Measurement electrode film with spatially varying mixed region thickness optimizes three-phase interface geometry.
A refilling mechanism replenishes internal solution in a measuring instrument to maintain fluid flow paths.
A method determines fluidic sample diffusion features using redox reactions in an electrochemical cell with two electrodes.
A gas sensor controller monitors oxygen pumping conditions to maintain stable internal concentrations.
A shared reference electrode design reduces device complexity and contamination risk while maintaining high measurement accuracy across multiple cells.
Segmented pump cells isolate molecular oxygen interference to improve measurement accuracy of bound oxygen in internal combustion engine exhaust gases.