Modified particle shells reduce foreign body response while preserving cell encapsulation.
Naked nucleic acid molecules use non-AAV ITRs to avoid capsid immunogenicity and support sustained therapeutic expression.
This case uses collagen-binding ECM-affinity peptides to retain cytokines in tumors, reducing systemic exposure and required dose.
Surface markers enable affinity purification and therapeutic peptide localization while reducing exosome heterogeneity.
This case uses VEC, KDR, ITGA, and Gp promoters to target Factor VIII expression, improving secretion while limiting antibody formation.