Pulsed laser creates hydrophilic sealing-bead regions that confine low-viscosity elastomer coatings and help prevent leakage.
Perovskite catalyst supported in oxygen-electrode pores helps address electrolyte peeling and improve durability in high-temperature water electrolysis.
Directionally oriented channels help porous layers move two-phase fluids and transfer gas into adjacent electrochemical cell flow fields.
Membrane-embedded electrodes stabilize catalysts for efficient CO2 reduction.