A dual-layer electroplated Ni inner coating helps steel fuel pipes resist corrosive fuel and avoid cracking after forming or joining.
Mechanical cutting removes inner-surface cracks and weld defects before Ni plating, improving corrosion resistance in steel fuel pipes.
Pressure-cycled cleaning solution removes injector deposits in place, limits corrosion, and helps identify defective fuel system components.
A metal-selective membrane in the fuel delivery system removes trace metals that cause injector deposits, improving fuel efficiency and thermal stability.
A plated layer with a controlled elastic modulus elastically deforms with the base material under tensile stress.
A fuel injection valve employs a sacrificial corrosion layer to protect the metallic base material from oxidation.
Thinner plating on the sealing surface prevents cracking and peeling during reconnection, suppressing contamination from loose plating pieces.
A dedicated engine block channel circulates hot exhaust gases around the fuel injector spray pipe to prevent acidic corrosion and condensation.