An angled spark plug jacket contact surface increases sealing force after plug installation to prevent coolant cavity leakage.
Dual protrusions scrape piston deposits on both upstroke and downstroke, reducing cylinder liner polishing and improving engine durability.
A shortened cylinder liner with lower-end recesses and protrusions cuts weight while easing separation from the block for recycling.
A uniblock cylinder and head with dual external crankshafts raises compression, cuts gasket failures, and improves engine efficiency.
Selective honed and recessed grooves in the cylinder liner cut ring friction in the stroke center while preserving oil consumption.
A sloped flange seat surface strengthens the fillet zone and improves liner-block sealing to cut stress concentration and oil leakage.
Relief and stiffening features on a cylinder liner curb bore distortion from heat, assembly, and pressure, improving ring conformability.
A uniblock cylinder-block layout removes head gaskets and leak paths while supporting extreme compression ratios, lower emissions, and compact engines.
Sinusoidal seal beads create multiple sealing locations on a cylinder liner, reducing leakage, friction, and seal pinch under tight space constraints.
A protruding flow guide with axial openings redirects coolant to exhaust-valve hot spots, reducing stagnation and evening liner temperatures.
Machined roof facets in a lean-burn gasoline cylinder head drive omega swirl and tumble to widen stable combustion and improve fuel efficiency.
Offset chamfered cylinder ports redirect gas flow around the valve to balance forces, reduce guide bore wear, and extend cylinder head life.
By machining valve supports to a pre-compensated initial shape, the cylinder head reaches accurate valve seat geometry under operating loads.
Oblique aperture surfaces and an alignment tool position the cylinder liner to match engine ports, preserving flow and sealing during press-fit installation.