A baffle separates air and coolant in a directly connected reservoir tank, reducing pump noise while stabilizing circulation and level sensing.
Direction- and speed-based cover and fan control boosts trailing-end airflow in bidirectional vehicles to protect components and maintain cooling capacity.
Sensor fusion from radiator temperature, ambient temperature, vehicle speed, and grille shutters tracks catalyst efficiency and remaining life.
An internal air-trapping sub-space keeps coolant level sensing accurate on slopes, acceleration, and deceleration to avoid false low warnings.
A pressurization system uses a single solenoid valve to switch between two pressure limiting valves for coolant tank control.
A controlled thermostat system estimates coolant temperature using a single sensor and valve position data.