Compositions and methods for ameliorating pain

Abstract

This invention is directed to compositions, methods and kits that can be used for the treatment or amelioration of pain.

Description

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR AMELIORATING PAINI'fledl] This application claims priority ftom U .S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 550,137 filed on August 25, 2017,. the enti re contents of which is encorporaied herein by reference , }Pi2{ All patents, patent applications and publications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this- application in order to more fully describe the state of the art as known to those skilled therein as of the date of the invention described and claimed herein.|ΘΘ03] This patent disclosure contains material tha is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure as it appears in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, bat otherwise reserves any and all copyright rights,GOVERNMENT INTERESTS|ΘΘ04 This invention was made with government support under Grant No. P30GM l 03340 awarded by the'National institutes of Health, The government has certain right i the invention.FIELD OF THE INVENTION10095] This invention is directed to compositions, methods and kits that can he used for the treatment or amelioration of pain, ACICCROU B OF THE INVENTIONf 6006] For many types of pain {e.g., common'headache, osteoarthritis) acetaminophen (ApAP, A½c tyl~para-arainQphenoI) has equal potency and efficacy to acetylsa!icyiic acid (aspirin). However, the safety of ApAP is a risk, paiticiilariy to a patient with, impaired liver- I. -fuRctioti Overdose (inadverteat or for deliberate self-harm) or use in patients with compromised liver function is the most common cause of fulminant hepatic failure in Western world (Bernal, William, et al. "Acute liver failure." The Lancet 376.9736 (2010): 1 0-201). in these patients, acute fulminant hepatic failure presents are rapid development of hepatic dysfunction, leasing to encephalopathy, coagulopathy, and progressive multi-organ failure.10807] ApAP overdose is the leadin cause for calls to Poison Control Centers across the United States with more than. 100,000 nual calls and. is the primary reason for more than 56,000 emergency room visits and 2,600 hos itali ations- annually,, resulting in. an estimated 458 deaths due to acute liver failure in. 201.4 (Mercola, FDA Finally Changes Prescription Recommendations for High-Dose ApAP, 2014),10008} ApAP's toxicity is thought to be mediated via a toxic metabolite, N-aeetyl- ben oqiunoneimine ( APQ1), which depletes hepatic and renal glutathione, a cytoprotective endogenous metabolite (Mason, . P., and. V. Fischer. Federation proceedings. Vol. 45. No. 10. 1 86.; Mitchell et ai, 1983). Hepatic toxicity with ApAP can occur at doses only 4- to 8- fold higher than the maximum recommended analgesic dose (N'euberger et al., 1980); renal toxicity is rarely seen clinically. Pharmaceutical combinations that contain ApAP and a centrally acting analgesic can he even more dangerous than ApAP alone. With repeated use•these, combinations require higher doses to produce the same analgesic effect, because of an increase in tolerance. As the dose of the- combination is increased to compensate for analgesic tolerance, the safety of the drag decreases as the higher doses of the ApAP component,increase hepatic toxicity.SUMMARY OF THE I VE TIO ΙΘ009-} The present invention provides for analgesic compounds For treating pain.|θθ I ij hi some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises a compound of formula(I):wherein R comprises N¾, N(CI¾)2, NHC¾, N(CH2€M3)2>N2(€H2)4€H2QH5,NH(C¾)2C¾H5?NICSfcCsHs, NOiCi¾k NWCH3CH2CH2CH3?NHCH2QH4CH3,NHCH2C6f ¾Ct2, HCH2QH5CH3, NHCH2C6HsClfNHCflbQHsNQj, NHC5H4,NHCH2C(CH 2» HC(CH3)2» NHCH2CH2C«HJCOH)2, NHCHIC^ ,pharmacaliy acceptable salt thereof.|ΘΘ 1] in som embodiments, the analgesic compound comprise a corapo tmd of formula (II);wherein R is H. OH, an. alkyi group, a haloalkyl group, a halobenzyi group, a phenyl group, ~ O-(aikyl), -O-Oialoajkyl), -0-( haiobenxyl), ~0~(phenyl), an alky! phenyl, a haloalkyi-phenyl, an aikyl-halobenssene, an aik i-niirobenzesie, -Q-ialkyl phenyl), -Q-(haioalky1)-pheny1, a cycloal-kane group, and. wherein R"is selected torn the- group consisting of H and an alkyi group; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt ihereof. in some embodiments, R!comprises H,"CE (CH^C«H5fCH?<¾ CH?CH2CH2Cr¾, C¾C6¾C12!CH2C«H5CH3,CH¾QH5NO¾CSH4, CHjC(CHj)¾ C(C¾)¾ CH2CH2C MOr¾ CH2C«H4,C%CH2OH, or CH2CH{OH)C¾N¾; and wherein R!isselected from the group consisting of H and C¾. or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.{001. 1 In some embodiments, alkyl can comprise CNH^-!, for example, wherein N is 1-10. (0013| in some embodiments, ihe analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:

[0014] in some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following, chemical structure:

[0015] in some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:}0016| In some embodiments, ihe analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:10017] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:f0018] ft* some embodiments, the -aoalgesk compound comprises: the following chemical structure:|(Η)19] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:|OO20] In som embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the'following chemical structure:I&021] \\\ some em dim nt the analgesic compound comprises me following chemical structure:{ΘΘ22] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:ΘΘ23] Is sonae embodiments, the analgesic- compound comprises the following chemical structure;ΙΘΘ24] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound composes the following chemical structure:J0025] ∑n some embodiments, die analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:| 026j In some em od ments, the analgesic .-compound comprises the following chemical structure:ΘΘ27| In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the followiag chemical structure:10028] I» some embodiments, the analgesic compo nd comprises the following chemical structure:}0029j In some embodiments., the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:10030] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:Θ3Ϊ] In some embodim nts,,th analgesic compoun comprises the following, chemical structure:

[0032] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:

[0033] I» some embodiments, the analgesic com ound comprises the following chemical structure:{0034] In some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises the following chemical structure:

[0035] is some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises die followin chemical Structure;

[0036] fa some embodiments the analgesic compound has a reduced risk of hepatoioxioity when administered to a subject in vivo. For example, the composition can reduce the risk of hepatoioxscity by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%.

[0037] In .som e bodimen s, the analgesic compoimd exhibi ts analgesia comparable to ApA'P when administered to a subject in vivo.[0038} in some embodiments, the analgesic compound is a non-narcotic analgesic.

[0039] In some embodiments,, the analgesic compound exhibits antipyretic activity.[0040} hi some embodiments, the composition is not metabolized to NAPQI.ίββ4ϊ| In some embodiments, the analgesic compound has a reduced risk of hepaiotoxiciiy, exhibits analgesia comparable to ApAP, is nonnarcotic, exhibits antipyresis, and is not metafaolked to NAPQl when administered to a subject in Vivo,10042] Th present invention is further directed towards pharmaceutical, compositions comprising an analgesic- compound as -described herein and a second active ingredient, such as an opioid or an non-steroidal, ant fl ma ory drug (NSAID).. on-limiting examples such opioids comprise codeine, fentanyi, nydroeodone, hydrocodone ApAP, hydromorphone, meperidine, methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxycodone and ApAP, oxycodone and naloxone. Non-limiting examples of NSAlDs comprise aspirin, celecoxtb, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, ibuprofen, mdomefhacm, ketoprofen, ketorolac, nabomeione, naproxen, oxaproxte, piroxicara, salsalate, sulindac, and lolmetin.100 3] The present invention also provides for a method of treating pain in a subject, [0044} T he present invention farther provides for a method of alleviating pain to a subject. | 045{ Still farther, the present invention provides for a method of preventing pain in a subject, reducing the incidence of pain in a subject delaying the development of pain in a subject, preventing the development of pain in a subject, and / or palliating: pain in a subject.[0046) Non-limiting examples of sneh pain comprise acute pain, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, nocicepti ve pain, post-surgical pain, eye pain, denial pain, aiKt / or veterinary pain. In some embodiments, neuropathic pain comprises post-surgical pate, neuropathic pain, dental pain, ophthalmic pain, arthritic pain, post- andVor traumatic pain, or a combination thereof, 10047} in some embodiments, the method comprises administering to- a subject in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic compound or composition asdescribed hereto. For example, the therapeutically effective amount of the analgesiccompound or composition administered to a siibject can comprise a dose of about ΪΟμΜ to about lOia , or a dose of about 50μΜ to about ImM}004$| in some embodiments, iShe anal esic compound or compos tion is administered to a subject in a single dose, such as in a bolus. In other embodiments, the compound is administered at intervals of about 4 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours, in still other embodiments, the compound is administered continuously, such'as in a drip IV infusion.|0 9] In some embodiments, the eomposi fcion can b administered orally, such as in a pill, tablet, aqueous solution, or capsule; parentally, such as in an intravenous orintramuscular injection; iransdermally, such as in a -cream, lotion, or patch; or nasally, such as in a spray. In other embodiments, the composition can be administered suhcutaneously, intrapulmonary, topically, intravitreally, transmucosa'ily, rectally, and tranasallyadministration.10650} in some embodiments, the composition or analgesic compound as described herein can be administered to a subject together with a therapeutically effective amount of a second active ingredient, such as m opioid and / or MSA1D. The second active ingredient can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to the administration of a composition or analgesic compound as described herein.I'flesi] The present invention further provides a medical kit ibr the treatment of pain. In embodiments, the kit comprises printed instructions for administering the compound to the subject afflicted with pain and an analgesic compound or composition as described herein, 10052} Other objects and advantages of this invention will become readily- apparent from the ensuing description.- io -BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES}0¾53| FIG. 1 shows analgesia of .novel compounds SRP6D, is comparable to ApAP in an m vivo mouse model utUmag two pain assays. A) Acetic acid-induced a donnnal writhing assay . Number of abdominal stretches (writhes) induced by iajectioa of acetic acid, «~7, 0.05. SRP6D p=*QM2) and C) SRP6R (»«5, ¾i) 8) display analgesia compared to cotrlxol / ve cle only. B) Tad fliek assay. Percentage of maximum analgesia for each mouse were calculated with the formula, Percentage Analgesia™:l:00* [(Late»cy to. tail flick after drug in jection)-(Latency to tad flick at baseline)].] (12 sec cutoff time)-(Baseline latency)!}. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, n~10.0054} FIG. 2 shows hepatotoxicity assays in primary human hepaiocytes (hHEPs) reveal decreased toxicity for novel compounds SRP6D, R, compared to A AP and to first generation saccharin ApAP derivatives, SCP- 1 and SCP-IM. For example, doses tested were 500μΜ ApAP, SCP1 , SCP IM, SRP6D and SRP6R.f 5] FIG, 3 shows hepatotoxicity assays in primary human, hepaiocytes (hHEPs), revealing decreased toxicity for novel compounds SRPi D and R, compared to ApAP and to first generation saccharin ApAP derivatives, SCP-i and SCP-IM. A) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release is increased and B) reduced glutathione (GSfi) s decreased in hHEPs in a time and'dose-dependent manner for A pAP but not for SRP6D and R. Doses tested in ( A) and (B) were 500μΜ (,5mM) and ΙΟΟΟμΜ ( imM), C) A marked reduction in liver function tests is noted for the SRP6D and R, compared to ApAP, the largest being in ALT. Dosage tested was 600 mg kg.|0056} FIG. 4 shows an antipyretic effect for the SRP compounds. Temperature curves demonstrate comparable antipyresis to ApAP for A) SRP6D and B) SRP6R in an LPS- induced fever mouse mode!. Note mat 2, 8 and I Oh, the antipyresis is similar for ApAP, SRP6D and SRP6R. A Baker's yeast-induced fever demonstrates similar antipyretic effectsof ApAP, C) SRP6D andD) SRP6R, n~10 per group. E) Pyrogeaic dose of baker yeast (15% yeast, 0. Iml / J Og body weight; control received ip injection of vehicle, 0,9% saline) was done ip and iemperatures were recorded at 4 hours, after which, drags were administered orally to febrile animals belonging io the treatment groups - ( ApAP and SRP compounds at 300 ffig / g body weight). Two hours post injection, rectal temperatures determined total change in body temperature. Data expressed as mean ± SEM, «::::l 0.ΘΘ57] FIG, S shows favorable cytochrome P45 metabolism fo SRP6D and SR R in various P450 isoenzymes, Red has mark demonstrates, the effect of ApAP and green hash mark denotes the first generation, sacchari derivati ve of ApAP. Top panels are enzyme activities in relative .fluorescence units and bottom panels are percent enzymatic activity. fOOSSj FIG. 6 shows standard curves for liver function tests (LFTs) for SRP compounds. 0059} FIG. 7 shows liver function assays. (ALT, AST and ALP) were run after dosing CD I male mice with 600 mg kg of compounds - SRP compounds and APAP via PO (per os) (gavage). The assays were rut* with serum collected from mice injected with compounds or vehicle, after overnight (15 hours) lasting. After drug administration, water and food were provided to the mice ad libitum. The results showed increased, levels of liver enzyme activity for APAP while, tire other compounds were similar to the vehicle. LFT levels lor the SRP compounds did not reach APAP levels.}θθό§] FIG. 8 shows chemical embodiments of the invention,10061} FIG. 9 shows functional assay to determine blood creatinine levels were run after dosing CD ! male mice with 600 mg Kg (body weight) of compounds ~ SRP compounds and APAP via PO (per os) (gavage). The assays were run with serum collected from mice injected with compounds or vehicle, after overnight (15 hours) fasting. After drug administration, water and food were provided to the mice ad libitum. The results showedincreased levels of creatinine for APAP while, S P6D was similar to the vehicle. LFT levels for the other S P compounds did not reach APAP levels.|ΘΘ62] FIG. 10 is a bar graph showing the distribution of calculated logP values of more than 3000 drugs on the market,10063) FIG. 11 is a bar grap showing results from, gas chromatography used to detect a toxic metabolite,, N-acetyI-ben / ^uino»eimiRe (NAPQI). Peak at 5.788.'DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 0064] Abbreviations an Definitions|0665) Detailed descriptions of one or more embodiments are provided herein, ft is to be imderstood, however, that the present invention can be embodied in various forms. Therefore, specific details disclosed herein are not to be interpreted as limiting, but. rather as a basis for the claims and as a representati ve basis for teaching one skilled in the art to employ the present invention in any appropriate manner.|0066] The singular forms "a", "an" and "the" include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claims and / or the specification can mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more; ' "at least one " and "one or more than one." 10067 Wherever an of the phrases "for example," "such as," "including" and the like are used herein, the phrase "and without limitation" is understood to follow unless explicitly stated otherwise. Similarly "an example," "exemplary" and the like are understood io be nonhmiting.10068] The term "substantially" allows for deviation from the descriptor at do not negatively impact the intended purpose. Descriptive terms are understood io be modified by the term "substantially" even if the word "substantially" is not explicitly recited,0063} The terms ''comprising'1and "mduding" and "having" and "involving" (and similarly "comprises", "includes1,"has," and "involves") and the like are usedinterchangeably and have the same meaning. Specifically, each of the terms is defined consistent with the common United States -patent law definition of "comprising" and is therefore interpreted to be an open term meaning "at least the following," and is also interpreted not to exclude additional features, limitations, aspects, etc. Thus, .for example, "a process involving steps a, b, and c" means that the process includes at least, steps a, b and c. Wherever the terms "a" or "an" are used, "one or more" is understood, unless such.Interpretation is nonsensical in context.f 007ij As used herein, the term "about" can refer to approximately, roughly, around, or in the region of. When the term "about" is used in conjunction with a numerical range, it modifies that range by extending the boundaries above and below the numerical values set forth. In general, the term "about" is used herein to modify a numerical value above and below the stated value by variance of 20 percent up or down (higher or lower).10072} Aspects of the invention are direc ted towards analgesic compounds and compositions comprising the analgesic compounds. The term "analgesic" or "analgesia" can refer to an agent that l essens, alleviates, reduces, re lieves, or extinguishes pain in an area of a subj ct's' body.| 73) Further, aspects of the inven tion are direc ted towards compounds and / orcompositions that exhibit an iipyrisis. For example, analgesic compounds as described herein can be considered " ntipyretics " or "antipyretic compounds," which can refer to a compound or composition that has the abili ty to reduce the subject's body temperature, such as to physiologically normal levels, when the subject has an abnormally high body temperature(e.g., fever). Antipyretic compounds, such as those described herein, can also block the onset of fever.|ΘΘ74] Embodiments of the invention demonstrate analgesic and / or antipyretic properties while having no or reduced levels of hepatotoxiciiy. The term "hepatotoxicity" can refer to the chemical- or drug-induced liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury or damage is a cause of acute or chronic liver disease. Hepaiotoxieiiy can be caused b'certain medicinal agents, when taken in overdoses or sometimes even when introduced within therapeutic ranges. 16075] ApAP is usually well tolerated in prescribed dose, but overdose is a common cause of drug-induced liver disease and. acute liver failure. Damage to the liver is no due to the drag itself but to a toxic .metabolite («Y-acetyl- f-*en«oqtiinone inline (NAPQl)) produced by cytochrome P-45 enzymes in the liver. In normal circumstances, this metabolite isdetoxified by conjugating with glutathione in phase 2 reaction, in an overdose, a large amount of NAPQl is generated, which overwhelms the detoxification process and leads to liver cell damage. Nitric oxide also plays a role in inducing toxicity. The risk of liver injury is influenced by several factors, such as the dose ingested, concurrent alcohol or other drug intake, and / or interval between ingestion and antidote. The dose toxic to the liver is quite variable from person to person and is often thought to be lower in chronicalcoholics. Measurement of blood level is important in assessing prognosis, wherein higher levels predicting a worse prognosis. Those that develop acute liver failure can still recover spontaneously, but can require transplantation if poor prognostic signs suchas encephalopathy or coagulopathy is present.|0O7 | In some embodiments, the analgesic compound or composition comprising the same has a reduced risk of hepatotoxicity., for example when compared to ApAP, when administered to a subject in vivo. For example, die composition can reduce the risk of hepatotoxicity by at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, or 50%.{0077} hi some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises formula (I):{0078] In. oilier embodiments, R comprises NHj, N(CI¾):, NHCEU, CCHjCIii ii.NH(CH2>2C«H5, NHCHsCsHs, N€XCH2) , NHCH2CH2CH2CH3, NHCH2H4CH3., NHCH2QH3CI2, NH<¾C«HjC%, HCH2QH5CI NHC¾CiH5N02, MHC5B4, HC¾C(C¾}2, ΝΗ€(<¾)2, NHC¾C¾C«Hj(OH)25NHCH2C«H N5NHCH2H3 CH35NHCH2CH2C4H4N, CCHj HjCHsOH, HCH2CH(OH)CH2NH2; or a pharmaceiitically acceptable sail. hereof,f 6079] m some embodiments, the analgesic compound comprises formula ill}:f 008§j In some embodiments,3can be H, OH, an alky! group, a halogen group, a haloalkyl group, a halobenzyl group, a. phenyl group, -O-(alkyi), -O-(lialoalky!), -O-(phenyl), -0~( haiobeoxyl), m alkyl phenyl, a haloalky'l-phenyt, an aikyl-ha!obesizene, an alkyl- nitrobetKene, -0-(alkyI pSieiiyl), -0-(teloa11i}'i -p1ienyl, a eycioalkaue group. In iurther .embodiments, Use aifc l group comprises C1-C2 carbon chains, C1-C3 carbon chains, C1-C4 carbon chains, C1- 5 carbon chains, C1-C6 carbon chains, C1-C7 carbon chains, C1-C8 carbon chains, CI-C9 carbon chains, Cl-CI carbon chains. In other embtxlimeats, the alkyl group can be C1-C4 carbon cbains. In some embodiments, the halogen can be F, Br,:CL In some embodiments, the cycloaikaae gronyp can be a 5-member ring. In some embodiments.the eycloaikane grou can be a 6-s.aember ring. In some embodiments, the analgesic compound described herein is pharmaceutically acceptable salt.[008:1 ] In yet other embodiments, R2can be H, OH, an alkyl group, a halogen group, a haloalkyl group, a halobenxyl group, a henyl group, -0-(alk\i), -O-(haloaSkyi), -0-(phenyl)s-0~( halobenzyl), an alky! phenyl, a haioalkyl-phenyl, an alkyl-haSobenzene, an alkyl- nitrobenzene, -C)-(alkyi phenyl}, -0-(hak aikyS)- henyi a eycloaikane group. In further embodiments, the alkyl group comprises C1 -C2 carbon chains, CI-C3 carbon chains, CS ~C4 carbon chains, C1-C5 carbon chains, C i-C'6 carbon chains, C1 -C7 carbon chains, C1-G8 carbon chains, C1~C¾ carbon chains, Ci -Ci carbon chains. In other embodiments, the alkyl group can be CI-C4 carbon chains. In. some embodiments, the halogen can be F, Br, CI, In some embodiments, the eycloaikane group can be a 5-member ring. In some embodiments, the eycloaikane grou can be a 6-member ring. In some embodiments, the analgesic compound described herein is pharmaceutically acceptable salt ,

[0082] In further embodiments, RJcomprises H, CH.¾, (CH^C^'Hs, C¾€<,}¾,C¾€H2C¾CH3, CH2C6H3CI2, CH2C¾H;CH3, a¾CcH5CI, CH2C6H¾N02!C5H4,CH2C(CH3)2, C(CH3¾«CH2CH2C<:,H3(OH)2, CH2C6H4N, CH.2C<jH3CH3,CH.2CH2C H N, C¾€I¾OH, or C¾CH{QH}CH;;N¾; and :?is selected from the groiip consisting of H and CH¾or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.} ΘΘ83 | N on- limiting examples of analgesic compounds of the inventions are shown in Table 1 below. As desired, such compounds can also be provided as salts thereof,f'0084] TABLE 1 :fOQSSf The logP value of a compound is a measure of the compound's hy drophiheiiy. The ksgP value of a compound, which is the logarithm of its partition coefficient between n~ ocia&olTypically, a tow solubility contributes io poor absorption. Low hydrophiheities are indicated by high logP. High logP values can indicate poor absorption or permeation. Low Calculated Log P (cLog P) values can indicate compounds with shorter half-lives and poor absorption. Low tiydrophiii cities and therefore high logP values cause poor absorption or permeation. Without being bound by theor ', for compounds to have a reasonable probability of being well absorbed, their togP value must not be greater than 5.0. Exemplary embodiments comprise compounds with intermediate cLog P values, such as about !., 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0,2.2, 2 A 2,6, 2.8, or 3. in some embodiments, the cLog P value of a. compound is about 2.0. Embodiments can also comprise a compound with a iogP value of no greater than about 5.0. Tile disixibitiion of calculated IogP values of more than 3000 drugs on the market is shown in FIG. 10 [source: http: / / w.opet ioIecM^^10086] Pain|flfl87] Embodiments cat) be used for the treatment or amelioration of pain, non-limiting examples of which comprise post-surgical, neuropathic, dental, ophthalmic, arthritic, post- and / or traoniatie pain.f 088 j The term- " an" can refer to all types of pain. For example, the term can refer to acute pains and chronic pains, such as neuropathic pain and posi-operittive / post-sorgieal pain, chronic lower back pain, ophthalmic, pain, arthritic pain, post-traumatic pain, traumatic pain., cluster headaches, herpes neuralgia, phantom limb pain, centra! pain, dental pain, opioid- resistant pain, visceral pain, surgical pain, bone injury pain, pain during labor and delivery, pain resulting from bums, including sunburn, postpartum pain, migraine, angina pain, and genitourinary tract-related pain including cystitis. The term can also refer to nociceptive pain or nociception, such as somatic pain (normal nerve response to a noxious stimulus). Pain can also refer to pain that is categorized temporally, e.g., chronic pain and. acute pain; pain that is categorized in terms of its severity, e.g., mild, moderate, or severe; and pain that is asymptom or a result of a disease state or syndrome, e.g., inflammatory pain, cancer pain, AIDS pain, arthropathy, migraine, trigeminal neuralgia, cardiac ischaemia, and diabetic neuropathy ($ee,-e<g„. Harrison's Principles, of Internal ' Medicine, pp. 93-98 (Wilson et al, eds., 12th ed. 1991); Williams ei ai,J qfMedm ! Ckem. 42: 1481-1485 (1999), herein each incorporated by reference in. their entirety).10089-j "Neuropathic pain" (NP) can refer to a type o f chronic pain thai frequently develops following an injury o disease of either nerve or peripheral tissue. Neuropathic pain(NP) can develop with ongoing, spontaneous, paroxysmal, aad lancinating pain components. Such NP is almost invariably associated with abnormalities of cutaneous sensibility in the forms of aliodynia (sensation of pain from stimuli thai are not normally painful), hyperalgesia (increased sensation to normally painful stimuli), and dysesthesia (unpleasant abnormal sensation). Although knowledge about neuropathic pain mechanisms has advancedtremendously, satisfactory treatment options for NP have been elusive.10098] Neuropathic pain according to the present disclosure can be divided into"peripheral" (originating in the peripheral nervous system) and "centot!." (originating ur die brain or spinal cord).{0091 j The features of neuropathic pain are known to be di fferen t from that of the general, nociceptive type of pain. Nociceptive type of pain can refer to a chronic or acute pain associated with a painful stimulus. Most animal models used to study pain and Sis treatment are based on the nociceptive type of pain, e.g., tail flick or hot plate models. Neuropathic pain can be induced by innocuous stimuli, and responds much less to some medications than does the nociceptive type. For example, opioids seldom have an analgesic effect on neuropathic pain, while opioids are successful in producing an analgesic effect on nociceptive paiu. Neuropathic pain can result from peripheral nerve trauma, (e.g., amputation), infection (e.g., post-herpetic neuralgia), infarct, or metabolic disturbance (e.g., diabetic neuralgia). New■treatment strategies are needed for treatment of neuropathic pain.0921 "Dental pain" can refer to pain felt in the mouth area, such as gams, teeth, and / or jaw. Dental pain can indicate an oral health problem, such as gum disease, tooth decay or TMJ disorder, although the pain can also be caused by conditions that are not. dental in nature, such as sinus or ear infections or'heart, problems.00931 I» most cases, dental pain can be caused be or can result -from to tooth decay.When a cavity gets larger, ii begins to irritate the pulp, which is the center of the tooth thatcontains nerves and blood vessels. The pulp can also be irritated when the tooth is touched or comes into contact with cold, hot or very sweet food and beverages. In advanced cases of tooth decay, destruction of the enamel and dentin (the middle layer of the tooth) can allow bacteria to invade the pulp, which can lead to infection and result in tooth abscess. Whenever the pulp becomes irritated, its nerves send signals to the brain, causing pain. Althoug the pain can. sometimes dissipate over time withou any treatment, the condition will continue to worsen and the pain can return if the tissue and bone surrounding the affected tooth becomes infected,|ΘΘ94{ Gingivi tis can. also be the cause of dental pain. The soft tissue of the gums can become .inflamed because of the build-up of plaque along the gum line. As a result, gums loosen and detach from the teeth, forming deep pockets of space between the gums and teeth. Bacteria invade these pockets, causing swelling, bleeding and pain. In severe cases, whe bacteria dissolve the bone surrounding tooth roots, tooth and bone l ss can occur. When the roots of teeth become exposed due to receding gums or bone loss, tooth sensitivity can result. Nerve endings contained in the lower part of the tooth reac t to certain stimuli, such as cold air, food o drinks, causing dental pain.95{ Dental pain can also occur in the jaw area and can be caused by, for example, muscle strain. The muscles controlling the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) can spasm and. trigger pain, this often happens in patients with an unstable bite, missing or improperly aligned teeth..J 96] The additions! oral symptoms that can be related to dental pain depend on its cause, non-limiting examples of which comprise sensitivity to certain stimuli (e.g., cold, heat, air, biting, chewing), loose teeth, bad bream (halitosis), red and / or swollen gums, bleeding gums, receding gums, difficulty opening or closing the mouth, cracking sound when jaw opens, foul-tasting discharge , and / or pus near the source of the pain. Furthermore, symptomsin other areas of the body can appear along with deatal pain, non-limiting examples of which comprise fever, headaches and difficulty swallowing or breathing.|ΘΘ97] Denial pain can be due to a variety of medical conditions, non~Kmitmg examples of which comprise tooth decay, gum disease, debris, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder, and or teeth grinding (bruxism). Other causes of dental pain comprise tooth eruption, such as in children, or toot impaction; fractured, cracked or broken teeth; exposed tooth root; dry socket (complication of tooth extraction); trauma to head or teeth; abnormal bite; recent dental work; and or meth mouth (caused by use of methainphetamine). Further, dental pain can also be the result of a condition elsewhere in the body, such as ear infection, sinus infection, migraines, heart problems (such as pain that increases with exertion), neurological conditions (e.g., trigeminal neuralgia), burning mouth syndrome, and / or salivary gland dysfunction.|0098| "Ophthalmic pain" or "eye pain," also known as ophthalmalgia can fall into one of two categories: ocular pain which occurs on the eye's surface, and / or orbital pain which occurs within the eye.0Θ99] Eye pain that occurs on the surface can be a scratching, burning, or itching sensation, Surface pain can be caused by irritation from a foreign object, infection, or trauma. |ΘΘΗΜ>} Eye pain that occurs deeper within the eye can be aching, gritty, stabbing, or throbbing.ίθθ ΙΜ j Eye pain can be accompanied by vision loss.} W2{ Ophthalmic pain, which occurs on the eye's surface, can be caused by, for example, a foreign object, conjunctivitis, contact lens irritation, corneal abrasion, injury, chemical bums and flash- bums to the eye, blepharitis, and / or a sty.|001 3j Ophthalmic pain that occurs within the eye (e.g. orbital pain) can be caused by glaucoma, optic neuritis, sinusitis, migraines, injury, iritis, and / or inflammation of the eye.ΘΘ104] "Arthritic pain*' can refer to any pain arising anatomically from the joints and their adjacent bones and non-osseous tissues. Any arthritic pain can be treated by the invention including, without limitation, any pain resulting from an auto-Immune, infectious, inflammatory, proliferative, regenerati ve or degenerative process so involving the joints of an animal or human patieiit. As such, suitable paia treatabie with ihe current invention includes pain from rheumatoid or osteo arthritis.|001.05'j'"Post-surgical paiV (interchangeably termed "post-mcisional" or "postraumatic paitf*} can refer to pain arising or resulting from an external tmurua such as a cut, puncture, incision, tear, or wound into tissue of an individual (including thai that arises from all surgical procedures, whether in vasive or non-invasive).|00106] In some embodiments, post-surgical pain is internal or external (includingperipheral) pain, and the wound, cut, trauma, tear or incision can occur accidentally (as with a traumatic wound) or deliberately (as with a surgical incision).00107} Post-surgical pain, as used herein, includes allodynia (i.e., increased response (i.e., a noxious perception) to a normally non-noxious stimulus) and hyperalgesia (i.e., increased response to a normally noxious or unpleasant stimulus), which can in turn, be thermal or mechanical (tactile) in nature. In some embodiments, the post-surgical pain is characterized by themial sensitivity, mechanical sensitivity and / or resting pain. In some embodiments, the post-surgical pain comprises mechanically-induced pain or resting pain, in otherembodiments, the post-surgical pain comprises resting pain.}09i#8j Pharmaceutical Combinations.100109} Embodiments comprise structural analogs of ApAP molecules that function as nontoxic, non-addictive, non-narcotic pain relievers. Such compounds can be a component of pharmaceutical combinations for the treatment or amelioration of pain.|θθ 1 I yj The pharmaceutical combinations- of the present invention comprise analgesics as described herein, such as SRP6D and SRP6R, in an admixture with an analgesic as described herein along with a pharmaceutically accepiabie carrier prepared according to conventional pharmaceutical techniques. According to the invention, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can comprise any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances i well, known in the art., Non4imiting examples of pharmaceuticall acceptable carriers comprise solid or liquid fillers, diluents, and'encapsulating: substances, including bat not limited to lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitoi, xylftol, erylhritol, nmliitoL starches, gum acacia, alginate, gelatin, calcium phosphate., calcium silicate, cellulose, methyl cellulose, micraerystaHine cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, water, methyl benzoate, propyl benzoate, talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil. The amount of the carrier employed in conjunction with the combination is sufficient to provide a practical quantity of material per unit dose of analgesic.[ΘΘΙ 11} The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art . Any conventional media or agent that is compatible with the active compound, can be used. Supplementary active compounds can also he incorporated into the compositions.|0'112| Pharmaceutically accepiabie carriers for oral administration comprise sugars, starches, cellulose and its derivatives, malt, gelatin, talc, calcium sulfate, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, polyois, algiutc acid, phosphate buffer solutions, emulsifiers, isotonic saline, .and pyrogen- free water. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for parenteral administration comprise isotonic saline, propylene glycol, ethyl oleate, pyrrolidone, aqueous elhanol, sesame oil, corn oil, and combinations thereof.00113} Various oral dosages forms can be employed, aon- imitkg examples of which comprise solid forms such as tablets, capsules, granules, suppositories and / or powders. Tablets can be compressed, tablet triturates, enteric -coated, sugar-coated, film-coated or multiple compressed, containing suitable binders, lubricants, diluents, disintegrating agents, coloring agents,, flavoring agents, flow-inducing agents, and melting agents. Liquid oral dosage forms comprise aqueous solution's, emulsions, sus ensions, syrups, aerosols and / or reconstituted solutions and / or suspensions. The composition can. alternatively be formulated for external topical application, or in the form, of a sterile injectable solution,f 0ii4j pharmaceutically effective combinations can b provided as a composition, comprising between 0.1 and 2000 rag / kg of an analgesic as described herein, such as SR.P6D and SRP6 For example, pharmaceutically effective combinations can be provided as a composition comprising about 0,1 mg kg, 1 mg kg, 10 rag / kg, 20 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg, 40 mg kg, 50 mg / kg, 60 mg kg, 70 mg kg, 80 mg kg, 90 mg / kg, 100 mg kg, 125 mg kg, 150 mg / kg, 175 mg kg, 200 mg / kg, 225 rag / kg, 250 mg kg, 275 mg / kg, 300 mg / kg, 325 mg kg, 350 mg kg, 375 mg / kg, 400 mg / kg, 425 mg kg, 450 mg kg, 475 mg kg, 500 mg / kg, 525 mg / kg, 550 mg / kg, 575 mg / kg, 600 mg / kg, 625 mg kg, 650 mg / kg, 675 mg / kg, 700 mg kg, 725 mg / kg, 750 mg / kg, 775 mg / kg, 800 mg / kg, 825 mg kg, 850 mg / kg, 875 mg / kg, 900 mg / kg, 925 mg kg, 950 mg / kg, 975 mg kg, 1000 mg / kg, 1100 mg / kg, 1200 mg / kg, 1300 mg / kg, 140 mg / kg, .1500 mg kg-, . I600'mg / kg, 1700 mg / kg, 1800 mg kgj 190 nig / kg, 2000 mg / kg of an analgesic. Useful pharmaceutically effective combinations can contain between about 300 mg / kg and about 1 00 mg kg of an analgesic as described herein, such as SRP6D and SEP6R. For example, embodiments as described herein can comprise about 300 mg / kg of an analgesic.|Θ0!.15} Piiamiaceutically effective combinations, such as a pill or tablet, can be comprise between 0.1 and 2000 mg of an analgesic as described herei n, such as S P6D an d SRP6R.For example, pharmaceutically effective combinations can comprise about 0.1 rag, 1 rag, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 rag, 40 rag, 50 rag, 60 rag, 70 mg, 80 rag, 90 mg, iOO rng, 125 mg, 150 mg, 175 mg, 200 rag, 225 mg, 250 mg, 275 nig, 300 . rag, 325 rag, 350 mg, 375 mg, 400 rag, 425 rag, 450 mg, 475 rag, 500 rag, 525 rag, 550 mg, 575 mg, 600 mg, 625 .rag, 650 mg, 675 mg, 700 rag, 725 mg, 750 mg, 775 mg, 800 rag, 825 rag, 850 mg, 875 mg, 900 rag, 925 mg, 950 mg, 975 rag, 1000 rag, 1100 mg, 1200 rag, BOO mg, 1 0i) mg, .1500 mg. 1600 rag, 1700 rag, 1800 rag, 1900 mg, 2000 mg of an analgesic. Usefull^niJi teudcaliy ecii e'Co biastroiiis can contain, between about 300 mg and about 1000 mg of an analgesic as described herein, such as S. P6D and S.RP6R. For example,enibodiraenis as described herein can comprise about 300 rag of an. analgesic.{ΘΘ116] The present invention also comprises the formation of ha maceutical acceptable, stable salts of the compounds as described herein, such as SRP6D and SRP6R, with metals or amines. Non-limiting examples of metals used as cations comprise alkali metals such as Na'or K+and alkaline-earth metals suc as g" !and Ca~\ Non-limiting examples of amines comprise N,N-dibenzyle yienediamme, chloro-procaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-methylglocamine and procaine.|00J 17] A pharmaceutical composition of the invention is formulated to be compatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routes of administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,: subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation^, transdermal (topical), transraucosai, and rectal administration. Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral,, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include the following .components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or oilier synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite: chelating agents such as emylenediamraeteiraacelie acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agentsfor the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH cars be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.f 00118} As an exemplary embodiment; pharmaceutical combinations of the in vention can be administered orally, either in the form of tablets containing exdpients such as starch or lactose, or in capsules, either alone or mixed with exeipienis, or in the form, of syrups or suspensions containing coloring or flavoring agents. The can. also be injected parenteraliy, for example in r muscidarly, intravenously or snbcutaneoiisly. In. parenteral administration, they can be used in the form of a sterile aqueous solution, which, can contain other solutes, such as, for example, any salt or glucose in order to make the solution isotonic.|00119} The compounds of the present invention can be administered to a subject for the treatment of pain, for example orally, either covered in gelatin capsules or compressed in lozenges. For oral therapeutic administration, said compounds ca be mixed with, excipients and used in the form of lozenges, tablets, capsules, elixirs, suspensions, syrups, wafers, chewing gum, and the like. These preparations could contai at least 0.5% of activecompound, but can vary depending on each form, in particular between 4% and 75%approximately of the weight of each unit. The amount of acti ve compound in. such compositions should be thai which is necessary for obtainin the correspondin dosage. For example, the compositions and preparations as described herein ca be prepared in such a way thai each oral dosage unit can contain between 0.1 rag and 300 rag of the active compound.|θθί2β] In parenteral therapeutic administration, the active compounds of this invention can be incorporated in a solution or suspension. Such preparations, for example, can contain at least 0.1% of the acti ve compo und, but can vary between 0.5% and 50% approximately of theweight of the preparation. For example, such preparations comprise about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, of the weight of the preparation The amount of acti ve compound in such compositions should be that which is necessary for obtaining the corresponding dosage. The compositions and preparations as described herein can be prepared in such a wa that each parenteral dosage unit can contain betwee .01 mg and 1000 mg, for exampl between about O.Sntg and 100 m of the active compound, for example. While intramuscular administration can be given in single dose or divided into up to multiple doses, such as three doses, intravenous administration can include a drip device for giving the dose by venocJysls, Parenteral administration can be performed by means o ampoules, disposable syringes or altiple-dose vials made of glass or plastic.|0β1211 Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for injectable use can include sterile aqueous solutions (where water soluble) or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. For intravenous administration, suitable carriers can include physiological saline, bacteriostatic water, Cremophor EM™ (BASF, Parsippany, NJ.) or phosphate buffered saline (PBS). In embodiments, the composition can be sterile and should be fluid to the extent that easy syringab lity exists. It can be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and can be preserved, against the contaminating action o raicroorgaaisras such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, a pharmaceutically acceptable polyol like glycerol, propylene glycol, liquid pol eiheySene glycol, and suitable mixtures thereof. Th proper fluidity can be maintained, .'for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. Pre vention of the action of microorgani sms can be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, far example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, and thimerosal. In many cases, it can be useful to include isotonic agents, forexample, sugars, poiyalcohols such as mannito!, sorbitol, sodium chloride in the composiiioa. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can occur by including an agent in the composiiioa which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearale and gelatin. ββ122| Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredientsenumerated herein, as required, followed by filtered sterilization. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle which contains a basic dispersion medium, and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein. iu the case of sterile powders for the prepara tion of sterile injectable solutions, examples of useful preparation methods are vacuum drying and freeze-dtying which yields a powder of the active ingredient, plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution, thereof.100123] Oral compositions generally include an inert, diluent or a edible carrier. They can be enclosed i gelatin capsules or compressed in to tablets. For the purpose of oraltherapeutic administration, the active compound, can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Oral compositions can also be prepared using a fluid carrier for use as a mouthwash, wherein the compound in the fluid carrier is applied orally and swished and expectorated or swallowed.{'00124] Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and / or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition. The tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can con tain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as macrocrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an■excipient such as starch, or lactose, a disintegratin agent such as alginie acid, Primogel or com starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or ster ies; a gl ani such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agentsuch as sucrose or saccharin; -or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.|ΘΘΙ 25) Systemic administration can also be by tmnsmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Snch penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fosidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration^ the active compounds, are formulated into ointments, Salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.{00126] The compounds of the present invention can be administered to a subject for the treatment of pain in a single dose, or as multiple doses over a period of time. Further, the compound can be administered at intervals of about 4 hours, 8 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, or longer. For example, a pill can be administered to a subject prior to the onset of pain to prevent pain, or a mul tiple pills can be administered over a period of time to ameliorate pain over said period.100127} Of necessity, there will be variations which will depend on the weight and conditions of the subject to be treated and on the particular administration route selected. |ΘΘ128) Methods o f Treatmentfu¾129j Embodiments can be used for th treatment or amel ioration of pain, non-limitin g examples of which comprise post-surgical, neuropathic, dental, ophthalmic, arthritic, post- and / or traumatic pain.00130} In embodiments, a compound as described herein, snch as S P6D or SRP6R, is used as the only physical ly active compound in the treatment of neuropathic pain withou t a second active agent, such as GABA analogous, such as Gabapentin ( eurontin).00131} hi oilier embodiments, the compositions as described herein can be administered to a subject concurrently with and / or in combination with a second active ingredient, such as an opioid or an non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Opioid drugs work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spina! cord. Non-limiting examples such opioids comprise codeine, fentanyi hydrocodone, hydrocodone ApAP, hydrornorphone, meperidine,methadone, morphine, oxycodone, oxycodone and ApAP, oxycodone and .naloxone.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSA!Ds) block the COX enzymes and reduce prostaglandins throughout the body. As a consequence, ongoing inflammation, pain, and fever are reduced. Non-limMng examples of NSAIDs comprise: aspirin, eeleeoxih,, diclofenac, diflunisal, etodolac, ibuprofon, indometiiacin, fcetoprofen, ketorolac, nabnmeione, naproxen, oxaprozin, piroxicam, saisalate, suUndae, and tolmetin.00132} Compounds of as described herein, for exampl e SRD6R and SRP6D, can be incorporated into pharmaceutical compositions suitable for adrnimstration. Suchcompositions can comprise a compound as described herei and a. pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier. Thus, in some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are present in a pharmaceutical composition.|(M)133 j For example, a pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound as described herein can be used for preventing and / or treating pain, such as a therapeutically effective .amount of SRP6D and SRF6R in admixture with a,pharniac utical acceptable carrier or excipient. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of SRP6D can be administered to a subject s as to prevent the onset of pain, or prevent the severity of pain from increasing. |θθ!34} "Treatment" can refer to an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired clinical resul ts, for example improvement, or alleviation of any aspeet of pain, such as aciite, chronic, inflammatory, neuropathic, or post-surgical pain. Beneficial or desired clinical results comprise, but are not limited to, one or more of the following; including lessening severity,- M -alleviation of one or more symptoms associated with pain including any aspect of pain (such as shortening duration of pain, and / or reduction of pain sensitivity or sensation).|θθί 35] "Ameliorating" pain or one or more symptoms of pain can refer to a lessening or improvement of one or more symptoms of a pain as compared to .not administering a composition as described here, such as SRP6D and SRP6R. "Ameliorating" can also comprise shortening or reduction in duration of a symptom. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of SRP D or SR.P6R can be administered to a subject afflicted with pam so as to ameliorate, or lessening, the pain.fOO &j The term "alleviate" or "alleviating" can refer to lightening or'.lessening the severity of a symptom, condition, or disorder. For example, a treatment, such as SRP60 or SRP6R., that reduce the severity of pain in a subject can be said to alleviate pain. For example, a therapeutically effective amount of SRP6D can foe administered to a subject afflicted with pain, wherein the severity of the pain is lessened. It is understood thai, in certain circumstances, a treatment can alleviate a symptom or condition without treating the imderlying disorder. In certain aspects, this term can be synonymous with the language "palliative treatment."|00137] Embodiments can be used for reducing the incidence of pain or delaying, non- limiting examples of which comprise post-surgical, neuropathic, dental, ophthalmic, arthritic, post- and / or traumatic pain. "Reducing incidence" -of pain can refer t any of reducing severity (which can include reducing need for and / or amount of (e.g., exposure to) other drugs and / or therapies generally used for this conditions):, duration, aad / or frequency (mchidiag, for example, delaying or increasing time to pain in an individual). As is understood by those skilled in tire art, individuals can vary in temts f their response to treatment, and, as such, for example, a '"m hod of reducing incidence of pain in an individual" reflects administering compositions as described herein, such as S P6D andSRF6R, based on a reasonable expectation that such administration can cause such a reduction in incidence in that particular individual|ΘΘ138] "Delaying" the development of pain can refer to deferring, hindering, slowing, retarding, stabilizing, and / or postponing progression of pain. This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disease and / or individuals being treated. As is evident to one skilled in the art, a sufficient or significant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that the individual does not develop pain. A method that "delays" development of the symptom, is a method that reduces probability of developing the symptom m a given time, frame and / or reduces extent of the symptoms in a gi ven time frame, when, compared to not using the method.|0β139] "Development" or "progression" of pain can. re fer to ritia! mani festations and / or ensuing progression of the disorder, .Development of pain can be detectable and assessed using standard clinical techniques as well known in the art. However, development also refers to progression that can be undetectable. For purpose of this invention, development or progression refers to the biological course of the symptoms, "Development" includes occurrence, recurrence, and onset. As used herein "onset" or "occurrence" of pain includes initial onset and / or recurrence. For example, embodiments as described herein can be used to prevent the developmen t of pai n, or prevent the progression of pain.{001401 Embodiments can be used'for palliating pain, non-limiting examples of which comprise post-surgical, neuropathic, dental, ophthalmic, arthritic., post- and / or traumatic pain. {'001411 "Palliating" pain or one or more symptoms of pain can refer to lessening the extent of one or more undesirable cimical manifestations of pain in an. individual or -population of individuals treated with a composition as described herein, such as SRP6D and SRP6R, |ΘΘ142 j Embodiments comprise administering to subject an effective amount of a composition as described herein, such as S P6D and SRP6R, for the treatment of pain.ίθθ:Ι43| An "effective amount",^sufficient amount" or 'therapeutically effective amount" can refer to an amount sufficient to effect beneficial or desired clinical results including alleviation or reduction in the pain sensation. For purposes of this invention, an effective amount of a composition as described herein, such as SR.P6D and SRP6R, can comprise an amount sufficient to treat, ameliorate, reduce the intensit of or prevent pain, of any sort, including acute, chronic, mflammatory, -neuropathic, or postsurgical pain. In some embodiments, an effective amount of compositions as described herein can modulate the sensitivity threshold to external stimuli to a level comparable to that observed in health subjects. In other embodiments, this level is not be comparable to that observed in healthy subjects, but is reduced compared to not receiving the combination therapy.{ΘΘ144] Specific compositions as described herein., such as SRP6D and SRP6R, can be administered to a subject by any suitable means, such as oral, intravenous, parenteral, subcutaneous, intrapulmonary, topical, mtraviireal, dermal, transniucosai, rectal, and intranasal administration. Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, or intraperitoneal administration. The compounds can also be administered transderma!iy, for example i the form of a slow-release subcutaneous implant or as a transdermal patch. They can also be administered by inhalation. Although direct oral administra tio can cause some loss of desired activity, for example pain re lieving acti vity, the analgesics can be packaged in such a way to protect the active ingredients) from digestion by use of enteric coatings, capsules or other methods known in the art.}P14Sj Comrolled-reSease pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts. The use of an optimally designed controlled- release preparation in medical treatment is characterized b a■minimum ■of drug substance being employed to cure or control tir condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug,reduced dosage frequency,, nd increased paiient compliance, in addition, controiled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the drug, and cm thus affect the occurrence of side (e.g., adverse) effects. 00J46| Most controiled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug (active ingredient) thai promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect., and gradually arid'..continually release of other amounts of'drug to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time, i order to maintain this constant level of drug in. the body, the drag must be released from the dosage form, at a rate that will, replace the amoun of drug being metabolized and excreted from the. body . Controiled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated b various conditions including, but not limited to, pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.00147] Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include, for example, the following components; a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; anti-inflammatory agents: antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as etfaylenediammetetraaeetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. pH can be adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide.00148) Compositions as described herein, such as SRP D and SRP6 , can beadministered to the subject, one time (e.g., as a single injection or deposition). While the term for administering of at least one compound to prevent pain varies depending on species, and the nature and severity of the: condition to be prevented or treated, the compound can be administered to humans for a short terra or a long terra, i.e. for 1 week to 1 year. Forexample, administration can be once or twice daily to a subject in need thereof for a period of time, such as one week or one month.|θθί 49] The dosage can vary depending upon known Factors such as the phaxmaeodynaraic characteristics of me active ingredient and its mode and route of administration; time of administration of active ingredient; age, sex, health and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms; kind of .concurrent treatment, frequency of.treatment and the effect desired; and rate o f excretion.f 00158] A therapeu cally effective dose can depend upon a number of factors known to. those of ordinary skill in the art. The dose($) can vary, fox example, depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the subject or sarople being treated, Anther depending upo the route by which the composition is to be administered, if applicable, and the effect which the practitioner desires. These amounts can be readily determined, by the skilled artisan. 100151] in some embodiments, the therapeutically effective amount is at least about 0, 1 rag / kg body weight, at least about 0.25 rag / kg body weight, at least about 0.5 mg / kg body weight, at least about 0,75 mg / kg body weight, at least about 1 mg / kg body weight, at least about 2 mg kg body weight, at least about 3 mg / kg body weight, at least about 4 mg kg body weight, at least about 5 mg kg body weight, at least about 6 mg kg body weight, at least about 7 mg kg body weight, at least about 8 mg / kg body weight, at least about 9 mg / kg body weight, at. least about 10 mg / kg body weight, at least about 15 mg / kg body weigh t, at Ieast about 20 mg kg body weight, at least about 25 mg / kg body weight, at least about 30 mg / kg body weight, at least about 40 mg kg body weight, at least, about 50 mg / kg body weight, at least about 75 mg kg body weight, at ieast about 100 mg kg body weight, at least about 200 mg / kg body weight, at least about 250 mg / kg body weight, at least about 30© mg / kg body weight, at least about 3500 mg / kg body weight, at least about 400 mg / kg body weight, at ieast about 45 mg / kg body weight, at least about 500 mg / kg body weight, at least about 550mg / k body weight, at least abou t 600 rag / kg body weight, at least about 650 mg / kg body weight, at least about 700 mg / kg body weight, at least about 750 mg / kg body weight, at least about 800 ma / kg body weight at least about 900 ma ks bodv weisht or at least about 1 00 mg / kg body weight.

[0152] A therapeutically effective dose can depend upon a number of factors know to those of ordinary skill m the art. The dose(s) can vary, for example, depending upon the identity, size, and condition of the subject or sample being treated, further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered, if applicable, and the effec t which the practitioner desires. These amounts can be readily determine'by "the skilled artisan. {00153] In an embodiment, the recommended daily dose range of a compound as described herein for pain as described herein lies within the range of from about a daily dose of about i rag / body to about! 0 g body, for example about 5 rag / body to about 5 g / body, or for example about 10 rag / body to about 2 g / body of the active ingredient is generally given for treating this disease, and an average single dose of about 0.5 nig to about 1 .rag, about 5 nig, about 10 nig, about 5 mg, about 100 nig, about 250 mg, about 500 nig, about 1 g, about 2 g and about 3 g is generally administered. Daily dose for administration in humans for treating or ameliorating pain could be in the range of about i mg / kg to about 300 mg / kg.[00154} A compound as described herein, for example SRP60 or SRP6R, or composition comprising -.the same catvbe administered, to the subject one time (e.g., as a single Injection or deposition). Alternatively, administration can be once or twice daily to a subject in need thereof for a period, of from about 2 to about 28 days, or from about 7 to about 10 da s, or from, about 7 to about 15 days. It can also be administered once or twice daily to a subject .for a period of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, , 10, 11, 12 times per year, or a combination thereof

[0155] Single unit dosage forms of the disclosure are suitable for oral mucosal (e.g., nasal, sublingual, vaginal, buccal, or rectal), parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intravenous,bolus injection, mtrarauscnlar, or intraarterial), topical (e.g., eye drops or other ophthalmic preparations), transdermal (e.g., cream, lotion, or dermal spray) or transcutaneousadministration to a patient Examples of dosage forms include, but are not limited to: tablets; caplets; capsules, such as soft elastic gelatin capsules; cachets; troches; lozenges; dispersions; suppositories; powders; aerosols (e.g., nasal, sprays or inhalers); gels; liquid dosage forms suitable for oral or mucosal adrakistration to a patient, including suspensions (e.g., aqueous or non-aqueous liquid suspensions or solutions, oil-irt-water emulsions, or a water-in-oil liquid emulsions), solutions, and elixirs; liquid dosage forms suitable for parenteral administration to a patient; eye drops or other ophthalmic preparations suitable for topical administration; and sterile solids (e.g., crystalline or amorphous solids) thai can be reconstituted to provide liquid dosage forms for parenteral administration to a subject.100156} The composition, shape, and type of dosage forms of the disclosure will typically vary depending on their use. Further, the dosage can vary depending upon known factors suc as the pharmacodynamic characteristics of the active ingredient and its mode and route of administration; time of administration of active ingredient; age, sex, heal th and weight of the recipient; nature and extent of symptoms; k ind of concurrent treatment, frequenc of treatment and the effect desired; and rate of excretion.100157} For example, a dosage form used in the acute treatment of a disease can contain larger amounts of one or more of the active agents it comprises than a dosage form used in the chronic treatment of th same disease. Similarly, a paren teral dosage form can contain smaller amounts of one or more of th active agents it comprises than an oral dosage form used to treat the same disease. These and other ways in which specific dosage forms encompassed, by this disclosure will vary from one another will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. See, e.g.. Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISth ed., Mack Pubhshing, Easton Pa. (1990),βθ158] Any of the therapeutic applications described herein can be applied to any subjec t in need of such therapy, including, for example, a mammal such as a mouse, a rat, a dog, a cat, a cow, a horse, a rabbit, a monkey, a pig, a sheep, a goat, or a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a mouse, rat, pig, or human, in some embodiments, the subject is a mouse, in some embodiments, the subject is a rat. In some embodiments, the subject is a pig. In some embodiments, me subject is a human.100159] Me ica! Kits0ί6β A "kit" or "medical ki " of the disclosure comprises a dosage form of a om ound of the disclosure, such as S P6D or SRP6R, or a pharmaceotically acceptable salt, solvate, hydrate, stereoisomer, prodrug, or clathrate thereof A kit can also include both SRF6D and SRP6R , either in combination, such as in a single tablet, or provided separately, such as in two tablets.100161| Kits can further comprise additional active agents, for example opioids or nonsteroidal anti-infiamroatories, examples of which are described herein. For example, an opioid can be provided in a kit described herein at dose lower than that currently used by a subject so as to decrease total body opioid consumption and the deleterious effects associated with prolonged opioid use. Kits of the disclosure can further comprise devices that are used to administer the acti ve ingredients. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, syringes, dri bags, patches, and inhalers. Kits can also comprise printed instructions, for administering the compound to a subject.JP162] Kits of die. invention can further comprise pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles, that can be used to administer one or more acti ve ingredients. For example, if art acti ve ingredient is provided in a solid form that must be reconstituted for parenteral administration, the kit can comprise a sealed container of a suitable vehicle in which the acti ve .ingredient can he dissolved to form a paniculate-free sterile solution thai is suitable for parenteraladministration. EsaiBpies of pharmaceutically accepteble vehicles include, bui are not limited to; Water for Injeciion IJSP; aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to. Sodium Chloride Injection, Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injeciion, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, and Lacteted Rmger's Injection; ater-miseible vehicles such as, but not limited to, ethyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and polypropylene glycol; and non-aqueous vehicles such as, but not limited to, com oil, cottonseed oil peanut oil, sesame oil, ethyloleate, isopropyi myristate, and benzyl benzo te.EXAMPLES{00163] Examples at e provided below to facilitate a mot e complete understanding of the invention. The following examples illustrate the exemplary modes of making and practicing the invention. However, the scope of the invention is not limited to specific embodiments disclosed in these Examples, which are for purposes of illustration only, since alternative methods can be utilised to obtain similar results.EXAMPLE 110016 ] Piscovery of ApAP analogs with retained analgesia and minima!hepatoioxtcityf Θ0165] Although ApAP is one of the most commonly used medicines worldwide, hepatotoxicily is the most significant risk, and overdose or use in patients with compromised liver function, is the most common cause of fulminant hepatic failure. Oxidation of Ap AP to. the metabolite A½cetyl- / ben2oquinone imnte (NAPQI) is the likel mechanism for the h.epatoioxicity. We previously synthesized an. A A analogue ar ng a heterocyclic moiety linked to ihe / ac>damin.opheno! fragment. Analogs to the metabolite of this ApAP analog were synthesized (SRP 6D and R) to further enhance the safety profile of these new chemical entities while retaining analgesia. These novel compounds displa analgesia comparable to ApAP with retained aniipyresis in a mouse model, while exhibiting decreased hepatotoxichy in'human hepatocytes (hHEPs). Compared to ApAP, SRP€D and R resulted in decreased lactate dehydrogenase and increased reduced glutathione in hHEPs and demonstrated a favorable cytochrome P450 metabolism and marked decreased liver function tests in an in vivo mouse model. Given the widespread use of ApAP as a standalone medication and in various combination formulations, this preclinical data establishes a novel pipeline of compounds to develop that maintain analgesia but have markedly diminished hepatotoxicily.|0β166] Introducttof}}00167| Acetaminophen, ApAP, also known as paracetamol, is N-acetyl-para^ammophenol (ApAP), the most common over the counter analgesic used worldwide}?]. he chemical structures of ApAP, ^aeetyI- / aminophenoL and ApAP metabol i te N- arachidonoylphenolmnine (AM 04), are below:m] APAP AUm|ΘΘ169] An anal e .analgesic, it was synthesized in the 1.878 in search of a safer acetanilide derivative devoid of methemoglobinemia toxicity causing cyanosis with analgesic and antipyretic activity, and briefly introduced into clinical practice in 1887J 3J. However, it was not widely adopted as an analgesic until the 1 50s after Brodte and Axelrod demonstr ted that ApAP was the major metabolite of the analines, acetanilide and phenacetin(4], devoid of methemoglobinemia and nephropathy, reintroducing ApAP,100170] Even though it has been used over several decades, ApAP has a rather narrow therapeutic index and significant side effecis are associated when overdose occurs, primarily hepatotoxicity. Hepatotoxicity has been the major cavea with use of ApAP, primarily ue to accidental or intentional overdose being the most coramon. cause of ftiiminaiit hepatic failure in the United States 5.) and in the Western world! ¾ requiring aggressive intensive care support, and, ia rare cases, liver transplantation! ¾]. Cases of ApAP hepatotoxicity can also occur in patients with compromised liver function not ingesting large doses of ApAP.Hepatotoxicity occurs via is oxidation of ApAP to the corresponding N-acetyl-p-faenzoqumoRe imine (NAPQI)[2, 7] thru cytochrome P450 metabolism, with resultant glutathione depletion, mitochondria! dysfunction and oxidative stress,1001711 Despite this long history , ApAP mechanism of action is still unclear, and this has been a challenge towards designing safer analgesic and antipyretic analogs. Distinct from non-steroidal auli-mfiammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which principally have anti-inflammatory and. Only -moderate · analgesia and anti-pyretic effec ts throug inhibi tion ofcyciooxy enases (COX- L -2), whether or not ApAP is a COX inhibitor has bee debated as it has no appreciable clinical anti-inflammatory Mictions, Some suggest it possesses the ability to ac as a COX-inhibitor b r uciug the protoporphyrin radical cation in the peroxidase site of prostaglandin E2 synthases (COX~enzymesj[ 8 ^ thereby reducing the prostaglandins responsible for pyrexia[9].00172} The discovery i 2005 of the Ap AP metabolite N-amchidonoylphenolamine (AM404, figure 1) as the amide formed from 4-aminoplienol and arachidonie acid by fatty amide hydrolase in the brain and spinal cord

[0010] suggest that ApAP can exert its effects thru activation of the capsaicin receptor. T PV 1 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily V, member S.)

[0011] and / or the eannabinoid CBI receptor system

[0012] . These putative mechanisms of action have led to the development of ApAP analogs, including an adamantyl analog of ApAP

[0013] that targets the TRPAI ion channel (transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1). Another strategy employed, has been to target the eannabinoid receptors CBI and CB2 thru modification of the main metabolite of ApAP, AM404, by placing an anaadamide chain instead of the acetamido group j T4|.00173} We have taken another approach,, creation of novel ApAP analogs that are not metabolized to NAPQi and, hence, result in minimal hepatotoxkity. This was achieved by replacing the methyl group with saccharin and various derivatives and analogs thereof, creating 2-(! ,l-dioxido-3-oxo-l>2-benzisoihia¾ol-2(3H)-yi)-N-(4-hydroxyphe- nyl)alkanecarboxaraides, bearing a heterocyclic moiety linked to the p-acyla kophenol fragment (SCP-1 ) 5). This modification also improves considerably its water solubility and maintains analgesia]~\6}. Here we describe the synthesis of novel analgesics., 2~<[{4~Hydroxy~ phenylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-sulfam (S P-6D) and n- 2-(2>3-Di hy droxyphenyi)-eihy l~2~<( (4~hyd oxy-phenykarbainoyi)-methyi]-snlfamoyl>-ben ainide (SRP-6R, figure 1),. which are analogs to the■metabolite of SCP-1 (SCF-IM) that display analgesia, a favorable cyiP450- metabolism profile and minimal hepatoioxieity.100174] Methodsf ΘΘ 175] Synthesis ( sacckarm derivatives{00176] Preparation of starting material S and saccharin derivati ves 7|0β1 7] 2~Chkwo-N-(4-hydroxypheiiy!)aceiamide 3 was synthesized by acylation of 4- aminophenol J with 2-chloroacetic anhydride, using a heterogeneous silica gel supported NaHSO* catalyst (NaHSC¼,Si02>) in CHjCl? at room temperature. Compound 3 was obtained in 75% yield (Scheme I).ΘΘ178] Preparation of compound 5 was carried out by using the procedure described by Trudell et al

[0017] . Thus, 2~chloro~N-(4-hydroxy-pheTiyl) acetamide 3 and saccharin sodium salt 4 were heated to reflux in DMF with catalytic amount of Nai The saccharin derivate Swas obtained by precipitation in ice / water and crystallized io eihanol / water, to give compound 5 (Scheme 1).|θθί 79] Reaction between compound 5 and amines 6 produces fee opening of the saccharin heterocyclic ring to give the desired N-substituted amides (Scheme 2), These reactions are carried out mostly in aqueous solution until complete disappearance of 5 by TLC.Scheme 2 6 f 00180] Preparation of saccharin derivativesfOOl 811 aHS04Si02catalyst To a solution of 4.14 g (0.03 mo!) ofNaHS0 -¾0 m 20 mL of water was added 10 g of silica gel (column chromatographic grade, 60 A, 200-400 mesh). The mixture was stirred for 15 min at room temperature and then gently heated in the rotary evaporator, until a free-flowing white solid was obtained. The catalyst was further dried under vacuum. for at least 48 h prior to use.00182] 2-Chloro-iY- 4 rydroxypheayi)acetaittlde, 3. To a mixture of 4-aminophenol 1(4.36 , 40 mfl o!) and 2-chloroacetic anhydride 2 (8,2 g, 48 mmol) in C¾C½ (200 mL) NaHS0 S >2 (4 g) was added. The mixture was heated to 3 S for 2,5 h and the reaction was monitored by TLC. The precipitaie was dissolved in ethanes! and the mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated and the residue washed -with water, to give 3 (5.74 g, 75 %) as a white solid; mp 142-144 °C; ¾ NMR (300MH DMSC3- ) δ 4.18 f , 2H, C¾), 6.71 (d, 111 J- 8.9 Hz, H ,5), 7.36 (d, 2H,^= 8.9 Hz, H-2,4), 9.27 (s, ΙΆ, OH% 10.03 (5, 1H, KH) ppm. C NMR (75MHz DMSO<fc) δ 44.0, 115.6, 121.6, 130.5, 154.2, 164,3.ppm.acetamide, 5. 2-Ciiioro-A-(4-¾ydroxyp}ienyi)acetaTnide 3 (5 g, 2? mraol) and saccharin sodium monohydrate 4 (7.25 g, 32.4 mmol) salt were mixed together in the presence of Nat (0.015 g, 2,30 mraoi) in DMF (15 rnL). The mixture was heated to reflux (160°C) for 2 hscooled to 25 Kl, and poured into cold water until BO additional precipitate formed to displace the DMF, The sticky while precipitate'was collected by vacuum filtration and allowed to dry in air for 90 .rain. The filter cake was dissolved in 50 % ethanol-water and crystallized to famish 6.72 g of S as white crystal 75 % yield.: p 204-207 *C;5H NMft (30QMH DMSO- t¾) & 4 2 (s, 2H, CH26,71 (d, 2H, 8,5 Hz, H~1.,S), 7.34 (d, 2H, .^ 8.5 J¾ H-¾4), 8.05 0??, 2H, 2«-aro ), 8.15 (tf, IH, J- 7. L H-arom), 8.35 id, 1 H, J- 7.4, H~arom), 9.26 (s, IH, OH). 10.06 (.v. IH, N / i ppm.5¾ NMR (75MHz DMS0->) 0 40,6, 1 15.2, 121.0, 12.1.8, 125.2, 126.5, 130, 1 , 135.5, 135.9, 136.0, 153.7, 158.8, 162.6 ppm.(00184) 2-<[( -Hydroxy~phen^(7a), OSA-6e|001SS| To meth famine aqueous solution ( 10 mL, 40 % 119 nvraoL) compound 5 (0.6 g, 1 .8 mmol) was added. The mix tore was stirred for 35 min and dried under vacuum to give a white solid. This compound was .purified by flash coiuma chromatograph (Ethyl acetate / Hexaae 9:1) to give 0.59 g, 89 %.; tnp'93-95*C. Ή NMR. (300MMz, DMSO-i ) δ , 2.80 d, 3H, J = 4.5 Hz, CH3), 3.67 (s, 2H, CH2), 6.64 (d, 2H, j= 8.8 Hz, H-1 ,5), 7.20 (d, 2H, I- 8.8 Hz, H-2,4), 7.49 (s. III HH), 7.55 (d, IH, j= 7.2 Hz, H-arom), 7.65 (m, 2H, H-arom), 7.86 (d, IH, J--- 7.4 Hz, H-arom), 8.69 ($, 11:1, J== 4.5Hz, MH), 9.20 ($, i Η, NH), 9.76 (ssΪΗ, OH) ppm.BC NMR (75 MHz, DMSO) δ 26.7, 39.1, 39.4, 39.7, 39.9, 40.2, 40.5, 40.8, 46.3, .1 15.4;129.0, 121.4, .129.6, 130.3, 130.4, 133.2, 136.2, 137.2, 153.9, 165.8, 169.2ppm.Scheme 3

[0186] 2»<[( »Hydroxy~phenylcarbam^b nzamide (7b). OSA-6d100187} To a solution of diethyla ine (0.657 g, 0.93 01L, 9 roraol) m water (15 mL) coropoiitid S (3 g, 3mraol) was added. The ''mixture, was stirred for 2 b at room, teoiperatore. The obtained solid was dried under vacuum and was poriiied by flash columnchrcssatography (Ethyl acetate / EiOH 6:4) to supply a white solid (0.960 g, 76 ¾): mp 187- 189°C; ' H N R (300 MH¾. DMSO) § 1, 19 it, - 7.2 Hz, 6H, 2C ¾)>2.93 (q, J - 7.2 Hz, 4H, 2C¾), 3.55 (s, 2H, C¾), 6.63 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H, H-arom), 7.23 (d, J= 8.7 Hz, 2H, H- arom), 7.40 (t, J ~ 7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (i, , / - 7.1 Hz, 1H, H-arom), 7.60 (d, J - 7.2 Hz, 1H, H- aroitt), 7.73 id, J - 7.5 Hz, 1 H, H-arom), 8.93 (¾·, 1 H, HA 9.20 (its, 1H, Mfi), 9.99 (s, 1 H, OH)ppm.l3C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO) S 1 U , 41.3, 46.4, 114,8, 120.8, 127.1, 127.2, 129.9, 130.0, 132.0, 135.3. 141.6, 153.2, 165.4ppra.Scheme 4ethylj-benzaniide (7c), 0SA-<Su|θθί 89] To a solution of l~(2~anunoethyl)pynx>lidine (0.684 g, 0.76 mL, 6 mmoi) in aceteitriie (15 raL) compound 5 (0,941 g, 2.Smraol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The obtained solid was filtrated and purified by flash column chromatography (Ethyl acetate / EtOH 9:.l ) to supply a white solid ( 1 .1 g, 80 %); mp 141- i42°C;!H. NMR. (300 MHz,. DMSQ) δ .71 (s, 4H), 2.54 is, 4H), 2.64.(s, 2¾ 3.43 s, 2H), 3.85 (s. 211). 6.59 id, J ^.S Hz, 2M), 6.95 id;, / 7 / 7 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (¾J = 7i Hz, 2H), 7,56 (L J:7.5: Hz, H I), 7.80 (<l J«7 7 Hz, HI), 9.21 (s, H i}.. 8,81 (s, 1H);. 9,87 (s, 1. H) ppnxBC NMR (75 MHz, DM.SO) δ 23.6, 38.2, 46.0, 53,4, 54,5, Π 5,7,, ! 22.2, 129.5, 129A 133.2, 137.2, 137.5, 154,5, .166.9, 167.8 ppm.Scheme 5s«lfajiioyi>-beiizaini(ie (7d), OSA-6r(00191] Dopamine hydrochloride (0.381 g, 2 n»»ol), NaaCOs (0.215 g, 2inmol) and compound 5 (0.333 g Iraraol) were added to 10ml of EtOH and heated to 65"C. The mixture was stirred for 18h. The obtained solid was filtrated and purified by flash columnchromatography (Ethyl acetate / EtOH 9:1} furnished compound 7d (0.350 g, 71 %): mp 87- 89 °C;Ή NM (300 MHz, DMSO) δ 2.68 (t, J- 7.4 Hz, 2H, 3.40 (i, J= 6.8 Hz, 2H, 0¾), 3.68 (d, J - 5.8 Hz, 2H, C½), 6.50 (dd, J:::8, , 1.5 Hz, 1 H, H-arotn), 6.70 ~ .58 (ra, 4H), 7.21 (d, J- 8.7 Hz, 2H, tf-arom), 7.50 - 7.3 <m, 2Η, H-arom, NH), 7.63 (dq, J = 7.5, 6.8 Hz, 2H, H-aroni), 7.87 (dd, J - 7.3, 1.0 Hz, 1 H, -mom% 8.65 (s, 1H, iW),8.77 (s, 1H, OH). 8.82 (t, , / === 5.6 Hz, 1 H, H), 9.18 (s. Hi, NH), 9.75 (s, 1 Η, OH) ppm.BC MR (75 MHz, DMSO) S 35,0, 42..1 , 46.7, Ϊ 15.7, 116.2, 1 6,7, 120,0, 121.6, 129.2, 129.8, 130.5, 130.6, 130.7, 133,4, 136.4, 137.4, .144,2, 145.7, 154.1, 165.9, 168.8 ppm.Sc me 6|ΘΘ Ϊ 92| Additional analogs of the above-described novel comp unds were similarly formed via reaction of compound 5 with various reagents through processes siaiiiar to those described above with respec t to select analogs of the .herein-described novel analgesics , in certain embodiments, compound 5 was mixed with a desired reagent ia a solution of water, ethanoi, methanol, aceloniiri!e, tetralrydrofuran, aqueous methylamrne, or any other organic or inorganic solvents known in the art as appropriate.\W\n\ Potential reagents include NI¾, NH(CH3)2, NH2CH3, NH(CM2CH3)25H2(CH2)4HCH2C«H5, NH2(CH2)2C6HS!NH2C¾C«H5>NHO(CHj}4, NH3CHjCH2CH2Cl:i3!H2CH2C6H4CH3, NH2CH2CeH.3C.l2, NH2CH2C«H5CH3, NH CHaQHsCl,H2C5H4, NH2CH2C(CH3)2, HjClCHi , NH2CH2CH2a¾(OH}2>H2 H.2C6.H N,or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.|θθί 94] Analogs created according to methods of synthesis described herein, include compositions having the following chemicai formulas:6o6w|001 5] Analgesia assays100196] Two different assays were utilized, to -quantify the analgesic effects of the compounds. All tests were performed on CD I male mice. Compounds SCP- i , SCP-1.M and. SR.P-6D, R (South Rampart Pharmaceuticals, New Orleans, LA), or APAP (Sigma, St. Loiiis, MO) and administered in a concentration of 75.rag / kg after suspension in the vehicle (0.9% saline), in. some embodiments, the vehicle can comprise Agent , 0.2%.., Bio- serve, or Labralii 1 44 (Gottefosee, France). Compound or vehicle was administered orally by lavage under briefhalothatte anesthesia to animals fasted overnight,|00197] Acetic acM-indueed abdominal writhing assay. Contraction of th abdom inal muscle and stretching of the hind limbs is induced as a response to intraperitoneal (ip) injection of an acetic acid solution, as described Hendershot and Forsaith, 1959. in this model of visceral pain, abdominal contractions (writhing) is induced in mice by an ip injection of 0,4% acetic acid at a dose of lOmL / g, 25 min after drug administration. The number of writhes is counted for 10 min beginning 5 mm after acetic acid injection. All animals (CDl male mice) were fasted overnight (15 hours) prior to testing and the compounds were administered orally to animals belonging t the treatment groups, ApAF and SRP compounds at 75 mg kg body weight). Data is expressed, as mean ± $E , n::::7.100198] Tai ftick msay. Analgesic effect of drugs was delen ned by using the reaction time (latency ) of mice t thermal stimulation of the tail. tip. All animals (CDl male mice) were fasted overnight (15 bono) and, their baseline tail flick latency (seconds) was recorded using an IITC Tail Flick Analgesia Meter. The tail of each mouse was exposed to a .focused beam of light and the latency to remove the tail irom the path of the stimulus were recordedelectronically using a photoelectric cell of the HTC Tail Flick Analgesia Meter. The stimulus intensity was adjusted to produce baseline latencies of 3-6 seconds. After measurement of baseline latency, drugs were administered per os to animals belonging to the treatment groups ~ (ApAP and SRP compounds at 600 rag / Kg body weight); control group received vehicle (0.9% saline only). At 30 minutes post injection, tail flick latency was recorded again to determine total change in latency. Percentage of -maximum analgesia for each mouse were calculated with the formula. Percentage Analgesia - 100* {[{Latenc to tail .flick after drug injeetion)~(Laiehey to tail .flick at'hasehne)] / (12 sec cutoff time)~(Baselrae latency)]}■ -Date expressed as mean ± SE , »-10.fftOl^l Anripyresis{ΘΘ2ΘΘ] The antipyretic effect of the compounds was assessed utilizing baker yeast-induced hypermermia. Alt animals (CD1 male mice) were fasted overnight. (15 hours) and, their baseline temperature was recorded using a Cole-Palmer rectal thermometer probe. Then they were injected thru the ip route with a pyrogeoic dose of baker yeast (15% yeast, OJ m! / !Og body weight) while, control and vehicle grou received an ip injec tion of vehicle (0.9% saline). Temperatures were again recorded at 4 hours, after which, the compounds were administered orally to febrile animals belonging to the treatment groups - (ApAP and SRP compounds at 300 rag / Kg body weight). Two hours post-injection, rectal temperatures were recorded once again, to determine total change in body temperature. Percentage Change in bod temperature is calculated with the formula. Percentage Change - [(Total change in bod temperature) / (Base temperature)*! 00], Data is expressed as mean* SEM, n~l0..00201 j Ce!h / CeU lines|β¾2β2] Hepaio yte c U line (HEPG-2 cells) and primary Human, hepaioeyies (h EP). HepaRG cells procured from Thermo Fisher Scientific (InvHrogen) are terminallydifferentiated hepatic cells, which are derived from a hepatic progenitor cell line that retainsmany characteristics of primary human hepatocyies. HepaRG cells were grown and maintained in EMEM containing NEAA (non-essential amino adds), supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), and incubated at 37 °C / 5% C02. hHEP, purchased from SC iSU! Xeriotech, were obtained from a 61 year-old Caucasian male individual donor who was a non-alcoholic and non-smoker. hHEP were grown in HCM (Cionetics,Walkersville, MD), and maintained in HMM (Cioneties, Wafkersvitle, MD) at 37»€ / $% C02, Cultures (80% confluent) of HepaRG ceils and hHEP growing in 6- and 24-weII plates, respectively, were held 6-8 h. in serum- free medium (EMEM., 0,5% FBS for HEPG-2, and HMM lor primary hepaiocytea) before tire addition of analgesics. The serum-starved cells were treated with APAP, SRP-6B, R, SCP-1 , SCP-IM or vehicle control for 6-8 h at 37 °C.J002§3 Hepatotoxivitv teMM.for.ApAP. (APAPl . mediated, liver injury . {AH.Ji . in hepatocytes.100204| LDH assay. Using the Pierce L'DH Cytotoxicity assay kit from Thermo Scientific, cells were incubated in presence of various drug compoonds, followed by collection of the medium supernatant. Release of LDH was measured in 96 well plate formats. Theahsorbance was measured at 4 0nra and 680nra and the final result was absorbance observed at 68 nm subtracted from absorbance observed at 49Ctam (A^aa ~ Α βΒ∞). G8H assay. Using the ThiolTracker Violet Glutathione Detection reagent from Molecular Probes(invitrogen), after hepatocytes were incubated in the presence of various compounds, incubation medium was removed, cells rinsed with D-PBS conditioned medium followed by incubation with pre-warmed ThiolTracker Violet dye:(working solution prepared as per manufacturer's instructions) for 30 minutes. Fhiorescen.ee was measured at the followin wavelengths; excitation (404nm) and emission (526nm), The finalized result was expressed as relative fluorescence units (RFU), which indicates the cellular level of reduced glutathione (GSH) i intact cells.00205} Liver fitncfion assays. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were run after dosing CD1 male mice with 600 nig / Kg of compounds - ApAP and SRP D and orally, via gavage. The assays were run with serum collected from mice injected with compounds or vehicle, after overnight (15 hours) fasting. After drag administration, water and food were provided to the rake ad libitum.|0029&'j Cytochrome P45Q enzyme _ metabolism profilef 00207} The■VI.V DCYP45 Screeni g assay ki (li e Technologies. l viirogen / Therrno Fisher Scientific) was used as an m vitro high throughput screening. Here, each compound was mixed with a master pre-mi comprising of CYP45Q BACULGSOMES (which are microsomes prepared from insect cells expressing a specific human P450 isoenzyme), reagent and regeneration system, which contained, g!ucose-6-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphaie dehydrogenase. The mixture was pre-incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes.Following this, eac CYP enzyme specific substrate and ADP' were added and the mixture incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by addition of 0,5 M Tris base. CYP acti vity was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence of the fluorescent metabolite generated from each CYP enzyme specific substrate.100298} Statistics. Changes of the withdrawal thresholds or latencies induced by a drug were first analyzed with a one-way AMO V A. Compari sons between the effects of diflereai drugs were then subjected to f-tests for unpaired means. A value oi < 0.05 was considered Significant.00209} Determination of metabolites: Gas chromatography was used to detect NAPQI (FIG. 11). Without being bound by theory, ApAP!s toxicity is mediated via a toxic metabolite, N~acety]>be i? ¾tnn»»iem¾ ie (NAPQi), which depletes hepatic and renal glutathione, a cytoprotective endogenous metabolite. Gas chromatography demonstratesmarkedly lower levels of metabolism to NAPQI for select SRP compounds, compared to ApAP, explaining the decreased hepatotoxiciiy.ΙΘΘ210) Two-moath-oid CD-I rake were lasted overnight. ext morning, following light halothane anesthesia, they were given po 5a, 3 mmol kg in Tween 20 (vehicle). They were placed i Naigene metabolic cages (two mice per cage) with water ad libitum. Food was supplied 6 h post dose treatment. The urine was collected in a plastic container, which was maintained in ice during the 24-h collecting period. It was stored at 20 °C vaxiil use. At the time of the HPLC injection, aiiquois were centrifuged in a m icro mge at 6000 rpm, 15 °C for 10 min, filtered with nylon filters (0.45 μιη), and used immediately or lyophilized.f00 H| In the HPLC-MS analysis, a volume of 20 IL was injected. When iyophilued samples were used, they were dissolved in a .mixture of acetonitrile-0.1% ammonium acetate solution. pH 7 (50:50, v / v)tThe HPLC-MS analyses were performed in an Agilent 1 TOO apparatus. The analytical column was a Luna .150 - 4.6 mm, CIS (5 Im) Fhenoraenex column. The mobile phase was de- gassed automatically by the electronic degasser system. Before the analysis, the column was equi.libra.ied and. a gradient program was used for analysis of samples > The flow rate was maintained at 1 ,5 mUm n and the column was maintained at 45 °C.100212} RemitsJ 00213} Compound molecular weight and the calculated Log P (cLog P). Low Clog P values signify products with shorter half-lives, but higher c.Log P values indicate potential difficulties with compound absorption. Hence, intermediate values around 2 are likely desirable, particularly for compounds to cross the blood-brain barrier.|Οβ214] Table 2:f 00215] A. total of 21 compounds were synthesized in our project io discover novel chemical analogs to the metabolite of a heterocyclic moiety linked io ihe / ?-acylammophenol fragment of ApAP but we focus on two (SR 6D and R) that displayed analgesia comparable to ApAP,. minimal hepatotoxicity, antipyresis, and a favorable cytochrome P450 metabolism. Analysis of the 21 compounds thai were synthesized revealed some with low cLogP values. •~0,5, signifying likely poor bioavailability when used as oral drugs. However, SRP6D (Clog P; 5 .42) and SRP6R. (Clog P: 1.89) are comparable to ApAP (Clog P 0. 1) and SCP-1 (Clog P 1.28), Table. Note that SCP-I has an interval Clog P that ranges from 1 .07 to -2.48 depending on medium pH because it has a polar ionizable group.00216] In two different in vivo analgesia mouse models, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and the tail ilick assays, SRP6D and R are comparable to ApAP (FIG. 1). The number of writhes induced by injection of acetic acid was 15.7 ÷ / - 1.2 (n-3) for SRP6D (n-7, p< 0.02) and 9.5 + / - 4, for SRP6R (»=?,. / ?< 0.008; FIG. I A), compared to 42.3 H- 7.2 for vehicle only. A second set of experiments with n-7 demonstrates the analgesia of the various SRP comppiaids, which'are similar to ApAP but lower than control (raw data for Fi I A); Θ0217] Table 3. Analgesic acti vities of SR compounds compared with ApAP as assessed b Acetic acid induced abdominal stretch (writhesTreatment No. of writhes counted within a 10 mm time interval, 25 rotn postGroups drug administration, beginning 5 mm after acetic acid injectionNote; n=7 for aii ire jaimeni group; animaSs be!ongirtg to contra! group received 0 9% saline (vehicle} in lieu of drugs. Drugs 5 of choice were administered pe os (p.o.), at a dose of 75mg / Kg body weiqht.|00218j The tail Dick test demonstrated a comparable significant analgesia for SRP6D, R to ApAP and marked improved latency compared to vehicle only (FIG IB).0021.9] SRP6D and SRP6R retain an antipyretic effect comparable to ApAP (FIG. 4). Atttipyresis was determined using two different mouse assays. Temperature curves demonstrate comparable anfipyresis to ApAP for SRP6D and SRP6R in an LPS-indueed fever mouse model. (FIG. 4A, B). Mote that at 2h. Sh. and K¾ the aruipyresia is similar for ApAP, SRP6D and SRP6R. A Baker's yeast-indoced fever .model of aniipyresisdemonstrated similar■antipyretic effects of ApAP and SRP6D and SRP6R'(FIG. 4C>I>). Comparable effect of antipyretics on baker yeast-induced hyperthermia is noted in FIG. 4E for ApAP and SRP6.D and SRP6R,10022»] Next, the hepatotoxicity profile for compounds SRP6D and R, compared to ApAP and to the first generation saccharin ApAP derivatives, SCP-i and SCP-1M, was determined, in both HepaRG and hHEPs. Decreased toxicity was iioted for SRP6D and R, compared to ApAP; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was consistently decreased and the amount of reduced glutathione (GSH) was increased for SRP6D and R, whereas Ap AP led to an increased LDH release (FIG. 3) and depletion of GSH (FIG. 2) in a time and doss-dependent manner. I mouse li ver and human, hepatocytes (HepaRG and hHEPk at human equivalent therapeutic doses, a dose- and time-dependent effect of decreased hepatotoxicity thru decreased LDH and increased GSH release was observed with progressive clinical signs of liver injury for SRP6B and R but not ApAP. A marked reduction in liver function tests was noted for the SRP6D and R, compared to ApAP, the largest being in ALT. Increased levelsof ALT, AST andAF enzyme activity For AP AP was noted while SRP6D and R were similar to the control (vehicle only, FIG. 3C).|0022J 1 Lastly, a favorable cytochrome P450 metabolism for SRP6D and SRP6 was noted in various cytochrome P45 isoenzymes, including CYP3A4, CYP2D6, and CYP2BL SRP6D and SRP6R only inhibit the activity of CYP2E 1 and CYP3A4 by -25% compared to 50% for ApAP and have a marginal inhibitory effect for CYP2Df> (FIG. 5),00222} Discussionf 00223] We demonstrate minimal hepatoioxicity in tw novel compounds that are analogs to the metabolite of a saccharin derivative of ApAP. Using two well-accepted hepatie eel lsf 18] hHEP and H epaRGs as cell-based in vitro hepa tic models, a consisten t reduction in LDH release and increased reduced glutathione (GSH) release. These cells have the highest predictive capacity for ApAP-induced acute liver iaduref l9]. Reduced hepatotoxicity was further corroborated in an in vivo model. As ApAP hepatoioxicity mechanisms are similar in both humans and mice[20 j, we then chose the moose to study clinical signs of liver injury (LFTs).100224} The in vitro toxicity assays utilized hHEPs and HepaRGs because they are the more reproducible for toxicology studies. Despite the inherent limits of primary cell cultures, including limited availability and a short life-span, hHEPs are the best cells available for in viiro hepatoioxicity assays

[0021] . There are intrinsic difficulties with a primary cell culture,, however, and a recent toxigenomics analysis found that HepaRGs, a human hepatic cell line derived from hepatocellular carcinoma, expresses liver-specific genes. t similar levels of hEEPsf 191 and displays the best adult hepatocyte-!ike phenotype out of all available hepatic ceil Stnes

[0018] .i00225j Though widel used as an over the counter analgesic worldwide, the main drawback of ApAP is its dose-dependent hepatotoxicity, which therapeutic index is furthernarrowed in individuals with compromised hepatic reserve. However, cases of unintentional or intentional overdosing can not be recognized in this short time period and ApAP remains the most common cause of acute fulminant hepatic failure in the United States|5 usually after advertent ingestion of large quantities or by consumption of over 3-4 grams per day in patients with, impaired liver function. ApAP is available as a single-ingredien over th counter (OTC) medicine and in. combination with other OTC .medicines, includingdecongestants, and as prescriptio ApAP-opioid formulations. ApAP causing ALF likely occurs in unintentional cases when individuals ingest ApAP without knowledge of ApAP being present hi these various formulations. In the United States around 30.000 patients are admitted to hospitals every year for the treatment of ApAP hepatoioxicity

[0022] , Al though most patients experience only mild morbidity., such as hepatitis, cholestasis and a transient increase in liver transaminases, acute liver failure ensues in untreated patients ingesting large doses and can progress to convulsions, coma and death i f not promp tly recognized and treated. N-aceiyicysteine (MAC) can prevent ApAP-hepatic injur}' by providing cysteine to restore GSM'if given within 12 hours of ApAP overdose ingestion.[00226} Another application of this technology could be to help curb the large opioid epidemic in the United States, in 2 16, drug overdose deaths peaked at > 65,000 cases, mostly due to opioid pain relievers and heroin. Workplace injuries can be driving many of•these, cases, because there is evidence that prescribed oral narcotics are the likely source and two of the largest concentrations of overdose deaths are in Appalachia and the Southwest United States (CDC 2036"),[00227} NAPQI. APAP-induced hepatotoxieiy is related to the formation of an electrophilic reactive metabolite, N APQI, which is detoxified through conjugation with reduced, glutathione (GSM). GS! is an important cellular antioxidant in the liver and GSM depletion is likely an important event in APAP-induced acute liver injury, although thismechanism is still poorly understood |23], ApAP is metabolized by CYP enzymes, mainly CYP2E1 and CYP3A, to NAPQS. However, following a toxic dose, GSR depletion is followed by formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species leading to mitochondria} permeability and hepatocyte dead's

[0024] . Without being bound by theory, a mechanism by which these compounds are minimally hepatotoxic can be because they do not generate NAPQ!.108228] References in this Lxotnp!e[ ] W, Gama , P.,. Treskes, K..S uel, Q, Sullivan, R. Siller, V, Srsen, K. Morgan., A,Bryans, A. Roziowska, A, oulovasilopoulos, t. Underwood, 8. Smith, J. Del-Po¾o, S, Moss, A.I. Thompson, N.C Henderson, P.C. Hayes, IN. Plevris, P.O. Bagnaninchi, LJ. Nelson, Low-dose acetaminophen induces early disruption of cell-celt tight junctions in human hepatic cells and mouse liver. Scientific reports, 7 (2017) 37541.[2] K. Brune, B. Renner, G. Tiegs, Acetaminophen / paracetamol: A history of errors, failures and false decisions, European journal of pain, 19 (2015) 953-965.(3) A. Bertolmi, A. Ferrari, A. Ottani, S. Guerzoni, R. Taeehi, S, Leone, Paracetamol; new vistas of a old drug, CNS Drug Rev, 12 (2006) 250-275.[4] B.B. Brodie, J. Axelrod, The fate of acetanilide in man. The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 94 (1948) 29-38.[5] A.M. Larson, I Poison, RJ. Fontana, T.J. Davern, E. Lalani, L.S. Hynan, J.S. Reisch, F.V. Sehiodt, G. Ostapowsc¾, A.O. Shaki!, W.M. Lee, G. Acute Liver Failure Study,Acetatninophenrinduced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospecti ve study, Hepaiology, 42 (2005) 1364-1372.[6] A. Reuben. H. Tillman, RJ. Fontana, T. Davern, B..McGaire, R.T. Stravite, V. Darkalski, A.M. Larson, I. Liou, O. Fix, M. Schilsky, T. McCash!and, J.E. Hay, . Murray, O.S. Shaikh, D. Ganger, A. Zaman, S.B. Han, R.T. Chung, A, Smith, R. Brown, j, Crippin, M,E, Harrison, D. Koch, S. Muiioz, K.R. Reddy, L. Rossaro, R. Satyanarayaaa, T. Hassanein, A.J. Haaje, J. Olson, R. Subramanian, C. arvellas, B. Ha eed, A.H. Sherker, P. Robuck, W.M. Lee,Outcomes is Adults With Acute Liver Failure Between 1998 and 2013: An Observational Cohort. Study, Annals of internal medicine, 1 4 (2016) 724-732.[7] j.G. Bessems, N..P. Veoneulen, Paracetamol (acetaraiftophen)-indaced toxicity: molecular and biochemical mechanisms, analogues and protective approaches, Crit Rev Toxicol, 31 (2001) 55-138.( 8) M. Oueilet, M.D. Percival, Mechanism of acetaminophen inhibition of cyclooxygenase isoforras, Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 387 (2001) 273-280.[9] R.J. Flower, J.R. Vane, Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase .in brain explains the antipyretic activity of paracetamol (4-acetamidophenol), Nature, 240 (1972) 410-41 1. f 10] E.D. Hogestalt, B.A, Jonsson, A. Ermimd, D.A. Andersson, H. Bjork, j.P. Alexander, B,F. Cravatt, A.i, Basbaum, P.M. Zygmunt, Conversion of acetaminophen to the bioactive N- acylphenolamine AM404 via fatty acid amide hydrolase-dependent arachidonic acid conj ugation in the nervous system, The Journal of biological chemistry, 280 (2005) 31405- 31412.

[0011] C. Mallet, D.A, Barriere, A. Ermund, B.A. Jonsson, A. Eschaiier, P.M. Zygmunt, E.O. Hogestalt, TRPV1 in brain is involved in acetarftifiophen-induced atitinociception, FloS one, 5 (201 ()).

[0012] M. Dani, j. Guin.don, C. Lambert, P. Beaulieu, The local antinociceptive effects- of paracetamol in neuropathic pain are mediated by cannabinoid receptors, Euro ean journal of pharmacology, 573 (2007) 214-215. j 3'j N. Fresno, R,- Perez-Fernandez, C, Goicoeebea, Ϊ. Aikorta, A. Femattdex-Carvaj'al, R. de la Torre-Martinez, S, Quirce, A. Ferrer-Monfiei, M.I. Martin, P. Goya, I. Eigiiero, Adamanlyl analogues of paracetamol as potent analgesic drags via inhibition ofTRPAl, PloS one, 9 (2014) el 13841.

[0014] C. Sinning, B, Watzer, O, Coste, R.M. Musing, I. Ott, A. Ligresti, V. Di Marzo, P.!mming, New analgesics synthetically deri ved from the paracetamol metabolite N~(4~ hydroxyphenyi)~(5Z,8Z.1 I Z.I 4 )~kosaietra-S,8, 1 1 , 14-enamide, Journal of medicinal chemistry, 51 (2008) 7800-7805.

[0015] A.L. Vaccarmo, D. Paul, R . M'tikherjee, E.B. Rodriguez de Turco, V.L. Marcheselli L, u, Ml,. Trudell, JM Mkgiiez, .P. Matia, C. Sunkei, J. Aivarez-BntUa, N.G. Bazan, Synthesis and in vivo evaluation, of non-hepatotoxic acetaminophen analogs, Bioorg Med Chera, 15 (2007) 2206-2215.( 16) J,G. Cut, X. Zhang, Y.B. Zhao, C. Chen, . Bazan, Allodynia and hyperalgesia suppression by a novel analgesic in experimental neuropathic pain. Biochemical aad biophysical research communications, 350 (2006) 358-363. f 17] L, Miao, L, Xu, K.VV. Narducy, MX, Trudell, First Multi-gram'Preparation SCP-123, A Novel Water Soluble Analgesic, Org Process Res Dev, 13 (2009) 820,

[0018] M, Santoh, S, Sanoh, Y, Ohtsuki, Y,'Bjiri, Y. Kotake, S. Ohta, Acetaminophen analog M-aceiy!-n -anrinophenoi, but not its reactive metabolite, N-acetyS-p-beazo uinone imine induces CY.P3.A activity via .inhibition of protein degradation, Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 486 (201 ?) 639-644.119] R.M. Roetrigaes, A, Heymahs, V, De Boe, A. Saeliinidis, U, Chaudhari, O. Govaere, T. oskamS; T. Vanhaecke, V, Rogiers, J. De oc'k, Toxicogenomics-based prediction of aceifimmophen-md ced liver injury using human hepatic cell, systems, Toxicology letters, 240 (2016) 50-59.

[0020] M.R. M.cGitl, CD. Williaras, Y. Xie, A. Ramachandran, H. Jaeschke, Acetaminophen- induced liver .injury in rats and mice: comparison of protein adducts, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress in the mechanism of toxicity. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, 264 (2012) 387-394.[2.1 J E.L. LeCSuyse, R,'P, Wttek, M.E. Andersen, MJ. Powers, Organotypic liver culture models: meeting current'challenges in toxicity testing. Grit Rev Toxicol, 42 (2012) 501-548.[221 M. Blieden, L,C, Paramore, D. Shah, R. Ben- Joseph, A perspective on the epidemiology of acetaminophen exposure and toxicity in the United States, Expert Rev Clin. Pharmacol, 7 (2014) 341-348.

[0023] M.A. Abdelmegeed, KM. Moon, C. Chen, F.J. Gonzalez, B.J. Song, Role of cytochrome P450 2Έ1 in protein nitration and ubiqintin-rnediated degradation during acetaminophen toxicity.. Biochemical pharmacology, 79 (2010) 57-66.124] J.A. Hinsoii, A.B. Reid, S.S. McCulloiigh. L.P. James, Acetarainophen-indueed hepaiotoxkuy: rote of metabolic activation, reactive oxygen / nitrogen species, andmitochondrial permeability transition,'Drug Metab Rev, 36 (2004) 805-822.100229]EQUIVALENTS|ΘΘ230] Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, numerous equivalents to the specific substances and procedures described herein.* Such equivalents are considered to be within the scope of this invention, and are covered by the following claims.

Claims

What claimed:

1. An analgesic compound of formula (1):HHCHjCtiHjClj, NHCHjCsHsCHs, NHCi¾QH5CL NHCHaC«H$H ¾sNHC5HsNHC¾C(C¾)a, M-iC(C¾)2, Ηε¾€¾€6¾(ΌΗ}3, HCH2e6¾N,NHCHaC«H3 C.H3,NHCH2CH2C4H4N, N(CH3)CH2CH2OH, HGH2CH(QH}C¾NM2; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The analgesic compound of claim 1 , wherein said compound comprises formula (II):her ift'R' is H, OH, an alky! group, a ha!oa!kyl group, a haloben«yl group, a phenyl group, -0-(aifcyi);-0-(haloalkyI), -0-( halobenzyi), -©-(phenyl)., an alla Moaikyi-phenyl, an atkyi- obmisene, an alkyi-nitrobenzene, -0-{aikyi phenyl), -O- (haloalkyO-pheiiyi, a cycloalkane group, and wherein R' is selected from the group consisting of H and an alky! group, or a pharmaceutically accepiable sail thereof.

3. The analgesic compound of claim 25wherein R1comprises H,€¾ , (ίΉ:?.>2¾Η5, CHjQHs,C¾Csil5 O¾C5H , Cf¾CiCH3)s, C(CH3)¾ CH2CH2G6H3l:l):j?CH2C6H4 , Ci¾C6H3CH3,CH2CH2C, i4N, CH2CH2OH, or CW2CH{OH)CH2N¾; and wherein R5is selected from the group consisting of H and C¾;or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4. The analgesic compound of claim ¾ wherein alkyi comprises C HS -I .

5. The analgesic compound of claim 4, wherein ^ is 1-10,6. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

7. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

8. The analgesic compound of claim 1. 2 err 3 , having the following chemical structure:

9. The analgesic compound of claim 1„ 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure;The analgesic compound -of claim 1 , 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:1 L The analgesic compound of claim .1„ 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:The analgesic compound of claim , 2 or 3, Iiaving the following chemical structure:13, The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

14. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chenricai structure:

15. The analgesic compoun of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:The analgesic compound of claim 1 , 2 or 3, haying the following chemical structure17, The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:1 8, The analgesic compound of claim 1.. 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

19. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, baying the following; chemical structure:The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the folio wing chemical structure21, The analgesic compound of claim 1 , 2 or 3, having.the following chemical Stradure;The■analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

23. The analgesi compound of claim .1 , 2 or 3 , avin the- following chemical structure:The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3 , having the following chemical structure:The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the foilowmg chemical structure:The analgesic -cpmpouad of claim i , 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

27. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

28. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, having the following chemical structure:

29. The analgesic compound of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein said compound has a reduced risk ofhepatotoxicity when administere in vivo.

30. The analgesic compound of claim 1„ 2 or 3, wherein said compound exhibi tsanalgesia comparable to ApAP when administered in vivo.

31. A .method of aHevMng pain in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject afflicted with pain a therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic compound of any one of claims i-28,32. A, method of preventing pain in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject afflicted with pain a therapeutically effective -amount of the analgesic compo un d of any one of claims 1- 28.

33. A method of ameliorating pain in a subject., the method comprising administering to said subject afflicted vvfth pain a therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic compound of any one of claims i-28.

34. A method of reducing the incidence of pain in. a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject afflicted with pain a therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic compound of any one of claims 1-28.

35. A method of delaying the development of pain in a subject, th method, comprising administering'to said subject afflicted with pain a therapeutically effeciive amount of the analgesic compound of any one of claims i -28.

36. A method of preventing the development of pain in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject afflicted with pain a therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic compound of any one of claims 1-28.

37. A method of palliating pain in a subject, the method comprising administering to said subject afflicted with, pain a therapeutically effective amount of the analgesic compound of any one of claims 1-28.

38. The method of any one of claims 31-37, wherein pain comprises neuropathic pain, nociceptive pain, or a combination thereof39. The method of claim.38, wherein the neuropathic pain comprises postsurgical pain, neuropathic pain,, dental pain, ophthalmic pain, arthritic pain, post- and / or traumatic pain, or a combination thereof.

40. The method of any one of claims 31-37, wherein the therapeutically effective amount comprises a dose of about Ι μΜ to about l mM of the composition is administered to the subject.

41. The method of claim 40, wherein die therapeutically eliective amount comprises a dose of about 50μΜ to about ImM of the composition is administered to the subject.

42. The method of any one of claims 3.1 -37, wherein the compound is administered in a single dose.

43. The method of any one of claims 31-37, wherein the com ound is administered at.intervals of abou t 4 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours.

44. The method of an one of claims 33 -37, wherein the composition is administered orally, parentally, transderoiaJly, or nasally.

45. The method of any one of claims- 1-37, wherein the composition is administered in the form of a pill capsule, cream, spray , lotion, or aqueous solution., The method of any one of claims 31-37, wherein the composition exhibits analgesia, antipyrisis, or a combination thereof,, The method of any one of claims 31 -37, wherein the composition, reduces the risk of hepatotoxicity by at least about 20%., The method of any one of claims 31-37, further comprising administering concurrently or subsequently a iherapeittical! effective amount of an opioid and / or SA1D to the subject., The method of any one of claims 31 -37, wherein die composition is not metabolized to APQI,, A niedieal kit for the treatment of pain, ilie ki t comprising:printed instructions for administering the compound to the subject afflicted with pain;an analgesic compound of any one of claims 1 -28, ora pharmaceutical composition according to claims 1 -28.