Direction-specific deceleration maps use road history, position, and travel direction to deliver steadier one-pedal braking on winding roads.
Instant current and voltage readings infer active-layer temperature from resistance, enabling tighter heating control without added sensors.
Direct DC bus control lets a rail vehicle charge from the network while avoiding chopper losses that shorten battery range.
Excess regenerative energy is routed to a trailer fluid-cooled dissipator, easing towing-vehicle cooling load and stabilizing auxiliary braking.
Excess regenerative energy is diverted into the vehicle frame or body as heat, avoiding separate brake resistors, cooling circuits, and overload damage.
When battery charge power limits recuperation, coordinated motor loss control and auxiliary braking maintain required motorcycle braking torque.
A hinged partition reconfigures battery module gas exhaust paths to lengthen flame travel, contain discharge, and fit different cell capacities.
Voltage-triggered state inference helps electromechanical brake modules stay controllable when transient power changes disrupt communication.