 1002 ISO tank containers can be (re)filled.

[0052] Referring now to FIGs. 11-15, additional aspects of the modular transfer skid architecture will be described. FIGs. 11-15 provide a more detailed representation of the manifold module 902 of FIG. 9 and the substance transfer systems of FIGs. 6-8. In FIGs. 11-20 and the associated description, the manifold module 902 is referred to as modular transfer skid 1300, the pumps 808a, 808b, 808n are referred to as LCO2 transfer pump 1914, the export line 802 is referred to as bulk discharge line 1612, and the import line assembly 812 is referred to as vapor return line 1604. All other reference numerals from FIGs. 1-10 (including ISO tank container 200, ferry vessel 402, and transport vessel 602) remain unchanged.

[0053] FIG. 11 is a diagram of a full vessel arrangement 1100 showing multiple modular transfer skids 1300 and ISO tank container 200 clusters installed on a vessel, according to some aspects. In the illustrated configuration, twelve modular transfer skids 1300 service approximately one hundred and twenty ISO tank containers 200. The vessel transfer capacity scales linearly by adding additional modular transfer skids 1300 without redesigning the entire cargo system.

[0054] FIG. 12 is a diagram of a single cluster of approximately ten ISO tank containers 200 with a manifold module, according to some aspects. Instead of treating each ISO tank container 200 independently, containers are grouped into operational clusters. Each cluster is serviced by a dedicated modular transfer skid 1300 installed on the vessel deck. A representative configuration includes one modular transfer skid 1300 servicing approximately ten ISO tank containers 200, with multiple identical modular transfer skids 1300 installed on the vessel depending on the application or need.

[0055] FIG. 13 is a diagram of a general arrangement of a modular transfer skid 1300, according to some aspects. Each modular transfer skid 1300 contains substantially all fluid-handling components required to service its assigned cluster of ISO tank containers 200, including an ISO liquid connection manifold, isolation valves 1918, an LCO2 transfer pump 1914, a CO2 vapor compressor 1916, instrumentation and safety devices, and control interface electronics. The host vessel supplies only electrical power, utility connections (e.g., N2 and / or compressed air), bulk11AFSDOCS:305700099.1discharge piping to an export manifold, and a communication interface with a central control system 1900. Because each modular transfer skid 1300 is largely self-contained, modules may be installed or replaced without major vessel modifications, enabling rapid deployment, simplified maintenance, and retrofit to existing vessels.

[0056] FIG. 14 is a diagram of a manifold module arrangement showing pump and compressor placement, according to some aspects.

[0057] FIG. 15 is a detailed diagram of a manifold module layout, according to some aspects. As shown in FIG. 15, the modular transfer skid 1300 includes an operator-access corridor, ISO container connections, a CO2 compressor 1916, and an LCO2 (liquid) pump 1914.

[0058] Each modular transfer skid 1300 includes one or more liquid transfer pumps 1914 configured to withdraw liquid CO2 from the ISO tank containers 200 and discharge it to a bulk transfer line. The pumps 1914 may operate on all ISO tank containers 200 in a cluster simultaneously to minimize transfer time, or may sequence containers to allow cargo balancing or delivery to separate locations with partial loads.

[0059] Each modular transfer skid 1300 includes an integrated CO2 vapor compressor 1916 that performs several functions during transfer operations, including: vapor balance between ISO tank containers 200 and the receiving vessel; pressure maintenance within ISO tank containers 200; pump priming and cavitation prevention; vapor redistribution between containers; and enhanced liquid discharge efficiency. The vapor compressor 1916 may receive vapor from the receiving CO2 carrier, a vapor return line, or other ISO tank containers 200 within the cluster, and redistribute compressed vapor to selected ISO tank containers 200 to maintain proper pressure conditions during discharge.

[0060] FIG. 16 is a process flow diagram illustrating a vapor-assisted pump transfer mode of a modular transfer skid 1300, according to some aspects. This is an operating mode for transferring LCO2 from ISO tank containers 200 aboard a vessel to a receiving destination. The LCO2 transfer pump 1914 serves as the primary mover of liquid, while the CO2 vapor compressor 1916 simultaneously maintains positive pressure within the ISO tank containers 200 to support pump operation.12AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0061] As shown in FIG. 16, a cluster of approximately ten ISO tank containers 200 is fluidly coupled to a single modular transfer skid 1300. Each ISO tank container 200 in the illustrated configuration has a capacity of approximately 18 metric tons (MT) of LCO2, for a total cluster capacity of approximately 180 MT. The LCO2 within each ISO tank container 200 is maintained at a temperature of approximately -30°C and a pressure of approximately 16 barg, yielding a liquid density of approximately 1,077 kg / m3.

[0062] Each ISO tank container 200 is individually instrumented with a pressure indicating transmitter (PIT) 1920a, a temperature indicating transmitter (TIT) 1920b, and a flow control device (FC) 1920c. These per-container instruments provide real-time data to a skid control panel, which aggregates the instrument signals and relays them to a central control system 1900 for coordinated monitoring and control of the transfer operation.

[0063] During the vapor-assisted pump transfer mode, two simultaneous flow paths are active within the modular transfer skid 1300: a liquid discharge path and a vapor return path.

[0064] In the liquid discharge path, LCO2 is withdrawn from the ISO tank containers 200 through a liquid collection manifold 1608. The liquid collection manifold 1608 includes isolation valves 1918 that can be individually opened or closed to control which ISO tank containers 200 are actively discharging. From the liquid collection manifold 1608, the LCO2 flows to the LCO2 transfer pump 1914. In some aspects, the pump 1914 operates at a rate of approximately 2,271 liters per minute (1pm) and provides a pressure differential of approximately 3 barg, increasing the discharge pressure from approximately 13 barg at the pump suction to approximately 16 barg at the pump discharge. The pressurized LCO2 then passes through a flow metering module (FMM) 1610, which includes one or more temperature indicating transmitters, pressure indicating transmitters, and flow control devices for monitoring the discharge stream. From the FMM 1610, the LCO2 exits the modular transfer skid 1300 via a bulk discharge line 1612 for delivery to the receiving destination.

[0065] In the vapor return path, CO2 vapor is received from a vapor return line 1604 connected to the receiving destination (e.g., a bulk CO2 carrier vessel). The vapor enters the modular transfer skid 1300 at a pressure of approximately 13 barg and a temperature of approximately -30°C, at a13AFSDOCS:305700099.1rate of approximately 4,628 kg / hr. The CO2 vapor compressor 1916 receives the vapor at its suction side, compresses it by a pressure differential of approximately 3 barg (from approximately 13 barg to approximately 16 barg), and discharges the compressed vapor at a volumetric rate of approximately 188.44 m3 / hr. The compressed vapor is then distributed through a vapor distribution header 1606 to the vapor space of the ISO tank containers 200.

[0066] The injection of compressed vapor replaces the volume of liquid being withdrawn, thereby maintaining positive internal pressure within each container. This provides improved pump suction conditions, reduced cavitation risk, minimized vapor flashing, and faster discharge rates.

[0067] In some aspects, the vapor compressor 1916 may alternatively draw vapor from other ISO tank containers 200 within the same cluster, or from a dedicated vapor supply, and redistribute compressed vapor to selected containers as needed.

[0068] In the illustrated configuration, the liquid transfer time for a full cluster of ten ISO tank containers 200 (approximately 180 MT of LCO2) is approximately 73.6 minutes. The liquid discharge line from the pump 1914 to bulk storage has a pipe diameter of approximately 6.36 inches and carries liquid at a flow rate of approximately 146,768 kg / hr. The vapor return and redistribution lines have a pipe diameter of approximately 3.26 inches.

[0069] Multiple modular transfer skids 1300 may be installed on a single vessel, each servicing its own cluster of ISO tank containers 200, and may operate in parallel under the coordination of the central control system 1900 as described further with respect to FIG. 19.

[0070] In some aspects, the technology disclosed herein includes methods of transferring liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) from a cluster of ISO tank containers aboard a vessel using a modular transfer skid. In such aspects, the method includes fluidly coupling a cluster of ISO tank containers to a modular transfer skid installed on the vessel. In such aspects, the modular transfer skid includes a liquid collection manifold, an LCO2 transfer pump, a CO2 vapor compressor, and a vapor distribution header. In such aspects, the method includes simultaneously performing steps (a) and (b): (a) withdrawing LCO2 from the ISO tank containers through the liquid collection manifold and pumping the LCO2 via the LCO2 transfer pump through a bulk discharge line to a receiving destination; and (b) receiving CO2 vapor at a suction side of the CO2 vapor compressor,14AFSDOCS:305700099.1compressing the CO2 vapor, and distributing the compressed CO2 vapor through the vapor distribution header to a vapor space of the ISO tank containers, thereby maintaining positive pressure within the ISO tank containers during the withdrawing of step (a).

[0071] In some such aspects, the CO2 vapor is received from a vapor return line connected to the receiving destination. In some such aspects, the compressor redistributes compressed vapor from one or more first ISO tank containers in the cluster to one or more second ISO tank containers in the cluster. In some such aspects, each ISO tank container is individually monitored by a pressure indicating transmitter, a temperature indicating transmitter, and a flow control device, and wherein instrument signals are aggregated at a skid control panel and relayed to a central control system. In some such aspects, the liquid collection manifold includes isolation valves individually controllable to selectively discharge individual ISO tank containers.

[0072] FIG. 17 is a process flow diagram illustrating a compressor-driven pressure transfer mode of the modular transfer skid 1300, according to some aspects. The compressor-driven pressure transfer mode is an alternative operating mode in which compressed CO2 vapor is injected into the ISO tank containers 200 to increase internal pressure and force liquid CO2 out through the discharge manifold without relying on the liquid transfer pump 1914 as the primary mover. In this mode, the ISO tank containers 200 effectively function as pressurized liquid supply vessels, with the CO2 vapor compressor 1916 providing the motive force for liquid discharge.

[0073] As shown in FIG. 17, the modular transfer skid 1300 in the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode uses substantially the same piping architecture as the vapor-assisted pump transfer mode described with respect to FIG. 16, with one physical addition: a pump bypass line routed around the LCO2 transfer pump 1914. The pump bypass line includes a pump bypass valve 1919 that, when opened, allows liquid CO2 to flow from the liquid collection manifold 1608 directly to the flow metering module (FMM) 1610 without passing through the pump 1914. The pump bypass line branches from the liquid path downstream of the isolation valves 1918 and upstream of the pump 1914 suction, and rejoins the liquid discharge path downstream of the pump 1914 discharge and upstream of the FMM 1610.15AFSlX)CS:305700099.1

[0074] In the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode, the pump bypass valve 1919 is open and the CO2 transfer pump 1914 is bypassed. In some aspects, pump suction and discharge isolation valves are closed to isolate the inactive pump 1914 from the liquid flow path. The compressor-driven pressure transfer mode may be used when the pump 1914 is unavailable, necessitating pressure-driven transfer as the sole mechanism for liquid discharge. The remaining components of the modular transfer skid 1300, including the CO2 vapor compressor 1916, the vapor return line 1604, the vapor distribution header 1606, the liquid collection manifold 1608, the isolation valves 1918, the FMM 1610, the bulk discharge line 1612, and the per-container instrumentation (PIT 1920a, TIT 1920b, FC 1920c), operate in the same configuration and serve the same functions as described with respect to FIG. 16.

[0075] During the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode, two simultaneous flow paths are active within the modular transfer skid 1300: a vapor injection path and a pressure-driven liquid discharge path.

[0076] In the vapor injection path, CO2 vapor is received from the vapor return line 1604 connected to the receiving destination (e.g., a bulk CO2 carrier vessel). The CO2 vapor compressor 1916 receives the vapor at its suction side, compresses it by a pressure differential of approximately 3 barg (from approximately 13 barg to approximately 16 barg), and discharges the compressed vapor through the vapor distribution header 1606 to the vapor space of the ISO tank containers 200. This vapor injection path is the same as the vapor return path described with respect to FIG.16.

[0077] In the pressure-driven liquid discharge path, the injection of compressed vapor into the vapor space of the ISO tank containers 200 elevates the internal pressure within the containers, forcing LCO2 out through the liquid connections at the bottom of the containers. The LCO2 flows through the isolation valves 1918 into the liquid collection manifold 1608, through the open pump bypass valve 1919 (bypassing the inactive pump 1914), through the FMM 1610, and out via the bulk discharge line 1612 for delivery to the receiving destination. Because the liquid is driven by the pressure differential between the elevated ISO tank pressure and the receiving destination pressure, no mechanical pump action is required.16AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0078] The compressor-driven pressure transfer mode enables pressure-driven liquid transfer that may be used in several operational scenarios. Possible applications include supplementing pump discharge during normal operations to accelerate transfer rates, transferring cargo when pumps are unavailable, accelerating overall discharge rates, and providing redundancy for transfer operations. In aspects where the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode is used as a fallback when the pump 1914 is unavailable, the mode provides operational continuity, allowing cargo transfer to proceed without interruption.

[0079] The per-container instrumentation (PIT 1920a, TIT 1920b, FC 1920c) described with respect to FIG. 16 continues to monitor conditions within each ISO tank container 200 during the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode. The skid control panel aggregates instrument signals and relays them to the central control system 1900, enabling coordinated monitoring of pressures, temperatures, and flow rates across all containers in the cluster.

[0080] In some aspects, the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode may be used in combination with the vapor-assisted pump transfer mode described with respect to FIG. 16. For example, during vapor-assisted pump transfer, the pump bypass valve 1919 may be closed, and the pump 1914 serves as the primary mover of liquid while the compressor 1916 maintains positive vapor pressure. If the pump 1914 becomes unavailable during transfer operations, the system may switch to the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode by opening the pump bypass valve 1919, closing the pump isolation valves to isolate the pump 1914, and continuing liquid discharge under compressor-driven pressure without interrupting the overall transfer operation.

[0081] In some aspects, the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode represents a second stage in a complete transfer sequence. The vapor-assisted pump transfer mode (FIG. 16) may be performed first as the primary operating mode, followed by the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode (FIG. 17) if the pump becomes unavailable or if additional pressure-driven transfer is desired, followed by heel CO2 recovery (FIG. 18) to maximize the total mass of CO2 transferred from the ISO tank containers 200.

[0082] In some aspects, the technology disclosed herein includes methods for transferring liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) from a cluster of ISO tank containers aboard a vessel using a compressor-17AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1driven pressure transfer mode. In such aspects, the method includes fluidly coupling a cluster of ISO tank containers 200 to a modular transfer skid 1300 installed on the vessel, the modular transfer skid 1300 comprising a liquid collection manifold 1608, an LCO2 transfer pump 1914 with a pump bypass line and pump bypass valve 1919, a CO2 vapor compressor 1916, and a vapor distribution header 1606. In such aspects, the method includes opening the pump bypass valve 1919 to bypass the LCO2 transfer pump 1914, and simultaneously performing steps (a) and (b): (a) receiving CO2 vapor at a suction side of the CO2 vapor compressor 1916, compressing the CO2 vapor, and distributing the compressed CO2 vapor through the vapor distribution header 1606 to a vapor space of the ISO tank containers 200, thereby elevating internal pressure within the ISO tank containers 200; and (b) discharging LCO2 from the ISO tank containers 200 through the liquid collection manifold 1608 and through the pump bypass line and open pump bypass valve 1919 to a bulk discharge line 1612 for delivery to a receiving destination, the LCO2 being driven by the elevated internal pressure without reliance on the LCO2 transfer pump 1914 as a primary mover.

[0083] In some such aspects, the CO2 vapor is received from a vapor return line 1604 connected to the receiving destination. In some such aspects, the compressor 1916 redistributes compressed vapor from one or more first ISO tank containers 200 in the cluster to one or more second ISO tank containers 200 in the cluster. In some such aspects, the method further includes switching from a vapor-assisted pump transfer mode in which the LCO2 transfer pump 1914 is active and the pump bypass valve 1919 is closed, to the compressor-driven pressure transfer mode, responsive to the LCO2 transfer pump 1914 becoming unavailable. In some such aspects, each ISO tank container 200 is individually monitored by a pressure indicating transmitter (PIT) 1920a, a temperature indicating transmitter (TIT) 1920b, and a flow control device (FC) 1920c, and wherein instrument signals are aggregated at a skid control panel and relayed to a central control system 1900.

[0084] FIG. 18 is a process flow diagram illustrating a heel CO2 recovery mode of the modular transfer skid 1300, according to some aspects. The heel CO2 recovery mode is initiated after the LCO2 transfer pump 1914 reaches its suction limit and is shut down, and enables improved recovery of residual liquid CO2 remaining in the ISO tank containers 200 after pump discharge.18AFSDOCS:305700099.1Residual vapor and / or liquid remaining below the pump suction limit is commonly referred to as the "heel."

[0085] In the heel CO2 recovery mode, the vapor return line 1604 from the receiving vessel is inactive and its associated valve is closed. The LCO2 transfer pump 1914 is shut down. The CO2 vapor compressor 1916 is configured to reverse its compression direction relative to the vapor-assisted pump transfer mode described with respect to FIG. 16. Rather than compressing vapor into the ISO tank containers 200, the compressor 1916 draws residual CO2 from the ISO tank containers 200 through the manifold 1608 and isolation valves 1918, and discharges the recovered CO2 through the FMM 1610 and toward the bulk discharge line 1612 for delivery to the receiving destination.

[0086] In the illustrated configuration, each ISO tank container 200 begins the heel recovery mode at a pressure of approximately 16 barg with a residual heel mass of approximately 689 kg per container (approximately 6,893 kg total for a cluster of ten containers). The vapor compressor 1916 operates at a volumetric rate of approximately 188.44 m3 / hr. As residual CO2 is withdrawn, the pressure inside each ISO tank container 200 decreases progressively. Over a recovery period of approximately 150 minutes, the internal pressure decays from approximately 16 barg to approximately 0.8 barg, and the CO2 density within the containers decreases from approximately 41.24 kg / m3to approximately 2.14 kg / m3.

[0087] Because the volumetric pumping rate of the compressor 1916 remains approximately constant while the density of the CO2 within the containers decreases, the mass transfer rate decreases over time. At the beginning of the heel recovery cycle, the mass transfer rate is relatively high; as pressure and density decline, the rate of mass recovery decreases correspondingly.

[0088] In the illustrated configuration, the heel CO2 recovery mode recovers approximately 6,536 kg of the initial 6,893 kg heel mass, representing a recovery rate of approximately 94.8%. The final remaining mass of approximately 357 kg per cluster represents CO2 that cannot be economically recovered at the low terminal pressure.

[0089] The per-container instrumentation (PIT 1920a, TIT 1920b, FC 1920c) described with respect to FIG. 16 continues to monitor conditions within each ISO tank container 200 during heel19AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1recovery. The skid control panel aggregates instrument signals and relays them to the central control system 1900, enabling coordinated monitoring of the pressure decay and mass recovery process across all containers in the cluster.

[0090] The heel CO2 recovery mode represents the third stage in a complete transfer sequence: vapor-assisted pump transfer (FIG. 16) is performed first as the primary operating mode, followed by compressor-driven pressure transfer (FIG. 17) if used, followed by heel CO2 recovery (FIG. 18) to maximize the total mass of CO2 transferred from the ISO tank containers 200.

[0091] In some aspects, the technology disclosed herein includes methods for recovering residual carbon dioxide (CO2) from a cluster of ISO tank containers aboard a vessel after pump-based liquid transfer. In such aspects, the methods include shutting down a liquid transfer pump of a modular transfer skid fluidly coupled to the cluster of ISO tank containers, the liquid transfer pump having reached a suction limit. In such aspects, the methods include closing a vapor return line from a receiving destination to the modular transfer skid. In such aspects, the methods include reversing a compression direction of a CO2 vapor compressor of the modular transfer skid relative to a vapor-assisted pump transfer mode in which the vapor compressor maintains positive pressure within the ISO tank containers. In such aspects, the methods include operating the reversed CO2 vapor compressor to draw residual CO2 from the ISO tank containers through a manifold of the modular transfer skid and discharge the residual CO2 toward a bulk discharge line for delivery to the receiving destination.

[0092] In some such aspects the residual CO2 drawn from the ISO tank containers comprises CO2 remaining below the suction limit of the liquid transfer pump. In some such aspects pressure within each ISO tank container decreases progressively during the last step as residual CO2 is withdrawn. In some such aspects, a volumetric rate of the CO2 vapor compressor remains approximately constant during the last step, and a mass transfer rate decreases over time as density of the CO2 within the ISO tank containers decreases. In some such aspects, the method recovers at least approximately 90% of the residual CO2 remaining in the ISO tank containers at the time the liquid transfer pump is shut down. In some such aspects the heel CO2 recovery is performed as a third stage in a transfer sequence following vapor-assisted pump transfer and, optionally, compressor-driven pressure transfer. In some such aspects, each ISO tank container is individually 20AFSDOCS:305700099.1monitored by a pressure indicating transmitter, a temperature indicating transmitter, and a flow control device during the last step, and wherein instrument signals are aggregated at a skid control panel and relayed to a central control system.

[0093] FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of a central control system 1900 coordinating multiple modular transfer skids 1300, according to some aspects. The central control system 1900 is communicatively coupled to a plurality of modular transfer skids 1300 via a communication bus 1910.

[0094] The central control system 1900 includes a discharge sequencing module 1902, a vessel stability module 1904, a safety interlock module 1906, and an operator interface (HMI) 1908. The discharge sequencing module 1902 is configured to manage the sequence in which ISO tank containers 200 are discharged across the plurality of modular transfer skids 1300. The vessel stability module 1904 is configured to maintain balanced vessel loading conditions while maximizing transfer speed and ensuring proper at-sea ship ballasting and stability. The safety interlock module 1906 is configured to receive safety-related signals and initiate protective actions as needed.

[0095] Each modular transfer skid 1300 includes a skid control panel 1912 (e.g., 1912a, 1912b, 1912c, 1912n) that serves as a local slave controller. Each skid control panel 1912 is communicatively coupled to the central control system 1900 via the communication bus 1910. Each skid control panel 1912 receives control commands from the central control system 1900 and aggregates instrument signals from the modular transfer skid 1300's components, including the LCO2 transfer pump 1914, the CO2 vapor compressor 1916, the isolation valves 1918, and the perISO instrumentation (PIT 1920a, TIT 1920b, FC 1920c). The aggregated signals are relayed to the central control system 1900 for coordinated monitoring and control.

[0096] The central control system 1900 can be configured to control one or more components such as opening and / or closing individual ISO tank containers 200, starting and / or stopping individual and / or common pumps 1914, increasing and / or decreasing pressure of individual ISO tank containers 200 in order to manage operations such as an overall cargo plan. By controlling the21AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1sequence in which ISO tanks are discharged, the system can maintain balanced vessel loading conditions while maximizing transfer speed.

[0097] An STS mooring monitor 1922 is communicatively coupled to the safety interlock module 1906. The STS mooring monitor 1922 is configured to monitor ship-to-ship mooring status during STS operations. If one or more conditions are identified (e.g., a threshold distance is reached or exceeded, indicating the vessels are sensed to be drifting apart), the safety interlock module 1906 can be configured to automatically cease substance transfer and safely decouple one or more ISO tank containers 200 and / or vessels from each other.

[0098] Multiple modular transfer skids 1300 may operate simultaneously, coordinated through the central control system 1900. Parallel operation provides higher aggregate discharge rates, improved system redundancy, flexible discharge sequencing, and enhanced vessel stability management. If one modular transfer skid 1300 experiences an operational issue, other modular transfer skids 1300 may continue transferring cargo without interruption.

[0099] In some aspects, the central control system 1900 includes one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the central control system 1900 to perform the operations described herein, including coordinating discharge sequencing, managing vessel stability, monitoring safety interlocks, and communicating with skid control panels 1912. Each skid control panel 1912 may similarly include one or more processors and one or more non-transitory computer-readable media storing instructions for aggregating instrument signals from the modular transfer skid 1300's components and executing control commands received from the central control system 1900. The modules of the central control system 1900, including the discharge sequencing module 1902, the vessel stability module 1904, the safety interlock module 1906, and the operator interface 1908, may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, these modules may comprise instructions stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more processors.

[0100] As used herein, a "non-transitory computer-readable medium" includes any tangible medium that can store instructions for execution by a processor, including but not limited to22AFSDOCS:305700099.1magnetic storage devices, optical storage devices, flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), and other solid-state storage devices. A "processor" includes any general-purpose or special-purpose processing device, including but not limited to a central processing unit (CPU), microcontroller, programmable logic controller (PLC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), digital signal processor (DSP), or application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC).

[0101] FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram of a retrofit installation of modular transfer skids 1300 on an existing vessel deck 2000, according to some aspects. Conversion involves installing one or more modular transfer skids 1300 on the vessel deck 2000 and connecting them to a bulk discharge header 2002, a ship-side discharge manifold 2004, and the existing vessel's utility systems, including an electrical power supply 2006, a communication and data network 2008, and utility services 2010 (e.g., N2 and / or compressed air). The central control system 1900 may be installed in an existing bridge or control room.

[0102] Because the primary cargo handling equipment resides within the modular transfer skids 1300, the conversion requires no major structural modifications and may be completed quickly, reducing capital costs and deployment timelines. The modular approach allows installation on a wide range of vessels, including ferries, barges, and container ships.

[0103] In some aspects, a first set of modular transfer skids 1300 configured for a first substance (e.g., LCO2) is exchangeable with a second set configured for a different substance. Depending on fluid compatibility, this exchange can be managed via control system configuration; or, for incompatible fluids, one or more manifold modules can be replaced within a few days and without shipyard work.

[0104] In some aspects, the systems and methods described herein can include or be configured for dual functionality transportation of substances. For example, a ferry vessel can serve as a dualpurpose vessel, delivering Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in ISO tank containers to port from offshore and / or from another port. After combustion and carbon capture at an appropriate facility, resulting CO2 can be captured, liquefied, and loaded into the now-empty ISO tank containers. The ferry vessel can then transport the ISO tank containers to a bulk LCO2 carrier or other designated23AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1location. The ferry vessel, now with empty ISO tank containers, can return to the LNG carrier or other port to refill the tanks and repeat the cycle.

[0105] In aspects with dual use configuration, ISO tank containers may be specialized or configured for such operation. This can include the use of ISO tank containers that are cryogenic units, which may be larger than standard LCO2 ISOs, which may be incompatible with LNG. The ISO tank containers can be configured and / or be equipped with sampling and slow-purge connections, allowing on-board purging / cleaning of residual hydrocarbons and / or CO2 using a nitrogen generation system configured for such operation aboard the ferry vessel.

[0106] Examples of dual use configuration include use of ISO tank containers with LNG and CO2, where LNG fuel is delivered from an offshore platform or port and captured carbon is transported to a subterranean storage facility. Ammonia could be used in some examples, rather than LNG.

[0107] In some aspects, one or more modules can be configured to directly inject captured CO2 into carbon capture reservoir(s) via one or more offshore platforms via fluid coupling mechanisms. In such aspects, a ferry vessel can include one or more manifold and / or pump skids that are operatively configured with a high pressure vaporization module. A high pressure vaporization module can allow transfer and / or injection of a substance such as captured CO2 from one or more ISO tank containers aboard a ferry vessel to an undersea reservoir for sequestration, either directly or via an offshore platform.

[0108] In some aspects, the modular architecture allows incorporation of different fluid-handling modules for substances such as ammonia, liquefied hydrogen, or methanol, by exchanging one or more LCO2 pump skids for skids configured for the specific fluid to be handled, as described with respect to FIG. 20.

[0109] In some aspects, a CO2 vapor compression system can be configured to compress vapor CO2 from any ISO tank container to another ISO tank container via appropriate configuration with fluid communication, or directly to the bulk carrier (i.e., transport vessel) and / or offshore platform. ISO-to-ISO transfer enables vapor pressure assist, ensuring an equalized tank level offload to linked ISO tank containers per a cargo offload plan of the transport ferry.24AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0110] In some aspects, a CO2 vapor compression system can also accept high pressure CO2 vapor from a transport ship, and be configured to introduce the high pressure CO2 vapor to one or more of the ISO tank containers having adequate space for vapor in order to equalize tank pressure in linked ISO tank containers as liquid level in the ISO tank containers is reduced.

[0111] Upon completion of a substance transfer operation, an automatic system can indicate that the operation has been cleared and one or more substance transfer lines can be purged. Alternatively or additionally, an alert and / or signal can be configured to inform one or more persons (e.g., crew members) to disconnect the coupling between the vessels and the ferry vessel can return to port. While underway, the crew of the ferry vessel can disconnect or decouple and isolate one or more ISO tank containers from each other in preparation for crane operations at port. Accordingly, at port, the crane can be configured to unload one or more empty ISO tank containers and / or load full ISO tank containers, restarting the cycle.

[0112] In some aspects, the vapor-assisted pump transfer mode of a modular transfer skid 1300 comprises fluidly coupling a cluster of ISO tank containers 200 to the modular transfer skid 1300, the modular transfer skid 1300 comprising a liquid collection manifold 1608, an LCO2 transfer pump 1914, a CO2 vapor compressor 1916, and a vapor distribution header 1606. During the vapor-assisted pump transfer mode, two steps are performed simultaneously: (a) LCO2 is withdrawn from the ISO tank containers 200 through the liquid collection manifold 1608 and pumped via the LCO2 transfer pump 1914 through a bulk discharge line 1612 to a receiving destination; and (b) CO2 vapor is received at a suction side of the CO2 vapor compressor 1916, compressed, and distributed through the vapor distribution header 1606 to a vapor space of the ISO tank containers 200, thereby maintaining positive pressure within the ISO tank containers 200 during the withdrawing of step (a).

[0113] In some aspects, the CO2 vapor received at the suction side of the vapor compressor 1916 is received from a vapor return line 1604 connected to the receiving destination.

[0114] In some aspects, the vapor compressor 1916 redistributes compressed vapor from one or more first ISO tank containers 200 in the cluster to one or more second ISO tank containers 200 in the cluster.25AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0115] In some aspects, each ISO tank container 200 is individually monitored by a pressure indicating transmitter (PIT) 1920a, a temperature indicating transmitter (TIT) 1920b, and a flow control device (FC) 1920c. Instrument signals from each ISO tank container 200 are aggregated at a skid control panel 1912 and relayed to a central control system 1900.

[0116] In some aspects, the liquid collection manifold 1608 includes isolation valves 1918 that are individually controllable to selectively discharge individual ISO tank containers 200.

[0117] In some aspects, a system for transferring a liquefied substance from ISO tank containers 200 aboard a vessel includes a modular transfer skid 1300 comprising a manifold 1608, a liquid transfer pump 1914, and a vapor compressor 1916. A cluster of ISO tank containers 200 is fluidly coupled to the modular transfer skid 1300, wherein each ISO tank container 200 in the cluster is individually instrumented with a pressure indicating transmitter (PIT) 1920a, a temperature indicating transmitter (TIT) 1920b, and a flow control device (FC) 1920c. A skid control panel 1912 is configured to aggregate instrument signals from each ISO tank container 200 and relay the aggregated signals to a central control system 1900. The central control system 1900 is configured to monitor each ISO tank container 200 individually during transfer operations and to manage discharge sequencing based on the individual instrument signals.

[0118] In some aspects, the central control system 1900 is configured to individually open or close isolation valves 1918 associated with each ISO tank container 200 based on signals from the pressure indicating transmitter 1920a and the temperature indicating transmitter 1920b of the respective ISO tank container 200.

[0119] In some aspects, a dual-purpose ferry vessel is operated for substance transportation by loading, onto the ferry vessel at a first location, a plurality of ISO tank containers 200 filled with a first substance; transporting, via the ferry vessel, the plurality of ISO tank containers 200 to a second location; transferring the first substance from the plurality of ISO tank containers 200 at the second location; loading, into the plurality of ISO tank containers 200 at or near the second location, a second substance different from the first substance; transporting, via the ferry vessel, the plurality of ISO tank containers 200 containing the second substance to a third location; and transferring the second substance from the plurality of ISO tank containers 200 at the third location.26AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0120] In some aspects, the first substance is liquefied natural gas (LNG) and the second substance is liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2).

[0121] In some aspects, the first substance is ammonia and the second substance is liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2).

[0122] In some aspects, the ISO tank containers 200 are cryogenic units configured for compatibility with both the first substance and the second substance.

[0123] In some aspects, between transferring the first substance and loading the second substance, residual first substance is purged from the ISO tank containers 200 using a nitrogen generation system aboard the ferry vessel.

[0124] In some aspects, a ferry vessel configured for dual -sub stance transportation includes a deck configured to receive a plurality of ISO tank containers 200, one or more modular transfer skids 1300 installed on the deck and configured to facilitate transfer of a substance to or from the plurality of ISO tank containers 200, and a nitrogen generation system configured to purge residual substance from the ISO tank containers 200 aboard the ferry vessel to prepare the ISO tank containers 200 for loading of a different substance.

[0125] In some aspects, the ISO tank containers 200 are equipped with sampling and slow-purge connections configured for on-board purging and cleaning of residual hydrocarbons and / or CO2 using the nitrogen generation system.

[0126] In some aspects, vapor pressure within a cluster of ISO tank containers 200 is managed during a substance transfer operation by drawing CO2 vapor from a first ISO tank container 200 within the cluster via the vapor compressor 1916 of a modular transfer skid 1300, compressing the drawn CO2 vapor, and injecting the compressed CO2 vapor into a second ISO tank container 200 within the same cluster to equalize pressure between the first and second ISO tank containers 200 during discharge.

[0127] In some aspects, the injection of compressed vapor is performed according to a cargo offload plan to maintain equalized tank levels across linked ISO tank containers 200 in the cluster.27AFSDOCS:305700099.1

[0128] In some aspects, a system for managing vapor pressure during substance transfer from ISO tank containers 200 aboard a vessel includes a plurality of ISO tank containers 200 fluidly coupled to a modular transfer skid 1300, a CO2 vapor compressor 1916 configured to compress vapor CO2 from any ISO tank container 200 and inj ect the compressed vapor into any other ISO tank container 200 within the plurality via fluid communication, and a central control system 1900 configured to manage vapor redistribution among the plurality of ISO tank containers 200 to ensure equalized tank level offload according to a cargo plan.

[0129] In some aspects, the CO2 vapor compressor 1916 is further configured to accept high pressure CO2 vapor from a transport vessel 602 and introduce the high pressure CO2 vapor into one or more of the ISO tank containers 200 having adequate vapor space to equalize tank pressure as liquid level in the ISO tank containers 200 is reduced.

[0130] In some aspects, a system for transferring captured CO2 from ISO tank containers 200 aboard a ferry vessel 402 to an undersea reservoir includes the ferry vessel 402 configured to receive and transport a plurality of ISO tank containers 200 containing liquid CO2, one or more manifold and pump skids installed on the ferry vessel 402 and configured to be fluidly coupled to the plurality of ISO tank containers 200, and a high pressure vaporization module operatively configured with the one or more manifold and pump skids. The high pressure vaporization module is configured to vaporize liquid CO2 at elevated pressure for transfer and injection into an undersea reservoir for sequestration, either directly or via an offshore platform.

[0131] In some aspects, the high pressure vaporization module is configured to fluidly couple to an offshore platform via one or more fluid coupling mechanisms for direct injection of captured CO2 into carbon capture reservoirs.

[0132] In some aspects, a safety system for ship-to-ship substance transfer operations includes an STS mooring monitor 1922 configured to monitor a mooring status between a ferry vessel 402 and a transport vessel 602 during substance transfer, and a safety interlock module 1906 communicatively coupled to the STS mooring monitor 1922 and to a central control system 1900 of the ferry vessel 402. The safety interlock module 1906 is configured to, upon identification of a condition indicating the ferry vessel 402 and the transport vessel 602 are drifting apart beyond a28AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1threshold distance, automatically cease substance transfer and initiate safe decoupling of one or more substance transfer lines between the ferry vessel 402 and the transport vessel 602.

[0133] In some aspects, the STS mooring monitor 1922 is further communicatively coupled to one or more modular transfer skids 1300 aboard the ferry vessel 402, and the safety interlock module 1906 is configured to shut down liquid transfer pumps 1914 and vapor compressors 1916 of the one or more modular transfer skids 1300 upon identification of the condition.

[0134] In some aspects, a vessel is configured for transportation of different liquefied substances by removing a first set of modular transfer skids 1300 from the vessel, the first set configured for transfer of a first liquefied substance; installing a second set of modular transfer skids 1300 on the vessel, the second set configured for transfer of a second liquefied substance different from the first liquefied substance; and connecting the second set of modular transfer skids 1300 to a bulk discharge line 1612 and utility systems of the vessel. The installing and connecting are completed without shipyard work or major structural modifications to the vessel.

[0135] In some aspects, the first liquefied substance is liquid carbon dioxide (LCO2) and the second liquefied substance is ammonia, liquefied hydrogen, or methanol.

[0136] In some aspects, the first liquefied substance and the second liquefied substance are fluidcompatible, and the exchange is managed via a control system configuration without replacing manifold modules.

[0137] In some aspects, the first liquefied substance and the second liquefied substance are fluid-incompatible, and one or more manifold modules of the first set are replaced with manifold modules of the second set.

[0138] In some aspects, a method for integrated transportation of captured carbon comprises: receiving, on a ferry vessel at a port, one or more containers filled with captured carbon; transporting, via the ferry vessel, the one or more containers; transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration; and returning, via the ferry vessel, one or more of the one or more containers to the port.

[0139] In some such aspects, transferring captured carbon for sequestration further comprises transferring captured carbon to a transport vessel. In some such aspects, transferring captured 29AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1carbon from the one or more containers to the transport vessel further comprises fluidly coupling the one or more containers with one or more receiving tanks of the transport vessel. In some such aspects, the method further comprises fluidly coupling one or more import lines from one or more receiving tanks of the transport vessel with the one or more containers. In some such aspects, receiving the one or more containers fdled with captured carbon further comprises the one or more containers being loaded onto the ferry vessel via crane. In some such aspects, the one or more containers fdled with captured carbon are transported to the port via a truck or rail. In some such aspects, transferring captured carbon for sequestration further comprises transferring captured carbon to an offshore platform. In some such aspects, transferring captured carbon from the one or more containers to the offshore platform further comprises fluidly coupling the one or more containers with the offshore platform. In some such aspects, transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration further comprises simultaneously injecting vapor into the one or more containers as captured carbon is transferred. In some such aspects, transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration further comprises simultaneously injecting a fluid into the one or more containers as captured carbon is transferred. In some such aspects, the fluid is liquid natural gas. In some such aspects, the fluid is ammonia.

[0140] In some aspects, a system for integrated transportation of captured carbon comprises a ferry vessel configured to receive and transport one or more containers filled with captured carbon for sequestration, wherein the ferry vessel receives the one or more containers at a port, transports the one or more containers to a location, transfers the captured carbon from the one or more containers, and returns the one or more containers to the port. In some such aspects, the ferry vessel includes one or more fluid coupling mechanisms that is configured to couple with the one or more containers to transfer the captured carbon. In some such aspects, the one or more fluid coupling mechanisms comprise an export fluid coupling mechanism for coupling to an export line to export the captured carbon. In some such aspects, the one or more fluid coupling mechanisms further comprise an import fluid coupling mechanism for coupling to an import line to import a fluid into the one or more containers. In some such aspects, the captured carbon is transferred to a transport vessel. In some such aspects, the captured carbon is transferred to an offshore platform. In some30AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1such aspects, the ferry vessel returns the one or more containers filled with a secondary substance to the port. In some such aspects, the ferry vessel further comprises one or more modules for monitoring captured carbon transfer. In some aspects, a method of carbon capture and CO2 transportation comprises: transporting captured CO2 in an ISO tank container to a commercial container port; moving the ISO tank container into a suitable location on a ferry vessel for transport; delivering, via a ferry vessel, the ISO tank container to a transport vessel; transferring the captured CO2 from the ISO tank container to the transport vessel; and transporting, via the ferry vessel, the ISO tank container back to port.

[0141] In some aspects, a system for integrated transportation of captured carbon comprises a manifold subsystem configured to be coupled to one or more ISO tank containers, and a pump subsystem configured to be coupled to the manifold subsystem, wherein when the manifold subsystem is coupled to the one or more ISO tank containers and the pump subsystem is coupled to the manifold subsystem, captured CO2 can be transferred from storage in the one or more ISO tank containers to a transport vessel for permanent storage. In some such aspects, the system further comprises a ferry vessel configured to receive and transport the one or more ISO tank containers filled with captured carbon. In some such aspects, the manifold subsystem further comprises a manifold skid. In some such aspects, the pump subsystem further comprises a pump skid.

[0142] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean "one and only one" unless specifically so stated, but rather "one or more." The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or illustration." Any aspect described herein as "exemplary" is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term "some" refers to one or more. Combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C," "one or more of A, B, or C," "at least one of A, B, and C," "one or more of A, B, and C," and "A, B, C, or any combination 31AFSDOCS:305700Q99.1thereof include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as "at least one of A, B, or C," "one or more of A, B, or C," "at least one of A, B, and C," "one or more of A, B, and C," and "A, B, C, or any combination thereof may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words "module," "mechanism," "element," "device," and the like may not be a substitute for the word "means." As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase "means for."”AFSDOCS:305700099.1

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for integrated transportation of captured carbon, comprising: receiving, on a ferry vessel at a port, one or more containers fdled with captured carbon; transporting, via the ferry vessel, the one or more containers;transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration; andreturning, via the ferry vessel, one or more of the one or more containers to the port.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring captured carbon for sequestration further comprises:transferring captured carbon to a transport vessel.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein transferring captured carbon from the one or more containers to the transport vessel further comprises:fluidly coupling the one or more containers with one or more receiving tanks of the transport vessel.

4. The method of claim 3, further comprising:fluidly coupling one or more import lines from one or more receiving tanks of the transport vessel with the one or more containers.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein receiving the one or more containers fdled with captured carbon further comprises the one or more containers being loaded onto the ferry vessel via crane.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the one or more containers filled with captured carbon are transported to the port via a truck or rail.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring captured carbon for sequestration further comprises:transferring captured carbon to an offshore platform.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein transferring captured carbon from the one or more containers to the offshore platform further comprises:fluidly coupling the one or more containers with the offshore platform.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration further comprises:simultaneously injecting vapor into the one or more containers as captured carbon is ransferred.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein transferring, via one or more export lines, captured carbon from the one or more containers for sequestration further comprises:simultaneously injecting a fluid into the one or more containers as captured carbon is ransferred.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the fluid is liquid natural gas.

12. The method of claim 10, wherein the fluid is ammonia.

13. A system for integrated transportation of captured carbon, comprising:a ferry vessel configured to receive and transport one or more containers filled with captured carbon for sequestration,wherein the ferry vessel receives the one or more containers at a port, transports the one or more containers to a location, transfers the captured carbon from the one or more containers, and returns the one or more containers to the port.

14. The system of claim 13, wherein the ferry vessel includes one or more fluid coupling mechanisms that is configured to couple with the one or more containers to transfer the captured carbon.

15. The system of claim 14, wherein the one or more fluid coupling mechanisms comprise:an export fluid coupling mechanism for coupling to an export line to export the captured carbon.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the one or more fluid coupling mechanisms further comprise:an import fluid coupling mechanism for coupling to an import line to import a fluid into he one or more containers.

17. The system of claim 13, wherein the captured carbon is transferred to a transport essel.

18. The system of claim 13, wherein the captured carbon is transferred to an offshore platform.

19. The system of claim 13, wherein the ferry vessel returns the one or more containers filled with a secondary substance to the port.

20. The system of claim 13, wherein the ferry vessel further comprises one or more modules for monitoring captured carbon transfer.

21. A method of carbon capture and CO2 transportation, comprising: transporting captured CO2 in an ISO tank container to a commercial container port; moving the ISO tank container into a suitable location on a ferry vessel for transport; delivering, via a ferry vessel the ISO tank container a transport vessel;transferring the captured CO2 from the ISO tank container to the transport vessel; and transporting, via the ferry vessel the ISO tank container back to port.

22. A system for integrated transportation of captured carbon, comprising:a manifold subsystem configured to be coupled to one or more ISO tank containers; and a pump subsystem configured to be coupled to the manifold subsystem,wherein when the manifold subsystem is coupled to the one or more ISO tank containers and the pump subsystem is coupled to the manifold subsystem, captured CO2 can be transferred from storage in the one or more ISO tank containers to a transport vessel for permanent storage.

23. The system of claim 22, further comprising:a ferry vessel configured to receive and transport the one or more ISO tank containers filled ith captured carbon.

24. The system of claim 22, wherein the manifold subsystem further comprises: a manifold skid.

25. The system of claim 22, wherein the pump subsystem further comprises:a pump skid.

26. A system for transferring a liquefied substance from ISO tank containers aboard a essel, comprising:a plurality of modular transfer skids installed on the vessel, each modular transfer skid comprising:a manifold configured to be fluidly coupled to a cluster of ISO tank containers;at least one liquid transfer pump configured to withdraw the liquefied substance from the cluster of ISO tank containers and discharge the liquefied substance to a bulk discharge line; a vapor compressor configured to manage vapor pressure within the cluster of ISO tank containers during transfer operations; anda skid control panel configured to aggregate instrument signals from the cluster of ISO tank containers; anda central control system communicatively coupled to the plurality of modular transfer skids and configured to coordinate operation of the plurality of modular transfer skids during transfer of he liquefied substance from the ISO tank containers to a receiving destination,wherein each modular transfer skid is a self-contained fluid-handling unit that receives only electrical power, utility connections, bulk discharge piping, and a communication interface from he vessel.

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