Spacers and overlapping lead connections reduce stress concentration at electrode tabs, improving flexible battery durability under bending and low pressure.
A sealing lid covers the battery current collector to resist external force damage without adding a separate protective part.
Alternating conductive and insulative bus layers damp converter oscillations and equalize switch capacitance to reduce voltage spikes.
Heated thermoplastic flange pressing joins the terminal and lid body to improve sealing, insulation distance, and small-lot production.
A dual-material terminal pin keeps the core inaccessible where corrosion risk is highest, improving feedthrough compatibility in energy storage.
Spray-pyrolyzed TiO2 and blade-coated perovskite layers enable scalable modules with lower interconnection resistance and parasitic loss.