Ruthenium oxide edge oxidation helps graphene platelets resist restacking and remain dispersible in water and organic solvents.
Biopolymer-mediated graphene encapsulates living cells in a conductive 3D scaffold without toxic surfactants, enabling real-time sensing.
Rare-gas plasma activates functionalized aromatic precursors to grow high-quality carbon films at low temperature with better growth and step coverage.
Permeable junctions and laser patterning enable continuous graphene device fabrication with lower chemical and energy use.
Laser irradiation converts a precursor layer into bonded graphene in metal, improving dispersion uniformity and composite performance.
A carbon-supersaturated metal thin film forms multilayer graphene without feed gas, reducing substrate damage and process complexity.
Rare-gas plasma activates functionalized aromatic precursors to grow high-quality graphene on underlayers at low temperatures with good step coverage.