Nested three-dimensional fabric plies in a shear belt package reduce rolling resistance while maintaining high load performance without internal pressure.
Curved spoke members with differential radii connect tire bands to disperse stress and absorb shock loads.
V-shaped spokes reduce noise and vibration by maintaining low stiffness rates, resolving the trade-off between load support and ride comfort.
Segmenting the tread into conductive and non-conductive bands prevents voltage discharges while maintaining non-marking properties.
Extraction of the tread ring enables independent diametrical stiffness testing, resolving accuracy versus simplicity trade-offs in airless tire development.
Lower bending rigidity in elastic coupling plates equalizes ground contact pressure, suppressing uneven wear and improving steerability.