A silicon anode composite balances capacity and cycle life by tuning silicate phases, XRD peak-width ratio, and carbon coating to resist swelling.
K- and Fe-containing silicate in a silicon anode improves conductivity and lowers impedance to raise initial coulombic efficiency and rate performance.
A lithium silicate matrix with dispersed SiO2 and silicon phases limits particle cracking, preserves conductivity, and improves battery cycle life.
An intermediate Li-compound or metal-oxide layer plus carbon coating improves silicon anode slurry stability, initial efficiency, and cycle life.
Controlled lithium doping forms Li2SiO3 in carbon-coated SiOx particles to improve slurry stability, initial efficiency, and cycle life.