Orthogonal shaft nesting positions the drive unit inside frame recesses, resolving chainstay space conflicts while maintaining mounting security.
One-way clutch placement in reduction gears isolates torque sensor from vibration.
A single-shaft motor drive unit uses a cylindrical human power transmission member with a magnetostriction torque sensor to detect pedal rotation.
A control unit varies drive time constants based on rotational movement comparisons to optimize motor assistance.
An idle gear transmits torque from a decelerator to a driven gear, shortening the rear center length and improving ground clearance.
Cable drive and transmission assembly convert bidirectional handlebar motion into unidirectional sprocket rotation, adding upper body propulsion to pedal drive.