Maintaining pH above 5 supports lithium-selective ion exchange, while carbonate removal and water evaporation improve solution purity and recovery.
Dopant-stabilized titania creates a porous adsorbent for selective, durable lithium recovery from brines.
Organic acids regenerate phosphonate ion exchangers by displacing trivalent metal ions, lowering silicon production costs.
Composite polymer structures maintain proton conductivity at high temperatures, preventing decomposition in harsh oxidizing fuel cell environments.
Metal coordination crosslinks boost compressive moduli in doubly-crosslinked hydrogels, resolving low mechanical strength.