High-pressure caustic leaching breaks down silicate ore matrices before acid extraction, improving scandium and rare-earth recovery.
CO2-controlled carbonate-bicarbonate leaching replaces repeated cycles and costly sorbents with single-stage scandium precipitation.
Carbon-mediated heat treatment removes sulfur impurities from scandium oxalate, addressing high sulfur content issues in fuel cell electrolyte applications.
Sequential solvent extraction separates scandium from rare earth elements in complex salt mixtures, achieving 74.1% recovery.