Porous glass channels boost ion-selective water-flow generation, increasing electric output from compact small-diameter flow paths.
A porous glass filter splits water flow into many selective ion paths, boosting power generation from small-diameter channels.
A polymer solid electrolyte with ion conduction lets this thermoelectric battery generate stable power from heat without a temperature gradient.
An intermediary counter-electrode guides ions toward the collecting electrode, resolving repulsion conflicts that reduce energy generation efficiency.