Placing the particulate filter between the engine and rear wheel cuts packaging space and drag while supporting low-emission motorcycle exhaust.
An electric machine spins the unfired engine to pump air through an EATS heater, warming SCR faster and cutting cold-start emissions.
Raising upstream exhaust temperature after restart vaporizes condensed water on the filter, preserving PM capture and reducing emissions.
Multi-stage heat exchange reuses CO2 recovery heat and steam to raise exhaust gas temperature and suppress white smoke.
A passive secondary-air valve uses rotationally symmetrical impact bodies to limit exhaust-gas backflow and speed aftertreatment heating.
A movable bypass routes core combustion gas around or through treatment to balance exhaust emissions and engine power.
Staged air supply and an integrated high-temperature three-way catalyst reduce NOx, CO, and hydrocarbons in biomass-derived flue gas.
A variable-area passage accommodates internal working parts while maintaining constant water volume to reduce turbulence and cavitation.