See how downstream flow control devices create backflow pressure to improve fluid distribution
See how an integrated flow channel plate merges heat pump, air conditioning, and battery therma
See how merging battery cooling with air conditioning via dual-purpose heat exchangers dissipat
See how relocating the water-cooled heat exchanger and compressor vertically above the mechatro
See how combining HVAC thermal heating above 140°F with UV germicidal irradiation eliminates ch
See how a TRU powered by an axle-coupled AC generator and power management system reduces fuel
See how a DC-to-AC variable inverter with energy storage optimizes compressor and fan power in
See how adaptive voltage control for the PTC heater reduces engine operation for cabin heating
See how dynamic prime mover inactivation during low load demand prevents exhaust deposit format
See how engine cooling water flows through a condenser to cool the heat pump medium, enabling l
See how a switch unit redirects battery coolant to the drive motor cooler on demand, enabling h
See how limiting heat pump output when coolant temperature is low preserves engine-to-coolant h
See how a heat pump condenser exchanges heat with engine cooling water to increase hybrid syste
See how a DC-to-AC variable inverter dynamically adjusts power output to match cooling demand,
See how a range extender vehicle uses coolant, refrigerant, exhaust, and ambient air systems to
See how a reversible refrigerant/coolant heat exchanger operates as both evaporator and condens
See how a bypass valve routes coolant around the radiator when ambient air exceeds coolant temp
See how incremental fan speed adjustments during engine auto-stop reduce occupant discomfort an
See how routing AC refrigerant through the motor housing reduces torque limits and fuel consump
Waste heat from engine exhaust and power electronics is reused through an integrated Rankine cycle that improves fuel efficiency without adding excess space or back pressure.
Continued heat-medium circulation after compressor shutdown cools the heat exchanger, lowering restart pressure and compressor power use.
A parallel electric and mechanical compressor setup switches by battery charge to keep cabin cooling on without risking hybrid vehicle start failure.
Classifying heater faults as restorable or not prevents repeated shutdown-restart cycles and restores vehicle heating only after the fault is cleared.
Dual interrupting stages stop heater current at rising temperatures and block re-energizing after control faults in EV and hybrid safety circuits.
Ambient and battery feedback control circulates coolant only when needed after EV shutdown to limit heat damage and reduce energy waste.
Two bimetal switches cut EV load current at rising temperatures and lock the supply line off to prevent unintended re-energization.
Cooling water and a thermoelectric module replace refrigerant to cool cabin air and reuse electric-component waste heat in EVs.
Two bimetal switches cut EV load current at staged temperatures and prevent re-energization after abnormal overheating.