A carbon-coated porous metal foam improves interconnect-to-cell contact, lowering resistance and maintaining connectivity under compression.
Ceramic clamping elements and insulation housing keep fuel cell stack force stable, reduce heat loss, and resist thermal cycling.
Lateral media guides feed fuel cell stack channels across the stack, cutting sealing tracks, easing manufacture, and improving media separation.
Bypassing air around the fuel cell enables zero-point calibration of one exhaust-line sensor for reliable hydrogen leak detection.