Segmented base and collar components maintain constant stack height to prevent plate movement caused by gasket compression under vacuum pressure.
Conductivity probe tracks titration changes to determine chloride concentration, eliminating hazardous potassium chromate and calcium interference.
Merges electrical conductivity with chemical titration to accurately determine concentrations of strong and weak bases without flammable solvents.
A titration apparatus uses a temporary storage container filled with working liquid to hydraulically couple the first pump, enabling precise liquid transport.
A Karl Fischer titrator performs coulometric back titration using electrolytic electrodes to regenerate iodine ions for accurate titer determination.