Replacing petroleum oils with estolide and estamide structures achieves OECD biodegradability while maintaining oxidative stability.
Segmented silica-supported molybdenum or tungsten alkylidenes allow simple filtration separation, preserving catalytic activity during reuse.
Heat and basic conditions eliminate sulfonate residues from oligomerized estolides, resolving catalyst contamination while maintaining lubrication performance.
Thermal decarboxylation converts triglycerides into hydrocarbons, while olefin metathesis adjusts molecular weights to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.