A broadcast reference signal and beat-frequency loop help PON end nodes lock uplink lasers accurately at assigned wavelengths.
Narrow optical pulses lower power but hide node identifiers; joining partial code sequences restores identification across distant free-space nodes.
Cascaded 2x2 optical crossbar switches apply Hadamard sequences through fixed Walsh coders, reducing device complexity and enabling microsecond reconfiguration.
A coherent gated receiver uses a phase mask to decode spatially distributed optical signals.
Superimposing CDMA symbols on WDM channels corrects laser wavelength drift while minimizing crosstalk between adjacent optical channels.
A terminal device selects a spreading code word and encodes an identifier to verify availability before data transmission.
Code cycle modulation selects distinct cyclic shifts of spreading codes to increase user capacity without raising chip rates.
Single-wavelength optical carriers split into parallel subcarriers enable amplitude spread spectrum modulation using low-speed digital-to-analog converters.
Direct electrical BBU-RRU connections eliminate CPRI protocol encapsulation overhead, reducing invalid data volume and the number of required optical fibers.
A transmission device superposes modulated symbol streams at a predetermined amplitude ratio for multiplexed signal generation.