Combined resistance, axial force, and position mapping reveals switchgear contact wear, contamination, lubrication effects, and contact status.
Measures radome attenuation, reflection, and scattering so automotive radar can compensate dielectric effects and preserve detection accuracy.
Resetting logarithmic relaxation time bounds and fitting R∞, T, L, and Rl improves impedance spectrum reproduction for non-converging and inductive data.
Separate current and voltage contacts on resistor electrode protrusions reduce wire-impedance error and improve low-resistance measurement repeatability.