Controlled donor-acceptor and carbon-oxygen ratios in mono-like casting improve n-type silicon substrate quality and solar cell efficiency.
Movable melt heating and controlled seed-crystal water cooling stabilize the growth interface and cut crystal defects and stress.
Moving the heater relative to the crucible establishes precise thermal gradients, reducing thermal stress and lattice defects in polysilicon crystals.
A heat transfer gas containing exothermically oxidizable components heats the ceramic mold above the coolant level to maintain molten metal temperature.
A solidification interface traverses a mold perpendicular to its movement direction.
Ruthenium and niobium additions suppress TCP phase precipitation in the alloy matrix, maintaining high-temperature creep strength.
Thermally insulated upper and lower cooling zones enable independent temperature control, reducing thermomechanical stresses in turbine blade manufacturing.
Segmented cooling prevents crystallization during spinning, enabling large-area bulk metallic glass sheets with controlled amorphicity.