Mechanical disruption releases viable sporocysts from oocysts before dosing, improving hatchling vaccination without cryopreservation.
A single E140 malaria antigen triggers both cellular and humoral immunity, broadening protection while avoiding multi-antigen vaccine complexity.
PEGylated liposomes encapsulate retinoic acid to boost intranasal vaccine uptake while reducing mucosal irritation and improving protection.
Chemically modified Traspain improves solubility and antigenicity, enabling stronger Th1/CD8+ responses and lower-dose Chagas drug therapy.
Parasite-derived exosomes target cancer cells, carry drugs with higher bioavailability, and reduce harm to healthy tissue.
Aziridine incubation raises gp40 immunogenicity, enabling a 10–20-fold lower dose with fewer local reactions.
Genetically fused chimeric protein adjuvant enhances immunogenic potential of antigens.
Fusion polypeptides combine multiple Leishmania antigens to stimulate protective immunity, addressing inadequate protection from single-antigen vaccines.