Volatile reductants help impregnate porous catalysts while decomposing at low temperature to limit residue and retain expensive metals.
Fluoride-stabilized divalent tin solutions form uniform tin oxide catalyst layers and improve adhesion for stable electroless plating.
V2C MXene, trimetallic LDH, and g-C3N4 address charge recombination and limited solar absorption in hydrogen photocatalysis.