A heteropoly acid catalyst preparation method using ammonium salts to eliminate pre-firing steps.
Chemical precipitation and catalytic oxidation treat reverse osmosis concentrate, reducing evaporation costs while recycling 75-85% of water.
Alkaline earth metal modification in supported copper catalysts reduces stickiness at high loadings, improving HCl conversion and reactor efficiency.
High-energy ball milling of bismuth molybdate precursors eliminates waste water and gas while maintaining 90% butadiene selectivity.
Removing titanium dioxide and zirconium dioxide from the catalyst composition eliminates branched oligomer formation while maintaining catalytic activity.