Two exciters with offset resonant frequencies and voltage compensation help a glass diaphragm reproduce sound near resonance across a wider range.
A divided vibration and non-vibration surface keeps vehicle speaker output consistent across cabin shapes while simplifying the exciter structure.
A hard spacer sets joint thickness so an exciter bonded to a diaphragm transmits vibration consistently with less cracking and variation.
A rear vibration layer and electrode layer make the display panel radiate sound forward, improving immersion without added speaker thickness.