Wall-mounted inverted toroidal plasma generation cleans vacuum chamber surfaces while preserving chamber volume and axisymmetric flow.
A scintillator and silicon photomultiplier replace complex dynodes to raise light sensitivity while reducing multiplication uncertainty and noise.
An electrodeless lamp uses radio frequency fields to excite gas discharge within a sealed glass envelope.
Doped molybdenum foils with yttrium oxide enhance UV intensity at 254 nm, lowering ignition voltage while eliminating mercury-based environmental harm.
Chemically stabilized oxynitride phosphors emit orange or red light at high luminance using specific alkaline earth compositions.