A polarity-sensing circuit detects battery insertion orientation to switch operational modes, resolving power polarization issues without mechanical switches.
A capacitive voltage indicator detects AC potential on insulated power cords using a non-contact sensor and human ground path.
Comparing polarity of electrical measurands across parallel energy accumulators identifies faulty units for isolation without disrupting system operation.
A blocking MOSFET in series with a flyback diode prevents reverse polarity damage in trailer brake modules.