Parallel sub-heating regions keep battery heating working after local film damage, improving low-temperature reliability and safety.
Aligned sheet-like heaters and connected electrodes improve heating uniformity at pipe intersections where conventional wrapping leaves cold spots.
An integrated voltage-measuring section lets the heating conductor sense temperature and adjust heating power to ambient conditions.
Applying adhesive with a carbon-supplying agent boosts weld nugget carbon content, improving joint strength and rigidity under thermal and impact stress.
A moving electrode and holder-pulling scheme keeps steel plates with varying width uniformly heated without multiple electrode pairs.
A carbon-supplying agent added with adhesive enriches the spot weld nugget, preserving steel sheet joint strength before curing and in use.
Indirect heating through a rigid flat connection element solders pane cables with less mechanical stress, contamination, and cycle-time penalty.
Localized PIC heating reflows solder under the optical bench, enabling optical realignment, better heat dissipation, and longer coupling stability.
Embedding resistive slurry into a porous ceramic body during sintering eliminates peripheral hot spots and improves heating efficiency.