Measured battery-network voltage error is fed back into the next precharge setpoint to prevent relay arcing and extend HV switching durability.
A neural network predicts zone-specific emissions and adjusts engine settings to cut pollutants without major loss of vehicle power or efficiency.
Two motors, idler gears, and a planetary range group enable smoother starts, load shifting, and lower wear in electric commercial vehicle drives.
An electric motor and clutch-coupled gear train reverse a heavy motorcycle in neutral, easing low-speed parking without engine interference.
Separate slide-down checks for garage shift and normal driving avoid false engine engagement while maintaining accurate vehicle rollback detection.
Virtual engine and driving vibrations in EV mode help manual-transmission hybrid drivers sense HEV-like shift timing without engine operation.
Model-based clutch pressure control compensates torque delay and adapts to measured pressure for smoother hybrid engine starts.
Multiple wet clutches and a planetary gearset let one or both motors split power between propulsion and PTO across varying heavy-duty loads.
A master node sends virtual modulator corrections to battery cell controllers, improving signal accuracy and allowing cell-level disconnects.
Preemptive thermal control prepares electric drivetrain elements for intensive driving and fast charging to sustain performance and durability.
A separate boost actuator lets operators add battery power beyond max throttle, improving transient acceleration and hill climbing.
A shared fluid chamber integrates the torsion damper and one-way clutch to cut module size, parts, and hydraulic complexity.
When downhill braking is weak after pedal release, increasing hydraulic motor displacement pressurizes oil and improves vehicle deceleration.
An offset engine-generator layout and frame-mounted support increase series hybrid motorcycle output while limiting growth in height, length, and wheelbase.
Timed motor assist and multi-step clutch release cut torque variation during hybrid gear shifts while shortening shift time and energy use.
Gear-dependent EV hold thresholds and driver torque estimation suppress unnecessary HEV shifts, improving fuel efficiency and mode stability.
A nested dual-motor layout places one electric machine within the other to cut axial space while preserving torque transfer and hybrid operating modes.
Preemptive downshifting with coordinated motor gear-ratio control keeps engine RPM steady, improving hybrid deceleration comfort and fuel use.
Stored map and route data let a hybrid EV keep CD/CS travel support active and track electric driving distance outside communication coverage.
Cloud-trained neural networks generate fast current references for MTPA, flux-weakening, and MTPV control under IPM motor constraints.
Standardizing front and rear electric motors with identical control units cuts hybrid drivetrain complexity and production cost.
Regenerative braking charges a local energy storage unit to keep the controller powered during source loss while cutting braking and transmission losses.
Four elastic supports arranged around the barycenter cut vibration transfer from the engine-generator set while keeping the DC supply unit stable.
A bumper beam extension, deflector, and side-member support distribute lateral crash forces to increase displacement and suppress yaw in small overlap impacts.
Threshold-based voltage monitoring identifies EV or ICE status and captures cranking events while reducing telematics power use.
A one-way clutch in a hybrid manual transmission blocks reverse motor torque, preventing engine dragging in EV mode without hydraulic clutch release.
An independent power distribution shaft lets the motor connect to the input shaft or main reducer directly, reducing path overlap, losses, and packaging strain.
Coordinated motor and engine torque blending keeps hybrid mode changes smooth, preserving tractive power continuity and energy efficiency.
A variable throttle valve opens during engine-off transition to cut oil pump loss while maintaining transmission lubrication.
Dual estimation during cranking and between starts improves battery internal resistance accuracy when engine cranking is infrequent.
Controller-led switching between DC/DC conversion, generator stop/start, and storage charging cuts auxiliary voltage swings during regeneration.
Dual PTO clutches let either traction motor drive accessories at low speed and in reverse while maintaining torque through gear shifts.
Direct clutch engagement at very low speed shares drive torque with the power source, limiting motor current and suppressing overheating.
A transmission-mounted motor-generator decouples from the engine to recover energy during coasting or from waste heat sources.
Regenerative braking charges a local energy buffer for controller hold-up, cutting braking losses while preserving power supply reliability.