Side-coupled soft magnetic layers keep magnetization perpendicular to the applied field, enabling linear inductor response and stable operation.
Mg and Ca composition control with recrystallization annealing boosts transverse and rolling-direction magnetism while preserving continuous steel-sheet production.
Controlled coiling and cooling raise grain-boundary carbon over phosphorus, preventing pickling fractures while preserving magnetic performance.
Low-temperature slab heating plus friction control at 0.35 or less improves surface recrystallization uniformity and magnetic consistency.
Controlled edge hardness, ductile-brittle transition, and thickness help hot-rolled electrical steel avoid pickling fractures while preserving magnetic properties.
Controlled Al/Cr composition and slab heating create fewer, larger nitride inclusions in non-oriented electrical steel while preserving electromagnetic properties.
Controlled Zn content and AlN distribution through annealing lower high-frequency iron loss while maintaining magnetic flux density.
Vacuum magnetic annealing limits Fe-Co substrate oxidation and nitridation while reducing gas use and preserving strong magnetic properties.
Tensile heating straightening at 500-900°C improves Fe-Co alloy bar grain orientation, boosting magnetic permeability and lowering coercive force.